PRÉFACE
PREFACE

I. COMMENT CANDIDE FUT ÉLEVÉ DANS UN BEAU CHÂTEAU, ET COMMENT IL FUT
I. HOW CANDIDE WAS RAISED IN A BEAUTIFUL CASTLE, AND HOW HE WAS RAISED

CHASSÉ D'CELUI.
CHASSED FROM HIM.

II. CE QUE DEVINT CANDIDE PARMI LES BULGARES.
II. WHAT BECAME CANDIDE AMONG THE BULGARIANS.

III. COMMENT CANDIDE SE SAUVA D'ENTRE LES BULGARES, ET CE QU'IL DEVINT.
III. HOW CANDIDE SAVED HIMSELF FROM THE BULGARS, AND WHAT HAPPENED.

IV. COMMENT CANDIDE RENCONTRA SON ANCIEN MAÎTRE DE PHILOSOPHIE,
IV. HOW CANDIDE MEET HIS FORMER MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY,

LE DOCTEUR PANGLOSS, ET CE QUI EN ADVINT.
DOCTOR PANGLOSS, AND WHAT HAPPENED.

V. TEMPÊTE, NAUFRAGE, TREMBLEMENT DE TERRE, ET CE QUI ADVINT DU DOCTEUR
V. STORM, SINKING, EARTHQUAKE, AND WHAT HAPPENED FROM THE DOCTOR

PANGLOSS, DE CANDIDE ET DE L'ANABAPTISTE JACQUES.
PANGLOSS, OF CANDID AND THE ANABAPTIST JACQUES.

VI. COMMENT ON FIT UN BEL AUTO-DA-FÉ POUR EMPÊCHER LES TREMBLEMENTS
VI. HOW TO MAKE A BEAUTIFUL AUTO-DA-FÉ TO PREVENT TREMMENTS

DE TERRE, ET COMMENT CANDIDE FUT FESSÉ.
OF EARTH, AND HOW CANDIDE WAS SPANKED.

VII. COMMENT UNE VIEILLE PRIT SOIN DE CANDIDE, ET COMMENT
VII. HOW AN OLD OLD TAKEN CARE OF CANDID, AND HOW

IL RETROUVA CE QU'IL AIMAIT.
HE FOUND WHAT HE LOVED.

VIII. HISTOIRE DE CUNÉGONDE.
VIII. HISTORY OF CUNEGONDE.

IX. CE QUI ADVINT DE CUNÉGONDE, DE CANDIDE, DU GRAND INQUISITEUR
IX. WHAT HAPPENED TO CUNEGONDE, CANDIDE, THE GRAND INQUISITOR

ET D’UN JUIF.
AND OF A JEW.

X. DANS QUELLE DÉTRESSE CANDIDE, CUNÉGONDE ET LA VIEILLE ARRIVENT À
X. IN WHAT DISTRESS CANDIDE, CUNEGONDE AND THE OLD OLD WOMAN ARRIVE

CADIX, ET DE LEUR EMBARQUEMENT.
CADIZ, AND THEIR EMBARKATION.

XI. HISTOIRE DE LA VIEILLE.
XI. HISTORY OF THE OLD WOMAN.

XII. SUITE DES MALHEURS DE LA VIEILLE.
XII. CONTINUATION OF THE Woes of the Old Woman.

XIII. COMMENT CANDIDE FUT OBLIGÉ DE SE SÉPARER DE LA BELLE CUNÉGONDE
XIII. HOW CANDIDE WAS OBLIGATED TO SEPARATE FROM THE BEAUTIFUL CUNEGONDE

ET DE LA VIEILLE.
AND THE OLD WOMAN.

XIV. COMMENT CANDIDE ET CACAMBO FURENT REÇUS CHEZ LES JÉSUITES
XIV. HOW CANDIDE AND CACAMBO WERE RECEIVED AT THE JESUITS

DU PARAGUAY.
FROM PARAGUAY.

XV. COMMENT CANDIDE TUA LE FRÈRE DE SA CHÈRE CUNÉGONDE.
XV. HOW CANDIDE KILLED HIS DEAR CUNEGONDE'S BROTHER.

XVI. CE QUI ADVINT AUX DEUX VOYAGEURS AVEC DEUX FILLES, DEUX SINGES,
XVI. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE TWO TRAVELERS WITH TWO DAUGHTERS, TWO MONKEYS,

ET LES SAUVAGES NOMMÉS OREILLONS.
AND THE WILD NAMED MUMPS.

XVII. ARRIVÉE DE CANDIDE ET DE SON VALET AU PAYS D’ELDORADO,
XVII. ARRIVAL OF CANDIDE AND HIS VALET IN THE COUNTRY OF ELDORADO,

ET CE QU’ILS Y VIRENT.
AND WHAT THEY TURNED ON.

XVIII. CE QU’ILS VIRENT DANS LE PAYS D'ELDORADO.
XVIII. WHAT THEY ARE GOING ON IN THE COUNTRY OF ELDORADO.

XIX. CE QUI LEUR ARRIVA À SURINAM, ET COMMENT CANDIDE FIT CONNAISSANCE
XIX. WHAT HAPPENED TO THEM IN SURINAM, AND HOW CANDIDE GOT TO KNOW

AVEC MARTIN.
WITH MARTIN.

XX. CE QUI ARRIVA SUR MER À CANDIDE ET À MARTIN
XX. WHAT HAPPENED AT SEA TO CANDIDE AND MARTIN

XXI. CANDIDE ET MARTIN APPROCHENT DES CÔTES DE FRANCE, ET RAISONNENT.
XXI. CANDIDE AND MARTIN APPROACH THE CÔTES DE FRANCE, AND REASON.

XXII. CE QUI ARRIVA EN FRANCE À CANDIDE ET À MARTIN.
XXII. WHAT HAPPENED IN FRANCE TO CANDIDE AND MARTIN.

XXIII. CANDIDE ET MARTIN VONT SUR LES CÔTES D'ANGLETERRE; CE QU’ILS Y
XXIII. CANDIDE AND MARTIN GO TO THE COASTS OF ENGLAND; WHAT THEY ARE

VOIENT.
SEE.

XXIV. DE PAQUETTE ET DE FRÈRE GIROFLÉE.
XXIV. OF PAQUETTE AND BROTHER GIROFLÉE.

XXV. VISITE CHEZ LE SEIGNEUR POCOCURANTE, NOBLE VÉNITIEN.
XXV. VISIT TO THE LORD POCOCURANTE, VENETIAN NOBLE.

XXVI. D’UN SOUPER QUE CANDIDE ET MARTIN FIRENT AVEC SIX ÉTRANGERS,
XXVI. A DINNER THAT CANDIDE AND MARTIN HAD WITH SIX FOREIGNERS,

ET QUI ILS ÉTAIENT.
AND WHO THEY WERE.

XXVII. VOYAGE DE CANDIDE À CONSTANTINOPLE.
XXVII. CANDID'S JOURNEY TO CONSTANTINOPLE.

XXVIII. CE QUI ARRIVA À CANDIDE, À CUNÉGONDE, À PANGLOSS, À MARTIN, ETC.
XXVIII. WHAT HAPPENED TO CANDIDE, CUNEGONDE, PANGLOSS, MARTIN, ETC.

XXIX. COMMENT CANDIDE RETROUVA CUNÉGONDE
XXIX. HOW CANDIDE FIND CUNEGONDE

ET LA VIEILLE.
AND THE OLD WOMAN.

XXX. CONCLUSION.

PRÉFACE
PREFACE

C'est une chose inimaginable de voir comme en littérature et en art
It's an unimaginable thing to see like in literature and art

la gloire se déplace d'un siècle à l'autre. Voici qu'un éditeur, qui
glory moves from century to century. Here is an editor, who

compte parmi ses publications quelques-uns des plus beaux livres de
counts among his publications some of the most beautiful books of

ce temps, me demande si je veux lui écrire une préface au Candide qu'il
this time, ask me if I want to write him a preface to the Candide that he

rêve et dont il fait passer sous mes yeux les merveilleux dessins.
dream and of which he makes pass before my eyes the marvelous drawings.

J'accepte, ravi d'attacher mon nom à une œuvre que les bibliophiles
I accept, happy to attach my name to a work that bibliophiles

garderont avec amour dans leur bibliothèque et qui transmettra mon nom
will keep with love in their library and who will pass on my name

à la postérité. Je me remets à lire Candide, bien que je l'aie su
to posterity. I go back to reading Candide, although I knew it

presque par cœur autrefois, tant j'en raffolais; car il n'y a rien de
almost by heart once, I was so fond of it; because there is nothing

tel pour parler congrûment d'un ouvrage que de s'en être, la veille,
such to speak congruently of a work as to be, the day before,

rafraîchi la mémoire, d'en avoir emporté une sensation nouvelle; et je
refreshed the memory, to have carried away a new sensation; and I

cherche en même temps ce qu'en ont pensé et dit les contemporains,
look at the same time what contemporaries thought and said about it,

ceux qui aux environs de 1759 gouvernaient ou reflétaient l'opinion
those who around 1759 ruled or reflected public opinion

publique.
public.

Je reste confondu. Pour nous Candide est le chef-d'œuvre
I remain confused. For us Candide is the masterpiece

de Voltaire; nous ne savons encore ce que les siècles futurs garderont
by Voltaire; we do not yet know what future centuries will keep

des soixante-dix volumes qu'il a écrits. Nous pouvons être assurés
of the seventy volumes he wrote. We can be assured

que si tout cet énorme bagage doit tomber en ruines et périr, il y a un
that if all this enormous baggage is to fall apart and perish, there is a

petit conte de trois cents pages qui traversera les âges: c'est
little tale of three hundred pages that will cross the ages: it is

Candide. Sur cette coquille de noix, le nom de Voltaire
Candid. On this nutshell, the name of Voltaire

voguera vers l'immortalité.
will sail towards immortality.

Eh bien! pour tout le XVIIIe siècle Candide, à vrai dire,
Well! for the whole of the 18th century Candide, to tell the truth,

ne compte pas. On ne le distingue point d'une foule de productions qui
does not count. It cannot be distinguished from a crowd of productions which

passent pour être de second et même de troisième ordre dans l'œuvre
pass to be second and even third order in the work

du maître; on le met fort au-dessous des livres d'histoire, des poèmes,
of the master; we put it far below history books, poems,

des tragédies... des tragédies surtout. Car en ce temps-là, Mérope,
tragedies ... especially tragedies. Because at that time, Merope,

Zaïre, Mahomet, c'étaient, comme on disait alors, les plus beaux
Zaire, Mahomet, they were, as they said then, the most beautiful

fleurons de la couronne de Voltaire.
crown jewels of Voltaire.

Pour vous former une idée du peu d'estime que l'on faisait des romans
To form an idea of ​​the low esteem that we made of novels

de Voltaire en général et de Candide en particulier, nous n'avons
of Voltaire in general and of Candide in particular, we have

qu'à lire l'éloge de Voltaire par La Harpe, celui qui fut couronné par
than to read the praise of Voltaire by La Harpe, the one who was crowned by

l'Académie. La Harpe y verse avec une abondance intarissable les flots
the Academy. The Harp pours the waves into it with inexhaustible abundance

de son éloquence sur les ouvrages que l'on tenait alors pour les seuls
of his eloquence on the works which were then held to be the only

dignes d'un grand écrivain, et s'arrêtant tout à coup:
worthy of a great writer, and suddenly stopping:

«Y avait-il, se demande-t-il avec une hésitation pudique, y avait-il
"Was there," he wondered with modest hesitation, was there

parmi tant de travaux des délassements et des loisirs? Oui, et c'était
among so many works of recreation and leisure? Yes, and it was

une foule de productions de tout genre, qui auraient encore été pour
a host of productions of all kinds, which would still have been for

tout autre des travaux et des titres, mais qui n'étaient que les jeux de
quite different from works and titles, but which were only the games of

son inépuisable facilité et semblaient se perdre dans l'immensité de
his inexhaustible ease and seemed to be lost in the immensity of

sa gloire: des contes charmants, des romans d'une originalité piquante,
its glory: charming tales, piquant original novels,

où la raison consent à amuser la frivolité française, pour obtenir
where reason consents to amuse French frivolity, to obtain

le droit de l'instruire: nous fait rire de nos travers, de nos
the right to instruct him: makes us laugh at our faults, our

inconséquences, de nos injustices, et nous conduit par degrés à rougir
inconsistencies, of our injustices, and gradually leads us to blush

et à nous corriger; des morceaux pleins de grâce ou d'intérêt ou de
and to correct us; pieces full of grace or interest or

bonne plaisanterie ou d'éloquence: Zadig, Nanine, Candide, le
good joke or eloquence: Zadig, Nanine, Candide, the

Traité de la tolérance: mille autres dont les titres innombrables
Treatise on Tolerance: a thousand others including countless titles

n'ont été retenus que parce que les presses de l'Europe ne se sont pas
were only retained because the presses of Europe did not

lassées de les reproduire, ni les lecteurs de toutes les nations de les
tired of reproducing them, nor the readers of all nations of

dévorer.»
devour."

Vous voyez! entre Candide, Nanine et le Traité de la
You see! between Candide, Nanine and the Treaty of

tolérance, l'estimable La Harpe ne faisait différence aucune; il
tolerance, the esteemed La Harpe made no difference; he

mettait tous ces ouvrages dans le même sac et les plaçait bien
put all these books in one bag and put them well

au-dessous de la Henriade que personne ne peut plus lire, et de
below the Henriade that no one can read anymore, and

Mérope qu'on représente une fois tous les vingt ans à l'Odéon
Merope, which we represent once every twenty years at the Odeon

devant un public qui bâille.
in front of a yawning audience.

J'ai eu la curiosité d'aller chercher, dans la Correspondance de
I had the curiosity to look, in the Correspondence of

Grimm, ce qu'en avait écrit, au lendemain même de l'ouvrage publié,
Grimm, what had written about it, the very day after the published work,

ce maître critique:
this critical master:

«M. de Voltaire, dit Grimm, vient de nous égayer par un petit roman
“Mr. de Voltaire, says Grimm, has just enlivened us with a little novel

intitulé Candide ou l'Optimisme, traduit de l'allemand de M. le
titled Candide or Optimism, translated from the German of Mr.

docteur Ralph. Il ne faut pas juger cette production avec sévérité; elle
doctor Ralph. This production should not be judged with severity; she

ne soutiendrait pas une critique sérieuse. Il n'y a dans Candide
would not support serious criticism. There is in Candide

ni plan, ni ordonnance, ni sagesse, ni de ces coups de pinceau heureux
neither plan, nor ordinance, nor wisdom, nor of those happy brushstrokes

qu'on rencontre dans quelques romans anglais du même genre: vous y
that we meet in a few English novels of the same genre: there you

trouverez en revanche beaucoup de choses de mauvais goût, d'autres de
on the other hand will find many things in bad taste, others of

mauvais ton, des polissonneries et des ordures, qui n'ont point ce voile
bad tone, pranks and garbage, which do not have this veil

de gaze qui les rend supportables. Cependant la gaieté et la facilité qui
gauze which makes them bearable. However, the gaiety and ease which

n'abandonnent jamais M. de Voltaire, des traits et des saillies qui lui
never abandon M. de Voltaire, features and projections which

échappent à tout moment rendent la lecture de Candide fort
escape at any time make the reading of Candide strong

amusante.»
fun. ”

Grimm poursuit longtemps sur ce ton; il donne du roman une analyse
Grimm continues in this tone for a long time; he gives an analysis of the novel

assez exacte et conclut en ces termes:
fairly accurate and concludes in these terms:

«Si jamais l'ordre et la chronologie des ouvrages de M. de Voltaire
"If ever the order and chronology of the works of M. de Voltaire

se perdent, la postérité ne manquera pas de regarder Candide
are lost, posterity will not fail to look at Candide

comme un ouvrage de jeunesse. Vraisemblablement, dira un critique
like a youthful work. Presumably, a critic will say

judicieux dans deux mille ans d'ici, l'auteur n'avait que vingt-cinq ans
judicious in two thousand years from now, the author was only twenty-five

lorsqu'il écrivit Candide. C'était son coup d'essai dans ce
when he wrote Candide. It was his first attempt in this

genre. Son goût était jeune encore; aussi manque-t-il souvent
kind. His taste was still young; also it is often missing

aux bienséances, et sa gaieté dégénère parfois en folie. Voyez,
to decorum, and his cheerfulness sometimes degenerates into madness. See,

ajoutera-t-il, comme son goût s'est formé et rassis ensuite, par
he will add, as his taste was formed and then stale, by

gradation: comme il est devenu plus sage dans les ouvrages postérieurs!»
gradation: how wiser he has become in later works! "

Et voilà comme les contemporains se trompent! Voilà qui doit nous
And here is how the contemporaries are mistaken! This is who owes us

inspirer à nous, critiques et journalistes, une réserve pleine de
inspire us, critics and journalists, with a reserve full of

modestie! Grimm était un homme de beaucoup de sens, d'instruction
modesty! Grimm was a man of much sense, of education

et de goût, et il n'a pas su démêler tout ce qu'il y avait de profondeur,
and taste, and he did not know how to disentangle all that there was depth,

de tristesse et d'amour ardent de l'humanité dans ce petit livre, qu'il
of sadness and ardent love for humanity in this little book, which

considérait comme un opuscule échappé à la main facile et prodigue
considered an easy and lavish pamphlet escaped from the hand

de Voltaire.
by Voltaire.

Jean-Jacques au XVIIIe siècle a pu dire, sans scandaliser
Jean-Jacques in the 18th century was able to say, without scandalizing

personne: «Je ne puis parler du roman de Candide, ne l'ayant pas
person: "I cannot speak of Candide's novel, not having

lu». On a trouvé le mot naturel, et notez qu'il partait d'un homme
read". We found the word natural, and note that it started from a man

précisément engagé avec Voltaire dans la querelle philosophique
precisely engaged with Voltaire in the philosophical quarrel

dont la publication de Candide fut un des incidents.
of which the publication of Candide was one of the incidents.

Candide était une réponse à Jean-Jacques, et Jean-Jacques
Candide was a response to Jean-Jacques, and Jean-Jacques

déclarait tout uniment ne l'avoir pas lu, tant il se croyait peu obligé
declared quite simply not to have read it, so little did he believe

à en tenir compte.
to take this into account.

Et voilà que ce petit livre s'est lentement, par le travail insensible
And lo and behold, this little book went slowly, through insensitive work

de tout un siècle, dégagé de l'œuvre immense du maître, qu'il semble
of a whole century, freed from the immense work of the master, which it seems

le résumer tout entier, et qu'il reste seul debout au milieu d'un
sum it up, and let him stand alone in the middle of a

amoncellement de ruines. Ce phénomène n'est pas rare dans l'histoire
pile of ruins. This phenomenon is not uncommon in history

des lettres. Que reste-t-il de Chateaubriand qui a tant écrit: un tout
letters. What remains of Chateaubriand who wrote so much: a whole

petit volume, René, où il a ramassé toute la mélancolie vague
small volume, René, where he picked up all the vague melancholy

et flottante du siècle naissant, où il a donné un accent plus âpre à
and floating of the nascent century, where he gave a harsher accent to

l'incurable tristesse dont il était orgueilleusement rongé. Que
the incurable sadness with which he was proudly consumed. that

demeurera-t-il de Victor Hugo? Le tri n'est pas fait encore et nous ne
will he remain by Victor Hugo? Sorting is not done yet and we

saurions en prévoir le résultat.
would know how to predict the result.

Parfois la postérité va chercher dans le fatras d'un écrivain de
Sometimes posterity will search through a writer's jumble of

second ordre un ouvrage qu'il avait expédié avec la même hâte et la
second order a work which he had dispatched with the same haste and

même indifférence que le reste; elle met le volume à part et le
same indifference as the rest; she sets the volume apart and the

consacre chef-d'œuvre. L'abbé Prévost, qui a écrit au courant de la
devotes masterpiece. Father Prévost, who wrote in the course of the

plume des centaines de volumes, serait bien étonné, s'il revenait au
pen hundreds of volumes, would be astonished if he returned to the

monde, de voir un simple épisode d'un de ses romans des moins lus,
world, to see a simple episode of one of his least read novels,

mis au rang des plus beaux chefs-d'œuvre de l'esprit humain, et sa
ranked among the most beautiful masterpieces of the human mind, and its

Manon Lescaut balancer Candide!
Manon Lescaut balancing Candide!

Jean-Jacques, au livre neuvième de ses Confessions, nous
Jean-Jacques, in the ninth book of his Confessions, we

conte, à sa manière, comment l'idée vint à Voltaire d'écrire
tale, in its own way, how the idea came to Voltaire to write

Candide. Vous savez qu'après le tremblement de terre de
Candid. You know that after the earthquake of

Lisbonne, Voltaire avait composé sur cette catastrophe un poème où,
Lisbon, Voltaire had composed a poem on this catastrophe in which,

peignant les malheurs et le désespoir de toute cette population, il
painting the misfortunes and despair of all this population, he

raillait les philosophes qui prétendaient, avec Leibniz, que tout est
mocked the philosophers who claimed, with Leibniz, that everything is

pour le mieux dans le meilleur des mondes possible. Rousseau
for the best in the best of all possible worlds. Rousseau

avait lu ce poème:
had read this poem:

«Frappé, nous dit-il, de voir ce pauvre homme, accablé, pour ainsi
"Struck," he said, "to see this poor man, overwhelmed, so

dire, de prospérités et de gloire, déclamer toutefois amèrement contre
to say, of prosperity and glory, to declaim bitterly against

les misères de cette vie et trouver que tout était mal, je formai
the miseries of this life and finding that everything was wrong, I formed

l'insensé projet de le faire rentrer en lui-même, et de lui prouver que
the foolish plan to make him come inside himself, and to prove to him that

tout était bien. Voltaire, en paraissant toujours croire en Dieu, n'a
everything was fine. Voltaire, while always appearing to believe in God, did

réellement jamais cru qu'au diable, puisque son Dieu prétendu n'est
really never believed that in the devil, since his pretended God is

qu'un être malfaisant qui, selon lui, ne prend plaisir qu'à nuire.
than an evil being who, according to him, takes pleasure only in harming.

L'absurdité de cette doctrine, qui saute aux yeux, est surtout
The absurdity of this doctrine, which is obvious, is above all

révoltante dans un homme comblé de biens de toute espèce, qui,
revolting in a man filled with goods of all kinds, who,

du sein du bonheur, cherche à désespérer ses semblables par l'image
from the bosom of happiness, seeks to despair his fellows by the image

affreuse et cruelle de toutes les calamités dont il est exempt.
dreadful and cruel of all the calamities from which it is exempt.

Autorisé plus que lui à compter et à peser les maux de la vie humaine,
Authorized more than he to count and weigh the evils of human life,

j'en lis l'équitable examen, et je lui prouvai que de tous ces maux il
I read the fair review, and I proved to him that of all these evils he

n'y en avait pas un dont la Providence ne fût disculpée, et qui n'eût
there was not one of whom Providence was not exonerated, and who had not

sa source dans l'abus que l'homme a fait de ses facultés, plus que dans
its source in the abuse that man has made of his faculties, more than in

la nature elle-même. Je le traitai dans cette lettre avec tous les
nature itself. I treated him in this letter with all the

égards, toute la considération, tout le ménagement, et je puis dire avec
respect, all consideration, all consideration, and I can say with

tout le respect possible. Cependant, lui connaissant un amour-propre
with all due respect. However, knowing him a self-esteem

extrêmement irritable, je ne lui envoyai pas cette lettre à lui-même,
extremely irritable, I did not send him this letter to himself,

mais au docteur Tronchin, son médecin et son ami, avec plein pouvoir
but to doctor Tronchin, his doctor and his friend, with full power

de la donner ou supprimer, selon qu'il le trouverait le plus convenable.
to give it away or delete it, whichever is most convenient.

Tronchin donna la lettre. Voltaire me répondit, en peu de lignes,
Tronchin gave the letter. Voltaire answered me, in a few lines,

qu'étant malade et garde-malade lui-même, il remettait à un autre temps
that, being ill and caregiver himself, he postponed to another time

sa réponse, et ne dit pas un mot sur la question. Tronchin, en m'envoyant
his answer, and didn't say a word about the question. Tronchin, sending me

cette lettre, en joignit une, où il marquait peu d'estime pour celui
this letter, joined one, in which he showed little esteem for the

qui la lui avait remise.
who had given it to him.

«Je n'ai jamais publié ni même montré ces deux lettres, n'aimant pas
"I have never published or even shown these two letters, not liking

à faire parade de ces sortes de petits triomphes; mais elles sont en
to parade these kinds of little triumphs; but they are in

originaux dans mes recueils. Depuis lors, Voltaire a publié cette
originals in my collections. Since then, Voltaire has published this

réponse qu'il m'avait promise. Elle n'est autre que le roman de
answer he had promised me. It is none other than the novel by

Candide, dont je ne puis parler, parce que je ne l'ai pas lu.»
Candide, of whom I cannot speak, because I have not read it. "

Je crains qu'ici Jean-Jacques, dont une extrême modestie n'était pas
I fear that here Jean-Jacques, whose extreme modesty was not

le défaut, ne s'en fasse accroire. Sa lettre à Voltaire, qui est connue
the fault, do not be believed. His letter to Voltaire, which is known

sous le nom de Lettre sur la Providence, est du 18 août 1756;
under the name Letter on Providence, dated August 18, 1756;

Voltaire y répondit par une lettre de pure courtoisie le 21 septembre.
Voltaire replied with a letter of pure courtesy on September 21.

Il n'écrivit Candide que vingt-neuf mois plus tard. Il est fort
He did not write Candide until twenty-nine months later. He is strong

probable qu'il ne songeait plus guère alors ni à Jean-Jacques ni à sa
probable that he hardly thought of Jean-Jacques or his

lettre.
letter.

C'est la doctrine de l'optimisme à qui il en avait. Leibniz l'avait
This is the doctrine of optimism to which he had it. Leibniz had it

mise à la mode. Tous ceux qui ont fait leur philosophie, à l'époque où
fashionable. All those who made their philosophy, at the time when

renseignement de la philosophie était encore en honneur dans les
intelligence of philosophy was still in honor in the

lycées, connaissent le passage où Leibniz nous montre Sextus Tarquin
high schools, know the passage where Leibniz shows us Sextus Tarquin

consultant l'oracle de Delphes sur sa destinée. Il apprend le
consulting the oracle of Delphi on his destiny. He learns the

sort qui l'attend:
fate waiting for him:

Exsul inopsque cades irata pulsus ab urbe.
Exsul inopsque cades irata pulsus ab urbe.

Il se plaint de la destinée, et il semble que ce soit avec raison;
He complains about fate, and it seems to be with good reason;

mais l'oracle lui fait voir que de sa condamnation à l'exil et à la
but the oracle shows him that from his condemnation to exile and

misère sortira la république romaine, puis la fondation d'un grand
misery will emerge the Roman republic, then the foundation of a great

empire. Un moindre mal aura donc été la condition d'un plus grand bien.
empire. A lesser evil will therefore have been the condition of a greater good.

Leibniz ne soutenait donc point que tout fût parfait dans le monde.
Leibniz did not therefore maintain that everything was perfect in the world.

Non, disait-il, tout n'est pas bien; mais tout est pour le mieux dans le
No, he said, all is not well; but all is for the best in the

meilleur des mondes possible. Dieu n'a pas voulu le mal; mais il l'a
best of all possible worlds. God did not want evil; but he has it

permis parce que la raison l'y obligeait, et permettre le mal comme
allowed because reason required it, and to allow evil as

Dieu le permet, c'est la plus grande bonté.
God allows it, it is the greatest goodness.

Cette théorie prêtait aisément aux réfutations ironiques et
This theory easily lent itself to ironic refutations and

plaisantes. La belle avance pour Sextus Tarquin, qu'après l'avoir chassé
pleasant. The good advance for Sextus Tarquin, only after having driven him

et réduit à mendier son pain, Rome fût devenue quelques siècles après
and reduced to begging for bread, Rome would have become a few centuries later

la maîtresse du monde! En avait-il été moins misérable? En avait-il
the mistress of the world! Had he been less miserable? Did he have any

moins souffert? Il était parbleu! bien évident que de tout accident
suffered less? He was of course! obvious that any accident

survenu à une créature il pouvait jaillir pour telle ou telle autre une
happened to a creature it could spring for such or such another a

source de plaisir et de joie; mais, si l'on poussait l'idée à ses plus
source of pleasure and joy; but, if we pushed the idea to its limits

extrêmes conséquences, on arriverait à dire que plus les hommes sont
extreme consequences, we could say that the more men are

malheureux, plus l'humanité est heureuse, et que le bonheur vénérai
unhappy, the happier humanity is, and the happier

se compose de la somme des malheurs particuliers.
consists of the sum of particular misfortunes.

Voltaire n'avait pas besoin d'être provoqué par Jean-Jacques pour
Voltaire did not need to be provoked by Jean-Jacques to

s'échauder contre cette philosophie, qui lui paraissait choquer le bon
scalding himself against this philosophy, which seemed to him to shock the good

sens. Il l'a combattue partout; il l'a poursuivie de ses railleries et
meaning. He fought her everywhere; he pursued her with his taunts and

de ses sarcasmes: c'est dans Candide qu'il a donné contre elle
of his sarcasm: it was in Candide that he gave against her

du meilleur de son cœur.
with the best of his heart.

Qu'est-ce qu'un roman de Voltaire? se demande M. Émile Faguet, dans
What is a Voltaire novel? asks Mr. Émile Faguet, in

une étude qui est toujours spirituelle et piquante, si elle n'est pas
a study that is always witty and zesty, if not

juste toujours. «C'est, répond-il, une idée de Voltaire se promenant à
just always. "It is," he replies, "an idea of ​​Voltaire walking around

travers des aventures divertissantes, destinées à lui servir
through entertaining adventures, intended to serve him

d'illustrations et de preuves. C'est un article du Dictionnaire
illustrations and evidence. This is an article from the Dictionary

philosophique, conté au lieu d'être déduit par Voltaire, et c'est
philosophical, told instead of being deduced by Voltaire, and it is

pour cela qu'il est exquis; c'est Voltaire lui-même, mais moins âpre et
why it is exquisite; it is Voltaire himself, but less harsh and

moins colérique, au moins dans la forme, qui s'arrange et s'attife, et
less angry, at least in the form, which gets better and better, and

se compose une physionomie et un sourire, et glisse ses épigrammes,
consists of a physiognomy and a smile, and slips its epigrams,

au lieu d'assener ses violences, avec un joli geste, adroitement
instead of inflicting violence, with a pretty gesture, adroitly

nonchalant, de la main. Quand on ferme un de ces petits livres, on n'a
nonchalant with his hand. When we close one of these little books, we have

vécu ni avec Zadig, ni avec Candide; mais avec Voltaire, dans une
lived neither with Zadig, nor with Candide; but with Voltaire, in a

demi-intimité très piquante, qui a quelque chose d'accueillant, de
very spicy semi-intimacy, which has something welcoming,

gracieux et d'inquiétant...»
graceful and disturbing ... "

Oui, sans doute, il y a cela dans les contes de Voltaire: mais s'il
Yes, undoubtedly, there is that in the tales of Voltaire: but if

n'y avait que cela dans Candide, il est bien probable que
was only that in Candide, it is very probable that

l'éditeur de ce volume n'aurait pas prié un des premiers artistes de ce
the editor of this volume would not have asked one of the first artists of this

temps, M. Ad. Moreau, de composer les dessins qui l'illustrent, et que
time, Mr. Ad. Moreau, to compose the drawings which illustrate it, and that

je ne serais pas occupé en ce moment à écrire cette préface.
I wouldn't be busy writing this preface right now.

Voulez-vous que je vous dise tout de suite ce qui fait la grandeur
Do you want me to tell you right away what makes greatness

de Candide et qui le constitue un chef-d'œuvre à part, un immortel
of Candide and which constitutes him a masterpiece apart, an immortal

chef-d'œuvre? c'est que jamais dans aucun autre ouvrage n'ont brûlé
masterpiece? is that never in any other work have burned

d'une flamme plus ramassée, plus intense et plus vive les deux passions
with a more collected, more intense and lively flame the two passions

qui ont été l'honneur de Voltaire, la haine de l'injustice triomphante,
which were the honor of Voltaire, the hatred of triumphant injustice,

et la pitié, une pitié large et généreuse, pour les souffrances
and pity, a broad and generous pity, for the sufferings

imméritées. Vous n'avez pas oublié cette fièvre, dont parle Voltaire,
undeserved. You have not forgotten this fever, of which Voltaire speaks,

et qu'il appelle la fièvre de la Saint-Barthélemy. Il prétendait qu'à
and that he calls the fever of St. Bartholomew. He claimed that

cette date fatale, son sang, comme disent les bonnes gens, ne faisait
this fatal date, his blood, as good people say, did not

qu'un tour; il le sentait bouillir en ses veines, il était obligé de se
than a turn; he felt it boil in his veins, he was forced to

mettre au lit; il était malade des atrocités commises, deux siècles
put in bed; he was sick of the atrocities committed, two centuries

auparavant, par un fanatisme imbécile. Ne croyez point que cette fièvre
before, by an imbecile fanaticism. Do not believe that this fever

annuelle ait été chez Voltaire une figure de rhétorique ou, ce qui
year was for Voltaire a figure of rhetoric or, what

serait pis encore, une pose d'homme sensible. Non, il était tourmenté
Worse still, the pose of a sensitive man. No he was tormented

du besoin de la justice; les maux et les misères des hommes le jetaient
the need for justice; the evils and miseries of men threw him

hors de lui-même; il fallait évidemment qu'on le prît, pour lui en
outside of itself; he obviously had to be taken for him in

parler, en un de ses bons moments; car il avait de vilains quarts
to speak, in one of his good times; because he had bad quarters

d'heure d'égoïsme, et j'avoue qu'il n'était chevaleresque que par
hour of selfishness, and I admit that he was chivalrous only by

occasion.
opportunity.

Mais il haïssait d'une haine vivace et profonde l'hypocrisie, le
But he hated with a long-lasting and deep hatred the hypocrisy, the

fanatisme, l'oppression bête, l'iniquité superbe, la sottise importante,
fanaticism, stupid oppression, superb iniquity, major foolishness,

tout ce qui dans notre état social s'ajoute à la cruelle et injuste
all that in our social state adds to the cruel and unjust

nature pour aigrir l'humaine misère, pour rendre la vie insupportable
nature to sour human misery, to make life unbearable

aux pauvres et tristes mortels.
to the poor and sad mortals.

C'est cette flamme qui anime toutes les pages de Candide.
It is this flame which animates all the pages of Candide.

Voltaire y ramasse, comme à plaisir, tous les maux les plus horribles
Voltaire picks up there, as if he likes, all the most horrible evils

dont peut souffrir l'homme sur cette terre, qui est bien pour lui une
from which man may suffer on this earth, which is for him a

vallée de désespoir et de larmes. Il entasse les pestes sur les
valley of despair and tears. He piles up plagues on

naufrages, les famines sur les massacres; on n'entend dans cet ouvrage
shipwrecks, famines over massacres; one does not hear in this work

que les cris des gens que l'on torture, des hurlements de désespoir ou
than the cries of people being tortured, howls of despair or

des bâillements d'ennui; la lecture en serait horrible et dégoûtante,
yawns of boredom; it would be horrible and disgusting to read,

le livre tomberait assurément des mains, si l'on ne sentait circuler
the book would certainly fall out of hand, if one did not feel the circulation

à travers toutes ces peintures une âme généreuse, qui s'irrite et qui
through all these paintings a generous soul, which is irritated and which

s'apitoie tout ensemble, dont la fureur et le chagrin s'exhalent en
pity all together, whose fury and sorrow are exhaled in

ironie; une ironie tantôt mordante, tantôt douloureuse, toujours
irony; a sometimes biting irony, sometimes painful, always

enflammée.
inflamed.

Oh! ces rois, les puissants de la terre, que de mal ils ont fait!
Oh! these kings, the powerful of the earth, what evil they have done!

comme ils ont pressuré leurs peuples! comme ils en ont tiré du sang,
how they pressed their peoples! as they drew blood from it,

des larmes et de l'or! Oui, mais quelle revanche, quand le poète
tears and gold! Yes, but what revenge, when the poet

(Voltaire en ce moment est poète et grand poète) vous en montre six
(Voltaire at the moment is a poet and a great poet) shows you six

attablés dans cet hôtel de Venise, se contant leur déchéance et leurs
seated in this hotel in Venice, recounting their downfall and their

infortunes! Comme l'ironie court sur ce récit divin avec une légèreté
misfortunes! How irony runs over this divine tale with lightness

merveilleuse!
wonderful!

Mais voici Paquette que rencontre Candide faisant des agaceries au
But here is Paquette whom Candide meets making annoyances at the

frère Giroflée et lui tapotant les joues. On a, surtout dans ces
brother Wallflower and patting his cheeks. We have, especially in these

dernières années, versé bien des larmes sur le misérable sort de la
years, shed many tears over the miserable fate of

courtisane, on a en cent façons tâché de nous apitoyer sur l'horreur de
courtesan, we have in a hundred ways tried to feel sorry for the horror of

cette affreuse vie. Jamais, non jamais on n'égalera la peinture que
this awful life. Never, no never will we equal the painting that

Voltaire a faite eu quelques coups de crayon:
Voltaire made a few strokes of the pencil:

«Ah! monsieur, si vous pouviez imaginer ce que c'est de caresser
“Ah! sir, if you could imagine what it's like to stroke

indifféremment un vieux marchand, un moine, un avocat, un gondolier,
indifferently an old merchant, a monk, a lawyer, a gondolier,

un abbé; d'être exposée à toutes les insultes, à toutes les avanies;
an abbot; to be exposed to all insults, to all insults;

d'être souvent réduite à emprunter une jupe pour aller se la faire lever
often having to borrow a skirt to get it up

par un homme dégoûtant; d'être volée par l'un de ce qu'on a gagné avec
by a disgusting man; to be stolen by one of what we won with

l'autre; d'être rançonnée par les officiers de justice, et de n'avoir
the other; to be ransomed by the officers of justice, and not to have

en perspective qu'une vieillesse affreuse, un hôpital et un fumier,
in prospect that a terrible old age, a hospital and a manure,

vous concluriez que je suis une des plus malheureuses créatures du
you would conclude that I am one of the most unhappy creatures of

monde....»
world...."

Tout y est! En ces dix lignes. Voltaire a rassemblé toutes les
Everything is there! In these ten lines. Voltaire gathered all the

douleurs et toutes les affres de ces créatures; le tableau est admirable
pains and all the pangs of these creatures; the painting is admirable

de vérité et de force! Mais n'y sentez-vous pas l'apitoiement et la
of truth and force! But don't you feel the pity and the

sympathie du peintre? Ici l'ironie devient lugubre et en quelque sorte
sympathy of the painter? Here the irony becomes gloomy and somehow

vengeresse. Voltaire crie d'horreur contre la société qui jette
vengeful. Voltaire cries of horror against the society that throws

quelques-unes de ses créatures en de tels abîmes. Il a sa fièvre de la
some of his creatures in such abysses. He has his fever

Saint-Barthélemy; on en tremble avec lui par contagion.
Saint-Barthélemy; we tremble with him by contagion.

Écoutez le seigneur Pococurante: quel ennui dense et noir se
Listen to Lord Pococurante: what dense and dark boredom is

dégage de sa conversation! Être si riche, avoir tant de goût et un
get out of his conversation! To be so rich, to have so much taste and a

goût si délicat, et ne faire de sa vie qu'un long bâillement, quelle
taste so delicate, and to make a long yawn of his life, what

misère! Et ici l'ironie se fait cinglante.
misery! And here the irony is scathing.

«Vous conviendrez, dit Candide eu parlant à son ami Martin de ce
"You will agree," said Candide, speaking to his friend Martin of this

blasé qui trouve à redire à tout, que voilà le plus heureux des hommes;
blase who finds fault with everything, that here is the happiest of men;

car il est au-dessus de tout ce qu'il possède.
for he is above all that he has.

-Eh! non, répond Martin, il est dégoûté de tout ce qu'il
-He! no, Martin replies, he is disgusted with everything he

possède.
possesses.

-Mais, reprend Candide, n'y a-t-il pas du plaisir à tout
-But, resumes Candide, is there no pleasure in everything

critiquer, à sentir des défauts où les autres hommes croient voir des
criticize, to sense faults in which other men believe they see

beautés?
beauties?

-C'est-à-dire, riposte Martin, qu'il y a du plaisir à n'avoir
- That is to say, replies Martin, that there is pleasure in not having

pas de plaisir.»
no pleasure."

Et c'est ainsi que derrière cette longue, terrible et pathétique
And that's how behind this long, terrible and pathetic

énumération des maux qui affligent l'humanité, on sent toujours
enumeration of the evils that afflict humanity, we always feel

Voltaire, brûlé de passion, ou, si vous aimez mieux, de fièvre; la
Voltaire, burned with passion, or, if you prefer, with fever; the

fièvre de la Saint-Barthélemy.
Saint-Barthélemy fever.

Candide serait un chef-d'œuvre incomplet si le philosophe, après
Candide would be an incomplete masterpiece if the philosopher, after

avoir ainsi étalé nos misères à nos yeux, ne nous ranimait pas par une
having thus exposed our miseries to our eyes, did not revive us by a

conclusion réconfortante. Cette conclusion, tout le monde la connaît:
heartwarming conclusion. This conclusion, everyone knows it:

il faut cultiver son jardin. Oui, sans doute, il n'y a qu'une chose
you have to cultivate your garden. Yes, no doubt, there is only one thing

vraiment bonne sur celle terre: c'est l'action. On n'est heureux que si
really good on earth: it's action. We are only happy if

l'on travaille, si l'on fait ce que l'on a à faire, si l'on cultive son
we work, if we do what we have to do, if we cultivate our

jardin.
garden.

Cultivons notre jardin! C'est le mot de ce siècle de rêveurs et de
Let's cultivate our garden! This is the word of this century of dreamers and

pessimistes; c'est le mot de tous les siècles. Et c'est parce que
pessimists; it is the word of all the centuries. And it's because

Voltaire l'a formulé dans Candide, que Candide les
Voltaire formulated it in Candide, that Candide

traversera tous.
will cross all.

Ce chef-d'œuvre n'a-t-il point quelques tares? Je crois que
Doesn't this masterpiece have some flaws? I believe that

Voltaire aurait pu retrancher aisément quelques polissonneries et
Voltaire could easily have cut off a few nonsense and

quelques gros mots inutiles, qui rendent la lecture de son roman
a few unnecessary bad words, which make reading his novel

presque impossible aux femmes; Mme du Deffant lui eu avait déjà
almost impossible for women; Mme du Deffant had already had

fait l'observation au siècle dernier; à plus forte raison, ce défaut
made the observation in the last century; all the more so, this defect

choquera-t-il plus sensiblement les femmes du nôtre. Je crois aussi
Will he more noticeably shock the women of ours? I think so too

qu'il y a des longueurs dans la partie du récit qui concerne l'EIdorado.
that there are lengths in the part of the story that concerns the Idorado.

Mais ce sont là des taches fort légères, et j'ai quelque pudeur à les
But these are very light spots, and I have some modesty in them.

signaler.
report.

Je ne pense pas qu'il faille, selon le mot de Victor Hugo, admirer
I don't think it is necessary, in the words of Victor Hugo, to admire

tout comme une brute. Mais c'est une vérité depuis longtemps admise
just like a bully. But it's a long-held truth

que dans les ouvrages passés chefs-d'œuvre et consacrés, les défauts,
that in works past masterpieces and consecrated, the defects,

s'il s'en trouve, ne comptent pas, et l'on répète les vers d'Horace:
if there are any, do not count, and we repeat the lines of Horace:

Non ego paucis
No ego paucis

Offendar maculis....
Offendar maculis ....

Décidément Jean-Jacques a eu tort de ne pas lire Candide.
Jean-Jacques was definitely wrong not to read Candide.

Peut-être après cela l'avait-il lu, et que c'est pour cette raison même
Perhaps after that he had read it, and that is for this very reason

qu'il préférait n'en point parler, le silence étant d'or en ces
that he preferred not to talk about it, the silence being golden in these

sortes d'affaires.
kinds of business.

FRANCISQUE SARCEY
FRANCISQUE SARCEY

I. COMMENT CANDIDE FUT ÉLEVÉ DANS UN BEAU CHÂTEAU, ET COMMENT IL FUT CHASSÉ D'CELUI.
I. HOW CANDIDE WAS RAISED IN A BEAUTIFUL CASTLE, AND HOW HE WAS KILLED FROM IT.

Il y avait in Westphalie, dans le château de M. le baron de
There was in Westphalia, in the castle of M. le baron de

Thunder-ten-tronckh, un jeune garçon à qui la nature avait donné les
Thunder-ten-tronckh, a young boy to whom nature had given the

mœurs les plus douces. Sa physionomie annonçait son âme. Il avait le
the sweetest manners. His physiology betrayed his spirit. He had the

jugement assez droit, avec l'esprit le plus simple; c'est, je crois,
fair judgment, with the simplest mind; it is, I believe,

pour cette raison qu'on le nommait Candide. Les anciens domestiques de
for this reason he was called Candide. The former servants of

la maison soupçonnaient qu'il était fils de la sœur de M. le baron, et
the house suspected that he was the son of Monsieur le Baron's sister, and

d'un bon et honnête gentilhomme du voisinage, que cette demoiselle ne
of a good and honest gentleman of the neighborhood, that this young lady

voulut jamais épouser, parce qu'il n'avait pu prouver que soixante et
never wanted to marry, because he could only prove sixty and

onze quartiers, et que le reste de son arbre généalogique avait été
eleven quarters, and that the rest of his family tree had been

perdu par l'injure du temps.
lost by the insult of time.

M. le baron était un des plus puissants seigneurs de la Westphalie,
M. le baron was one of the most powerful lords of Westphalia,

car son château avait une porte et des fenêtres. Sa grande salle même
for his castle had a door and windows. Its very large hall

était ornée d'une tapisserie. Tous les chiens de ses basses-cours
was decorated with a tapestry. All the dogs in his backyards

composaient une meute dans le besoin; ses palefreniers étaient ses
made up a pack in need; his grooms were his

piqueurs; le vicaire du village était son grand aumônier. Ils
biters; the village vicar was his great chaplain. They

l'appelaient tous Monseigneur, et ils riaient quand il faisait des
all called him Monsignor, and they laughed when he

contes.
tales.

Mme la baronne, qui pesait environ trois cent cinquante livres,
Madame la Baronne, who weighed about three hundred and fifty pounds,

s'attirait par là une très grande considération, et faisait les honneurs
thereby attracted great consideration, and did the honors

de la maison avec une dignité qui la rendait encore plus respectable.
of the house with a dignity that made it even more respectable.

Sa fille Cunégonde, âgée de dix-sept ans, était haute en couleur,
His seventeen-year-old daughter Cunégonde was very colorful,

fraîche, grasse, appétissante. Le fils du baron paraissait en tout digne
fresh, fatty, appetizing. The baron's son appeared worthy of all

de son père. Le précepteur Pangloss était l'oracle de la maison, et le
from his father. The tutor Pangloss was the oracle of the house, and the

petit Candide écoutait ses leçons avec toute la bonne foi de son âge et
little Candide listened to his lessons with all the good faith of his age and

de son caractère.
of his character.

Pangloss enseignait la métaphysico-théologo-cosmolonigologie. Il
Pangloss taught metaphysico-theologo-cosmolonigology. he

prouvait admirablement qu'il n'y a point d'effet sans cause, et que,
admirably proved that there is no effect without a cause, and that,

dans ce meilleur des mondes possible le château de Monseigneur le
in this best of all possible worlds, the castle of Monseigneur le

baron était le plus beau des châteaux, et Madame la meilleure des
baron was the most beautiful of castles, and Madame the best of

baronnes possible.
baronesses possible.

«Il est démontré, disait-il, que les choses ne peuvent être
"It has been shown," he said, "that things cannot be

autrement, car tout étant fait pour une fin, tout est nécessairement
otherwise, because everything being made for an end, everything is necessarily

pour la meilleure fin. Remarquez bien que les nez ont été faits pour
for the best end. Notice that the noses were made for

porter des lunettes, aussi avons-nous des lunettes. Les jambes sont
wear glasses, so we have glasses. The legs are

visiblement instituées pour être chaussées, et nous avons des chausses.
visibly instituted to be shod, and we have shod.

Les pierres ont été formées pour être taillées et pour en faire des
The stones were formed to be cut and to make

châteaux, aussi Monseigneur a un très beau château; le plus grand baron
castles, also Monseigneur has a very beautiful castle; the greatest baron

de la province doit être le mieux logé; et les cochons étant faits pour
in the province must be the best lodged; and pigs being made for

être mangés, nous mangeons du porc toute l'année: par conséquent,
to be eaten, we eat pork all year round: therefore,

ceux qui ont avancé que tout est bien ont dit une sottise; il fallait
those who have argued that all is well have spoken foolishness; it was necessary

dire que tout est au mieux.»
say that everything is for the best. "

Candide écoutait attentivement, et croyait innocemment, car il
Candide listened attentively, and believed innocently, for he

trouvait Mlle Cunégonde extrêmement belle, quoiqu'il ne prit jamais la
found Mlle Cunégonde extremely beautiful, although he never took the

hardiesse de le lui dire. Il concluait qu'après le bonheur d'être né
boldness to tell him. He concluded that after the happiness of being born

baron de Thunder-ten-tronckh, le second degré de bonheur était d'être
baron of Thunder-ten-tronckh, the second degree of happiness was to be

Mlle Cunégonde, le troisième, de la voir tous les jours, et le
Miss Cunégonde, the third, to see her every day, and the

quatrième, d'entendre maître Pangloss, le plus grand philosophe de la
fourth, to hear from Master Pangloss, the greatest philosopher of

province, et par conséquent de toute la terre.
province, and consequently of all the earth.

Un jour Cunégonde en se promenant auprès du château, dans le petit
One day Cunégonde while walking near the castle, in the small

bois qu'on appelait parc, vit entre des broussailles le docteur Pangloss
wood that was called park, saw doctor Pangloss among the brush

qui donnait une leçon de physique expérimentale à la femme de chambre
who gave a lesson in experimental physics to the maid

de sa mère, petite brune très jolie et très docile. Comme Mlle Cunégonde
from her mother, a very pretty and very docile little brunette. Like Miss Cunégonde

avait beaucoup de dispositions pour les sciences, elle observa, sans
had a great inclination for the sciences, she observed, without

souffler, les expériences réitérées dont elle fut témoin; elle vit
breathe, the reiterated experiences she witnessed; she lives

clairement la raison suffisante du docteur, les effets et les causes,
clearly the doctor's sufficient reason, effects and causes,

et s'en retourna tout agitée, toute pensive, toute remplie du désir
and returned all agitated, all thoughtful, all filled with desire

d'être savante, songeant qu'elle pourrait bien être la raison suffisante
to be learned, thinking that she might be the sufficient reason

du jeune Candide, qui pouvait aussi être la sienne.
of young Candide, who could also be hers.

Elle rencontra Candide en revenant au château, et rougit: Candide
She met Candide on her way back to the castle, and blushed: Candide

rougit aussi. Elle lui dit bonjour d'une voix entrecoupée, et Candide
blushes too. She says hello to him in a broken voice, and Candide

lui parla sans savoir ce qu'il disait. Le lendemain, après le dîner,
spoke to him without knowing what he was saying. The next day, after dinner,

comme on sortait de table, Cunégonde et Candide se trouvèrent derrière
as we were leaving the table, Cunégonde and Candide found themselves behind

un paravent; Cunégonde laissa tomber son mouchoir, Candide le ramassa,
a screen; Cunegonde dropped her handkerchief, Candide picked it up,

elle lui prit innocemment la main, le jeune homme baisa innocemment
she innocently took his hand, the young man innocently kissed

la main de la jeune demoiselle avec une vivacité, une sensibilité,
the hand of the young lady with liveliness, sensitivity,

une grâce toute particulière; leurs bouches se rencontrèrent, leurs yeux
a very special grace; their mouths met, their eyes

s'enflammèrent, leurs genoux tremblèrent, leurs mains s'égarèrent. M. le
ignited, their knees trembled, their hands strayed. Mr. the

baron de Thunder-ten-tronckh passa auprès du paravent, et voyant cette
Baron de Thunder-ten-tronckh walked past the screen, and seeing this

cause et cet effet, chassa Candide du château à grands coups de pied
cause and effect, Candide kicked out of the castle

dans le derrière; Cunégonde s'évanouit; elle fut souffletée par Mme la
in the back; Cunegonde fainted; she was slapped by Madame la

baronne dès qu'elle fut revenue à elle-même; et tout fut consterné dans
baroness as soon as she had recovered to herself; and all was dismayed in

le plus beau et le plus agréable des châteaux possible.
the most beautiful and pleasant of castles possible.

II. CE QUE DEVINT CANDIDE PARMI LES BULGARES.
II. WHAT BECAME CANDIDE AMONG THE BULGARIANS.

Candide, chassé du paradis terrestre, marcha longtemps sans
Candide, driven from earthly paradise, walked for a long time without

savoir où, pleurant, levant les yeux au ciel, les tournant souvent
know where, crying, rolling my eyes, often turning them

vers le plus beau des châteaux qui renfermait la plus belle des
towards the most beautiful of castles which contained the most beautiful

baronnettes; il se coucha sans souper au milieu des champs, entre
baronettes; he went to bed without supper in the middle of the fields, between

deux sillons; la neige tombait à gros flocons. Candide, tout transi,
two furrows; the snow was falling in large flakes. Candid, all chilled,

se traîna le lendemain vers la ville voisine, qui s'appelle
the next day dragged himself to the next town, which is called

Waldberghoff-trarbk-dikdorff. N'ayant point d'argent, mourant
Waldberghoff-trarbk-dikdorff. Having no money, dying

de faim et de lassitude, il s'arrêta tristement à la porte d'un cabaret.
of hunger and weariness, he stopped sadly at the door of a tavern.

Deux hommes habillés de bleu le remarquèrent: «-Camarade, dit
Two men dressed in blue noticed him: "-Camarade," said

l'un, voilà un jeune homme très bien lait, et qui a la taille requise.»
one, here is a young man very well milked, and who has the required size. "

Ils s'avancèrent vers Candide, et le prièrent à dîner très civilement.
They advanced towards Candide, and begged him to dine very civilly.

«-Messieurs, leur dit Candide avec une modestie charmante, vous
'Gentlemen,' Candide said to them with charming modesty,

me faites beaucoup d'honneur, mais je n'ai pas de quoi payer mon
do me a lot of honor, but I don't have enough to pay my

écot.-Ah monsieur! lui dit un des bleus, les personnes de votre
ecot.-Ah sir! said one of the blues, the people of your

figure et de votre mérite ne paient jamais rien: n'avez-vous pas cinq
figure and your merit never pay anything: don't you have five

pieds cinq pouces de haut?-Oui, messieurs, c'est ma taille,
feet five inches high? -Yes, gentlemen, that's my height,

dit-il en faisant la révérence.-Ah monsieur! mettez-vous à table;
"he said, curtsying." Ah sir! sit down to table;

non seulement nous vous défraierons, mais nous ne souffrirons jamais
not only will we defray you, but we will never suffer

qu'un homme comme vous manque d'argent; les hommes ne sont faits que
that a man like you lacks money; men are only made

pour se secourir les uns les autres.-Vous avez raison, dit
to help each other.-You are right, said

Candide; c'est ce que M. Pangloss m'a toujours dit, et je vois bien
Candid; this is what Mr. Pangloss always told me, and I can see

que tout est au mieux.» On le prie d'accepter quelques écus; il les
that everything is for the best. " We ask him to accept a few crowns; he them

prend et veut faire son billet; on n'en veut point; on se met à table.
takes and wants to make his ticket; we don't want it; we sit down to table.

«-N'aimez-vous pas tendrement?... -Oh oui! répondit-il;
"-Don't you love tenderly? ... -Oh yes! he replied;

j'aime tendrement Mlle Cunégonde.-Non, dit l'un de ces messieurs,
I love Mlle Cunégonde dearly. "" No, "said one of these gentlemen,"

nous vous demandons si vous n'aimez pas tendrement le roi des
we ask you if you do not love the king of the

Bulgares?-Point du tout, dit-il, car je ne l'ai jamais
Bulgarians? -Not at all, he said, because I've never had

vu.-Comment! c'est le plus charmant des rois, et il faut boire à
seen.-How! he is the most charming of kings, and you have to drink

sa santé.-Oh! très volontiers, messieurs; et il boit.-C'en
his health.-Oh! very willingly, gentlemen; and he drinks.

est assez, lui dit-on: vous voilà l'appui, le soutien, le défenseur, le
is enough, he is told: here you are the support, the support, the defender, the

héros des Bulgares; votre fortune est faite, et votre gloire est
hero of the Bulgarians; your fortune is made, and your glory is

assurée.» On lui met sur-le-champ les fers aux pieds, et on le mène au
insured. " He is immediately put in shackles and taken to the

régiment. On le fait tourner à droite, à gauche, hausser la baguette,
regiment. We make him turn right, left, raise the wand,

remettre la baguette, coucher en joue, tirer, doubler le pas, et on lui
put the baton back, aim, shoot, double the pace, and we

donne trente coups de bâton; le lendemain, il fait l'exercice un peu
gives thirty blows with a stick; the next day, he does the exercise a little

moins mal, et il ne reçoit que vingt coups; le surlendemain, on ne lui
less badly, and he receives only twenty blows; the day after, we won't

en donne que dix, et il est regardé par ses camarades comme un prodige.
gives only ten, and he is regarded by his comrades as a prodigy.

Candide, tout stupéfait, ne démêlait pas encore trop bien comment
Candide, quite stunned, did not yet quite understand how

il était un héros. Il s'avisa un beau jour de printemps de s'aller
he was a hero. He took it into his head one fine spring day to go

promener, marchant tout droit devant lui, croyant que c'était un
walk, walking straight ahead, believing it was a

privilège de l'espèce humaine, comme de l'espèce animale, de se
privilege of the human species, as of the animal species, to

servir de ses jambes à son plaisir. Il n'eut pas fait deux lieues
use his legs for his pleasure. He would not have gone two leagues

que voilà quatre autres héros de six pieds qui l'atteignent, qui le
that here are four other six-foot heroes reaching him, who

lient, qui le mènent dans un cachot. On lui demanda juridiquement ce
bind, who lead him to a dungeon. He was legally asked what

qu'il aimait le mieux d'être fustigé trente-six fois par tout le régiment,
that he liked best to be castigated thirty-six times by the whole regiment,

ou de recevoir à la fois douze balles de plomb dans la cervelle. Il eut
or to receive twelve lead bullets in the brain at the same time. He had

beau dire que les volontés sont libres, et qu'il ne voulait ni l'un ni
nice to say that wills are free, and that he wanted neither one nor

l'autre: il fallut faire un choix; il se détermina, en vertu du don de
the other: a choice had to be made; he determined, by virtue of the gift of

Dieu qu'on nomme liberté, à passer trente-six fois par les
God we call freedom, to pass thirty-six times through

baguettes; il essuya deux promenades. Le régiment était composé de
chopsticks; he took two walks. The regiment consisted of

deux mille hommes; cela lui composa quatre mille coups de baguettes,
two thousand men; it made four thousand blows of his wands,

qui, depuis la nuque du cou jusqu'au cul, lui découvrirent les muscles
who, from the nape of the neck to the ass, discovered the muscles

et les nerfs. Comme on allait procéder à la troisième course, Candide,
and nerves. As we were going to proceed to the third race, Candide,

n'en pouvant plus, demanda en grâce qu'on voulut bien avoir la bonté
not being able any more, asked in favor that we wanted to have kindness

de lui casser la tête; il obtint cette faveur; on lui bande les yeux,
to break his head; he obtained this favor; we blindfold him,

on le fait mettre à genoux. Le roi des Bulgares passe dans ce moment,
he is made to kneel. The king of the Bulgarians is passing by at this moment,

il s'informe du crime du patient; et comme ce roi avait un grand génie,
he inquires about the patient's crime; and as this king had a great genius,

il comprit, par tout ce qu'il apprit de Candide, que c'était un jeune
he understood from everything he learned from Candide that he was a young

métaphysicien fort ignorant des choses de ce monde, et il lui accorda
a strong metaphysician ignorant of the things of this world, and he granted him

sa grâce avec une clémence qui sera louée dans tous les journaux
his grace with a clemency that will be praised in all the newspapers

et dans tous les siècles. Un brave chirurgien guérit Candide en trois
and in all centuries. A brave surgeon cures Candide in three

semaines avec les émollients enseignés par Dioscoride. Il avait déjà un
weeks with the emollients taught by Dioscorides. He already had a

peu de peau, et pouvait marcher, quand le roi des Bulgares livra
little skin, and could walk, when the King of the Bulgarians delivered

bataille au roi des Abares.
battle to the king of the Abares.

III. COMMENT CANDIDE SE SAUVA D'ENTRE LES BULGARES, ET CE QU'IL DEVINT.
III. HOW CANDIDE SAVED HIMSELF FROM THE BULGARS, AND WHAT HAPPENED.

Rien n'était si beau, si leste, si brillant, si bien ordonné que les
Nothing was so beautiful, so nimble, so brilliant, so well ordered that the

deux armées. Les trompettes, les fifres, les hautbois, les tambours,
two armies. Trumpets, fifes, oboes, drums,

les canons, formaient une harmonie telle qu'il n'y en eut jamais en
the cannons, formed a harmony such that there never was

enfer. Les canons renversèrent d'abord à peu prés six mille hommes
hell. The guns first overthrew about six thousand men

de chaque côté; ensuite la mousqueterie ôta du meilleur des mondes
on each side; then the musketry took away from the best of worlds

environ neuf à dix mille coquins qui en infectaient la surface. La
about nine to ten thousand rascals who infected the surface. The

baïonnette fut aussi la raison suffisante de la mort de quelques
bayonet was also the sufficient reason for the death of some

milliers d'hommes. Le tout pouvait bien se monter à une trentaine de
thousands of men. The whole could well amount to about thirty

mille âmes. Candide, qui tremblai! comme un philosophe, se cacha du
thousand souls. Candide, who trembled! like a philosopher, hid himself from

mieux qu'il put pendant cette boucherie héroïque. Enfin, tandis que les
better than he could during this heroic butchery. Finally, while the

deux rois faisaient chanter des Te Deum, chacun dans son camp,
two kings made Te Deum sing, each in his camp,

il prit le parti d'aller raisonner ailleurs des effets et des causes. Il
he decided to go and reason elsewhere about effects and causes. he

passa par-dessus des tas de morts et de mourants, et gagna d'abord un
passed over heaps of dead and dying, and first gained a

village voisin; il était en cendres: c'était un village arabe que les
neighboring village; it was in ashes: it was an Arab village that the

Bulgares avaient brûlé, selon les lois du droit public. Ici les
Bulgarians had burned down, according to the laws of public law. Here the

vieillards criblés de coups regardaient mourir leurs femmes égorgées,
old men riddled with blows watched their slaughtered wives die,

qui tenaient leurs enfants à leurs mamelles sanglantes; là des filles
who held their children by their bloody breasts; there girls

éventrées, après avoir assouvi les besoins naturels de quelques héros,
disemboweled, after having satisfied the natural needs of a few heroes,

rendaient les derniers soupirs; d'autres à demi brûlées criaient qu'on
breathed the last sighs; others half-burnt cried that we

achevât de leur donner la mort. Des cervelles étaient répandues sur la
finished giving them death. Brains were spread over the

terre à côté de bras et de jambes coupés.
earth beside severed arms and legs.

Candide s'enfuit au plus vite dans un autre village: il appartenait
Candide fled as quickly as possible to another village: he belonged to

à des Bulgares, et les héros abares l'avaient traité de même. Candide,
to Bulgarians, and the abarian heroes had treated him in the same way. Candid,

toujours marchant sur des membres palpitants, ou à travers des ruines,
always walking on throbbing limbs, or through ruins,

arriva enfin hors du théâtre de la guerre, portant quelques petites
finally arrived outside the theater of war, carrying a few small

provisions dans son bissac, et n'oubliant jamais Mlle Cunégonde. Ses
provisions in her bag, and never forgetting Mlle Cunégonde. His

provisions lui manquèrent quand il fut en Hollande; mais ayant entendu
provisions failed him when he was in Holland; but having heard

dire que tout le monde était riche dans ce pays-là, et qu'on y était
say that everyone was rich in that country, and that we were there

chrétien, il ne douta pas qu'on ne le traitât aussi bien qu'il l'avait
Christian, he did not doubt that he was treated as well as he had

été dans le château de M. le baron, avant qu'il en eût été chassé pour
been in Monsieur le Baron's castle, before he was driven out to

les beaux yeux de Mlle Cunégonde.
the beautiful eyes of Mlle Cunégonde.

Il demanda l'aumône à plusieurs graves personnages, qui lui
He begged alms from several grave figures, who

répondirent tous que, s'il continuait à faire ce métier, on l'enfermerait
all replied that if he continued to do this job, he would be locked up

dans une maison de correction pour lui apprendre à vivre.
in a reformatory to teach him how to live.

Il s'adressa ensuite à un homme qui venait de parler tout seul une
He then spoke to a man who had just spoken to himself a

heure de suite sur la charité dans une grande assemblée. Cet orateur
hour away on charity in a great assembly. This speaker

le regardant de travers lui dit: «-Que venez-vous faire ici? Y
Looking askance at him said: "What are you doing here?" Y

êtes-vous pour la bonne cause?-Il n'y a point d'effet sans cause,
are you for a good cause? -There is no effect without a cause,

répondit modestement Candide; tout est enchaîné nécessairement, et
replied Candide modestly; everything is necessarily linked, and

arrangé pour le mieux. Il a fallu que je fusse chassé d'auprès de Mlle
arranged for the best. I had to be chased away from Miss

Cunégonde, que j'aie passé par les baguettes, et il faut que je demande
Cunégonde, that I went through the chopsticks, and I must ask

mon pain, jusqu'à ce que je puisse en gagner; tout cela ne pouvait
my bread, until I can earn some; all this could not

être autrement.-Mon ami, dit l'orateur, croyez-vous que le pape
be otherwise. -My friend, said the speaker, do you think the Pope

soit l'antéchrist?-Je ne l'avais pas encore entendu dire, répondit
be the antichrist? -I hadn't heard it yet, replied

Candide; mais qu'il le soit ou qu'il ne le soit pas, je manque de
Candid; but whether it is or not, I miss

pain.-Tu ne mérites pas d'en manger, dit l'autre: va, coquin,
bread.-You do not deserve to eat it, said the other: go, rascal,

va, misérable, ne m'approche de ta vie.» La femme de l'orateur avant
go, miserable, do not bring me near your life. " The speaker's wife before

mis la tête à la fenêtre, et avisant un homme qui doutait que le pape
put his head out the window, and warning a man who doubted that the Pope

fût l'antéchrist, lui répandit sur le chef un plein.... Ô ciel! à quel
was the antichrist, poured a full over his head .... O heaven! to what

excès se porte le zèle de la religion dans les dames!
excess is the zeal of religion in the ladies!

Un homme qui n'avait point été baptisé, un bon anabaptiste, nommé
A man who had not been baptized, a good Anabaptist, named

Jacques, vit la manière cruelle et ignominieuse dont on traitait ainsi
Jacques, saw the cruel and ignominious way in which we treated

un de ses frères, un être à deux pieds, sans plumes, qui avait une âme;
one of his brothers, a being with two feet, without feathers, who had a soul;

il l'amena chez lui, le nettoya, lui donna du pain et de la bière, lui
he took him to his house, cleaned him, gave him bread and beer, he

fit présent de deux florins et voulut même lui apprendre à travailler
made a present of two florins and even wanted to teach him to work

dans ses manufactures aux étoffes de Perse qu'on fabrique en Hollande.
in its factories with Persian fabrics which are made in Holland.

Candide, se prosternant presque devant lui, s'écriait: «-Maître
Candide, almost prostrating himself before him, exclaimed: "-Master

Pangloss l'avait bien dit que tout était au mieux dans ce monde, car je
Pangloss had said it well that all was well in this world, because I

suis infiniment plus touché de votre extrême générosité que de la
am infinitely more touched by your extreme generosity than by the

dureté de ce monsieur à manteau noir, et de madame son épouse.»
harshness of this man in the black coat, and of his wife. "

Le lendemain, en se promenant, il rencontra un gueux tout couvert
The next day, while walking, he met a beggar all covered

de pustules, les yeux morts, le bout du nez rongé, la bouche de travers,
pustules, dead eyes, gnawed tip of nose, crooked mouth,

les dents noires, et parlant de la gorge, tourmenté d'une toux violente,
black teeth, and speaking of the throat, tormented by a violent cough,

et crachant une dent à chaque effort.
and spitting out a tooth with every effort.

IV. COMMENT CANDIDE RENCONTRA SON ANCIEN MAÎTRE DE PHILOSOPHIE,
IV. HOW CANDIDE MEET HIS FORMER MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY,

LE DOCTEUR PANGLOSS, ET CE QUI EN ADVINT.
DOCTOR PANGLOSS, AND WHAT HAPPENED.

Candide, plus ému encore de compassion que d'horreur, donna à cet
Candide, more moved by compassion than horror, gave

épouvantable gueux les deux florins qu'il avait reçus de son honnête
frightful beggar the two florins he had received from his honest

anabaptiste Jacques. Le fantôme le regarda fixement, versa des larmes,
Anabaptist Jacques. The ghost stared at him, shed tears,

et sauta à son cou. Candide effrayé recule. «-Hélas! dit le
and jumped to his neck. Candide, frightened, steps back. "-Alas! say it

misérable à l'autre misérable, ne reconnaissez-vous plus votre cher
miserable to the other miserable, do you no longer recognize your dear

Pangloss?-Qu'entends-je? vous, mon cher maître! vous, dans cet
Pangloss? -What do I hear? you, my dear master! you, in this

état horrible! Quel malheur vous est-il donc arrivé? Pourquoi
horrible condition! What misfortune has happened to you? Why

n'êtes-vous plus dans le plus beau des châteaux? Qu'est devenue Mlle
are you no longer in the most beautiful of castles? What has become of Miss

Cunégonde, la perle des filles, le chef-d'œuvre de la nature? Je n'en
Cunégonde, the pearl of girls, the masterpiece of nature? I do not

peux plus, dit Pangloss.» Aussitôt Candide le mena dans l'étable de
can't anymore, said Pangloss. " Candide immediately led him into the stable of

l'anabaptiste, où il lui fit manger un peu de pain; et quand Pangloss
the anabaptist, where he made him eat a little bread; and when Pangloss

fut refait: «-Eh bien! lui dit-il, Cunégonde?-Elle est
was remade: "-Well! he said to her, Cunegonde?

morte, reprit l'autre.» Candide s'évanouit à ce mot: son ami rappela
dead, resumed the other. " Candide fainted at this word: his friend called back

ses sens avec un peu de mauvais vinaigre qui se trouva par hasard dans
his senses with a little bad vinegar that happened to be in

l'étable. Candide rouvre les yeux. «-Cunégonde est morte! Ah!
the table. Candide opens his eyes again. “-Cunégonde is dead! Ah!

meilleur des mondes, où êtes-vous? Mais de quelle maladie est-elle
best of all worlds, where are you? But what disease is she

morte? Ne serait-ce point de m'avoir vu chasser du beau château de
dead? Would it not be to have seen me hunt from the beautiful castle of

monsieur son père à grands coups de pied?-Non, dit Pangloss,
his father with great kicks? -No, said Pangloss,

elle a été éventrée par des soldats bulgares, après avoir été violée
she was disembowelled by Bulgarian soldiers, after being raped

autant qu'on peut l'être; ils ont cassé la tête à M. le baron qui
as much as we can be; they broke the head of M. le baron who

voulait la défendre; Mme la baronne a été coupée en morceaux; mon
wanted to defend her; Madame la Baronne was cut into pieces; my

pauvre pupille traité précisément comme sa sœur; et quant au château,
poor pupil treated precisely like his sister; and as for the castle,

il n'est pas resté pierre sur pierre, pas une grange, pas un mouton,
there was not a stone left on a stone, not a barn, not a sheep,

pas un canard, pas un arbre; mais nous avons été bien vengés, car les
not a duck, not a tree; but we have been well avenged, because the

Abares en ont fait autant dans une baronnie voisine qui appartenait
Abares did the same in a neighboring barony that belonged

à un seigneur bulgare.»
to a Bulgarian lord. "

À ce discours, Candide s'évanouit encore; mais revenu à soi, et ayant
At this speech Candide fainted again; but returned to oneself, and having

dit tout ce qu'il devait dire, il s'enquit de la cause et de l'effet, et
said all he needed to say, he inquired about cause and effect, and

de la raison suffisante qui avait mis Pangloss dans un si piteux état.
of sufficient reason that had put Pangloss in such a sorry state.

«-Hélas! dit l'autre, c'est l'amour: l'amour, le consolateur du
"-Alas! said the other, it is love: love, the comforter of

genre humain, le conservateur de l'univers, l'âme de tous les êtres
mankind, the keeper of the universe, the soul of all beings

sensibles, le tendre amour.-Hélas! dit Candide, je l'ai connu
sensitive, tender love.-Alas! Said Candide, I knew him

cet amour, ce souverain des cœurs, cette âme de notre âme; il ne m'a
this love, this sovereign of hearts, this soul of our soul; he didn't

jamais valu qu'un baiser et vingt coups de pied au cul. Comment cette
never worth a kiss and twenty ass kicks. How this

belle cause a-t-elle pu produire en vous un effet si abominable?»
Could a beautiful cause have produced such an abominable effect on you? "

Pangloss répondit en ces termes: «-Ô mon cher Candide! vous
Pangloss replied in these terms: “-O my dear Candide! you

avez connu Paquette, cette jolie suivante de notre auguste baronne;
have known Paquette, this pretty follower of our august baroness;

j'ai goûté dans ses bras les délices du paradis, qui ont produit ces
I tasted in his arms the delights of paradise, which produced these

tourments d'enfer dont vous me voyez dévoré; elle en était infectée;
torments of hell which you see me devoured; she was infected with it;

elle en est peut-être morte. Paquette tenait ce présent d'un cordelier
maybe she died. Paquette held this gift from a cordelier

très savant qui avait remonté à la source; car il l'avait eue d'une
very learned who had gone back to the source; because he had had it from a

vieille comtesse, qui l'avait reçue d'un capitaine de cavalerie, qui la
old countess, who had received her from a cavalry captain, who

devait à une marquise, qui la tenait d'un page, qui l'avait reçue d'un
owed to a Marchioness, who had it from a page, who had received it from

jésuite, qui, étant novice, l'avait eue en droite ligne d'un des
Jesuit, who, being a novice, had had it in line with one of the

compagnons de Christophe Colomb. Pour moi, je ne la donnerai à
companions of Christopher Columbus. For me, I won't give it to

personne, car je me meurs.
nobody, because I'm dying.

-Ô Pangioss, s'écria Candide, voila une étrange généalogie!
-O Pangioss, cried Candide, here is a strange genealogy!

N'est-ce pas le diable qui en fut la souche?-Point du tout,
Was it not the devil who was the root of it? - Not at all,

répliqua ce grand homme; c'était une chose indispensable dans le
replied this great man; it was an indispensable thing in the

meilleur des mondes, un ingrédient nécessaire; car si Colomb n'avait
best of all worlds, a necessary ingredient; because if Columbus had not

pas attrapé, dans une île de l'Amérique, cette maladie qui empoisonne
not caught, on an island in America, this disease that poisons

la source de la génération, qui souvent même empêche la génération,
the source of generation, which often even prevents generation,

et qui est évidemment l'opposé du grand but de la nature, nous n'aurions
and which is obviously the opposite of the great goal of nature, we would not have

ni le chocolat ni la cochenille; il faut encore observer que
neither chocolate nor cochineal; it should still be observed that

jusqu'aujourd'hui, dans notre continent, cette maladie nous est
until today, in our continent, this disease is

particulière, comme la controverse. Les Turcs, les Indiens, les Persans,
particular, such as controversy. Turks, Indians, Persians,

les Chinois, les Siamois, les Japonais ne la connaissent pas encore;
the Chinese, the Siamese, the Japanese do not yet know it;

mais il y a une raison suffisante pour qu'ils la connaissent à leur tour
but there is reason enough for them to know her in turn

dans quelques siècles. En attendant, elle a fait un merveilleux progrès
in a few centuries. In the meantime, she has made wonderful progress

parmi nous, et surtout dans ces grandes armées composées d'honnêtes
among us, and especially in these great armies made up of honest

stipendiaires bien élevés, qui décident du destin des États; on peut
well-bred stipendiaries, who decide the fate of states; we can

assurer que, quand trente mille hommes combattent en bataille rangée
ensure that when thirty thousand men fight in pitched battle

contre des troupes égales en nombre, il y a environ vingt mille vérolés
against troops of equal numbers, there are about twenty thousand infected

de chaque côté.
on each side.

-Voilà qui est admirable, dit Candide; mais il faut vous faire
"That is admirable," said Candide; but you have to do

guérir.-Eh comment le puis-je? dit Pangloss; je n'ai pas le sou,
heal.-Hey how can I? said Pangloss; I have no money,

mon ami, et dans toute l'étendue de ce globe on ne peut ni se faire
my friend, and in the whole extent of this globe one cannot

saigner, ni prendre un lavement sans payer, ou sans qu'il y ait
bleed, or take an enema without paying, or without

quelqu'un qui paie pour nous.»
someone who pays for us. ”

Ce dernier discours détermina Candide; il alla se jeter aux pieds
This last speech determined Candide; he went to throw himself at his feet

de son charitable anabaptiste Jacques, et lui fit une peinture si
of his charitable Anabaptist Jacques, and painted him so

touchante de l'état où son ami était réduit, que le bon homme
touching of the state in which his friend was reduced, that the good man

n'hésita pas à recueillir le docteur Pangloss; il le fit guérir à ses
did not hesitate to take in Doctor Pangloss; he healed his

dépens. Pangloss, dans la cure, ne perdit qu'un œil et une oreille.
costs. Pangloss, in the cure, lost only one eye and one ear.

Il écrivait bien, et savait parfaitement l'arithmétique. L'anabaptiste
He wrote well, and knew arithmetic perfectly. The anabaptist

Jacques en fit son teneur de livres. Au bout de deux mois, étant
Jacques made him his bookkeeper. After two months, being

obligé d'aller à Lisbonne, pour les affaires de son commerce, il
obliged to go to Lisbon, for the business of his trade, he

mena dans son vaisseau ses deux philosophes. Pangloss lui expliqua
led his two philosophers in his ship. Pangloss explained to him

comment tout était on ne peut mieux. Jacques n'était pas de cet
how everything could not be better. Jacques was not from this

avis.-«Il faut bien, disait-il, que les hommes aient un peu
opinion .- "It is necessary, he said, that men have a little

corrompu la nature, car ils ne sont pas nés loups, et ils sont devenus
corrupted nature, for they were not born wolves, and they became

loups. Dieu ne leur a donné ni canons de vingt-quatre, ni baïonnettes,
wolves. God gave them neither twenty-four guns nor bayonets,

et ils se sont fait des baïonnettes et des canons pour se détruire. Je
and they made bayonets and cannons to destroy themselves. I

pourrais mettre en ligne de compte les banqueroutes, et la justice
could take into account bankruptcies, and justice

qui s'empare des biens des banqueroutiers pour en frustrer les
who seizes the assets of bankruptcy to frustrate them

créanciers.-Tout cela était indispensable, répliquait le docteur
creditors.-All this was essential, replied the doctor.

borgne, et les malheurs particuliers font le bien général: de sorte que
one-eyed, and particular misfortunes do the general good: so that

plus il y a de malheurs particuliers, et plus tout est bien.» Tandis
the more particular misfortunes there are, the better. " While

qu'il raisonnait, l'air s'obscurcit, les vents soufflèrent des quatre
he reasoned, the air grew darker, the winds blew from the four

coins du monde, et le vaisseau fut assailli de la plus horrible tempête,
corners of the world, and the ship was assailed by the most horrible storm,

à la vue du port de Lisbonne.
within sight of the port of Lisbon.

V. TEMPÊTE, NAUFRAGE, TREMBLEMENT DE TERRE, ET CE QUI ADVINT DU DOCTEUR PANGLOSS, DE CANDIDE ET DE L'ANABAPTISTE JACQUES.
V. STORM, SHIPWRECK, EARTHQUAKE, AND WHAT HAPPENED FROM DOCTOR PANGLOSS, CANDIDE AND THE ANABAPTIST JACQUES.

La moitié des passagers, affaiblis, expirant de ces angoisses
Half of the passengers, weakened, exhaling from these anxieties

inconcevables que le roulis d'un vaisseau porte dans les nerfs et dans
inconceivable that the rolling of a vessel carries in the nerves and in

toutes les humeurs du corps agitées en sens contraires, n'avait pas
all the moods of the body agitated in opposite directions, had not

même la force de s'inquiéter du danger. L'autre moitié jetait des cris
even the strength to worry about danger. The other half was screaming

et faisait des prières; les voiles étaient déchirées, les mâts brisés,
and made prayers; the sails were torn, the masts broken,

le vaisseau entrouvert. Travaillait qui pouvait, personne ne
the ship ajar. Worked who could, no one

s'entendait, personne ne commandait.
got along, no one was in command.

L'anabaptiste aidait un peu à la manœuvre; il était sur le tillac;
The Anabaptist helped a little with the maneuver; he was on the deck;

un matelot furieux le frappe rudement et, l'étend sur les planches;
a furious sailor hits him hard and spreads him on the planks;

mais du coup qu'il lui donna, il eut lui-même une si violente secousse,
but suddenly he gave it, he himself had such a violent shock,

qu'il tomba hors du vaisseau la tête la première. Il restait suspendu
that he fell out of the ship head first. He remained suspended

et accroché à une partie de mât rompu. Le bon Jacques court à son
and hung on a part of a broken mast. The good Jacques runs to his

secours, l'aide à remonter, et de l'effort qu'il fit il est précipité
rescue, helps him to go up, and from the effort he made he rushed

dans la mer à la vue du matelot, qui le laissa périr sans daigner
in the sea at the sight of the sailor, who let him perish without deigning

seulement le regarder. Candide approche, voit son bienfaiteur qui
only watch it. Candide approaches, sees his benefactor who

reparaît un moment et qui est englouti pour jamais. Il veut se jeter
reappears for a moment and is swallowed up forever. He wants to throw himself

après lui dans la mer, le philosophe Pangloss l'en empêche, en lui
after him in the sea, the philosopher Pangloss prevents him, in him

prouvant que la rade de Lisbonne avait été formée exprès pour que
proving that the harbor of Lisbon had been formed on purpose so that

cet anabaptiste s'y noyât. Tandis qu'il le prouvait a priori,
this Anabaptist was drowning there. While he proved it a priori,

le vaisseau s'entr'ouvre, tout périt, à la réserve de Pangloss, de
the ship opens, everything perishes, at the Pangloss reserve,

Candide et de ce brutal de matelot qui avait noyé le vertueux
Candide and that brutal sailor who drowned the virtuous

anabaptiste; le coquin nagea heureusement jusqu'au rivage, où Pangloss
Anabaptist; the rascal happily swam to the shore, where Pangloss

et Candide furent portés sur une planche.
and Candide were carried on a plank.

Quand ils furent revenus un peu à eux, ils marchèrent vers Lisbonne;
When they had come to themselves a little, they walked towards Lisbon;

il leur restait quelque argent, avec lequel ils espéraient se sauver
they had some money left, with which they hoped to save themselves

de la faim, après avoir échappé à la tempêté.
from hunger, after having escaped the storm.

À peine ont-ils mis le pied dans la ville, en pleurant la mort de
Barely have they set foot in the city, mourning the death of

leur bienfaiteur, qu'ils sentent la terre trembler sous leurs pas; la
their benefactor, that they feel the earth tremble under their feet; the

mer s'élève en bouillonnant dans le port, et brise les vaisseaux qui
sea ​​rises and boils in the harbor, and shatters the vessels which

sont à l'ancre. Des tourbillons de flammes et de cendres couvrent les
are at anchor. Swirls of flames and ashes cover the

rues et les places publiques; les maisons s'écroulent, les toits sont
streets and public places; the houses crumble, the roofs are

renversés sur les fondements, et les fondements se dispersent; trente
overturned on the foundations, and the foundations scatter; thirty

mille habitants de tout âge et de tout sexe sont écrasés sous des
a thousand inhabitants of all ages and all sexes are crushed under

ruines. Le matelot disait en sifflant et en jurant: «-Il y aura
ruins. The sailor said whistling and swearing: "-There will be

quelque chose à gagner ici.-Quelle peut être la raison suffisante
something to be gained here. -What can be the sufficient reason

de ce phénomène? disait Pangloss.-Voici le dernier jour du
of this phenomenon? said Pangloss. 'This is the last day of

monde, s'écriait Candide.» Le matelot court incontinent au milieu des
world, cried Candide. " The sailor runs incontinently in the midst of

débris, affronte la mort pour trouver de l'argent, en trouve, s'en
debris, face death to find money, find it, get it

empare, s'enivre, et ayant cuvé son vin, achète les faveurs de la
grabs, gets drunk, and having cuvée his wine, buys the favors of the

première fille de bonne volonté qu'il rencontre sur les ruines des
first goodwill girl he meets on the ruins of

maisons détruites, et au milieu des mourants et des morts. Pangloss
houses destroyed, and among the dying and the dead. Pangloss

le tirait cependant par la manche: «-Mon ami, lui disait-il, cela
however pulled him by the sleeve: "-My friend," he said to him,

n'est pas bien; vous manquez à la raison universelle, vous prenez mal
is not good; you miss the universal reason, you take it badly

votre temps.-Tête et sang! répondit l'autre, je suis matelot et
your time.-Head and blood! replied the other, I am a sailor and

né à Batavia; j'ai marché quatre fois sur le crucifix dans quatre
born in Batavia; I walked on the crucifix four times in four

voyages au Japon; tu as bien trouvé ton homme avec ta raison
trips to Japan; you have found your man with your reason

universelle!»
universal! ”

Quelques éclats de pierre avaient blessé Candide; il était étendu
A few shards of stone had wounded Candide; he was lying

dans la rue et couvert de débris. Il disait à Pangloss: «-Hélas!
in the street and covered with debris. He said to Pangloss: “Alas!

procure-moi un peu de vin et d'huile; je me meurs.-Ce tremblement
get me some wine and oil; I'm dying.-This tremor

de terre n'est pas une chose nouvelle, répondit Pangloss; la ville de
land is not a new thing, replied Pangloss; the city of

Lima éprouva les mêmes secousses en Amérique l'année passée; mêmes
Lima experienced the same tremors in America last year; same

causes, mêmes effets; il y a certainement une traînée de soufre sous
causes, same effects; there is certainly a streak of sulfur under

terre depuis Lima jusqu'à Lisbonne.-Rien n'est plus probable,
land from Lima to Lisbon - Nothing is more probable,

dit Candide; mais, pour Dieu, un peu d'huile et de vin.-Comment,
said Candide; but, for God, a little oil and wine.

probable? répliqua le philosophe, je soutiens que la chose est
likely? replied the philosopher, I maintain that the thing is

démontrée.» Candide perdit connaissance, et Pangloss lui apporta un peu
demonstrated. " Candide lost consciousness, and Pangloss gave him a little

d'eau d'une fontaine voisine.
water from a nearby fountain.

Le lendemain, ayant trouvé quelques provisions de bouche en se
The next day, having found some food supplies in

glissant à travers des décombres, ils réparèrent un peu leurs forces.
sliding through the rubble, they mended their strength a little.

Ensuite ils travaillèrent comme les autres à soulager les habitants
Then they worked like the others to relieve the inhabitants

échappés à la mort.
escaped death.

Quelques citoyens, secourus par eux, leur donnèrent un aussi bon
Some citizens, rescued by them, gave them such a good

dîner qu'on le pouvait dans un tel désastre: il est vrai que le repas
dinner that we could in such a disaster: it is true that the meal

était triste, les convives arrosaient leur pain de leurs larmes; mais
was sad, the guests watered their bread with their tears; But

Pangloss les consola, en les assurant que les choses ne pouvaient être
Pangloss consoled them, assuring them that things could not be

autrement; car, dit-il, tout ceci est ce qu'il y a de mieux; car, s'il
other; for, he says, all this is the best; because if he

y a un volcan à Lisbonne, il ne pouvait être ailleurs; car il est
there is a volcano in Lisbon, it couldn't be anywhere else; because it is

impossible que les choses ne soient pas où elles sont; car tout
impossible that things are not where they are; because all

est bien.
is good.

Un petit homme noir, familier de l'inquisition, lequel était à côté
A little black man, familiar with the Inquisition, who was next

de lui, prit poliment la parole et dit: «-Apparemment que
of him, spoke politely and said: "-Apparently that

monsieur ne croit pas au péché originel; car, si tout est au mieux,
sir does not believe in original sin; because, if all is well,

il n'y a donc eu ni chute ni punition.
so there was no fall or punishment.

-Je demande très humblement pardon à votre excellence,
-I very humbly ask forgiveness of your excellence,

répondit Pangloss encore plus poliment, car la chute de l'homme et la
Pangloss replied even more politely, for the fall of the man and the

malédiction entraient nécessairement dans le meilleur des mondes
curse necessarily entered the best of all possible worlds

possibles.-Monsieur ne croit donc pas à la liberté? dit le
possible. So Monsieur does not believe in freedom? say it

familier.-Votre excellence m'excusera, dit Pangloss; la liberté
familiar. "Your excellency will excuse me," said Pangloss; freedom

peut subsister avec la nécessité absolue, car il était nécessaire que
can subsist with absolute necessity, for it was necessary that

nous fussions libres; car enfin la volonté déterminée....»
we were free; because finally the determined will .... "

Pangloss était au milieu de sa phrase, quand le familier fit un signe
Pangloss was in the middle of his sentence, when the familiar nodded

de tête à son estafier, qui lui servait à boire du vin de Porto ou
head to his marshaller, who served him to drink Port wine or

d'Oporto.
of Oporto.

VI. COMMENT ON FIT UN BEL AUTO-DA-FÉ POUR EMPÊCHER LES TREMBLEMENTS
VI. HOW TO MAKE A BEAUTIFUL AUTO-DA-FÉ TO PREVENT TREMMENTS

DE TERRE, ET COMMENT CANDIDE FUT FESSÉ.
OF EARTH, AND HOW CANDIDE WAS SPANKED.

Après le tremblement de terre qui avait détruit les trois quarts de
After the earthquake that destroyed three quarters of

Lisbonne, les sages du pays n'avaient pas trouvé un moyen plus efficace
Lisbon, the country's wise men had not found a more effective way

pour prévenir une ruine totale que de donner au peuple un bel
to prevent total ruin than to give the people a beautiful

auto-da-fé; il était décidé par l'université de Coïmbre que le spectacle
auto-da-fé; it was decided by the University of Coimbra that the show

de quelques personnes brûlées à petit feu, en grande cérémonie, est un
of a few people burned slowly, in great ceremony, is a

secret infaillible pour empêcher la terre de trembler.
infallible secret to keep the earth from shaking.

On avait en conséquence saisi un Biscayen convaincu d'avoir épousé
A Biscayan convicted of having married

sa commère, et deux Portugais qui, en mangeant un poulet, en avaient
his gossip, and two Portuguese who, while eating a chicken, had some

arraché le lard; on vint lier après le dîner le docteur Pangloss et son
plucked the bacon; after dinner they came to bind Dr. Pangloss and his

disciple Candide, l'un pour avoir parlé, et l'autre pour avoir écouté
disciple Candide, one for having spoken, and the other for having listened

avec un air d'approbation: tous deux furent menés séparément dans des
with an air of approval: both were conducted separately in

appartements d'une extrême fraîcheur, dans lesquels on n'était jamais
extremely cool apartments, in which we were never

incommodé du soleil.
inconvenienced by the sun.

Huit jours après, ils furent tous deux revêtus d'un san-benito, et
Eight days later, they were both clothed with a san-benito, and

on orna leurs têtes de mitres de papier: la mitre et le san-benito de
their heads were adorned with paper bolsters: the bolster and the san-benito de

Candide étaient peints de flammes renversées et de diables qui
Candide were painted with overturned flames and devils who

n'avaient ni queues ni griffes; mais les diables de Pangloss portaient
had neither tails nor claws; but the devils of Pangloss wore

grilles et queues, et les flammes étaient droites. Ils marchèrent en
grates and tails, and the flames were straight. They walked in

procession ainsi vêtus, et entendirent un sermon très pathétique,
procession thus dressed, and heard a very pathetic sermon,

suivi d'une belle musique en faux-bourdon. Candide fut fessé en
followed by beautiful drone music. Candide was spanked in

cadence, pendant qu'ou chantait; le Biscayen et les deux hommes qui
cadence, while ou sang; the Biscayan and the two men who

n'avaient point voulu manger de lard furent brûlés, et Pangloss fut
had not wanted to eat bacon were burned, and Pangloss was

pendu, quoique ce ne soit pas la coutume. Le même jour la terre trembla
hanged, although this is not the custom. The same day the earth shook

de nouveau avec un fracas épouvantable.
again with a terrible crash.

Candide, épouvanté, interdit, éperdu, tout sanglant, tout palpitant,
Candid, terrified, forbidden, bewildered, all bloody, all throbbing,

se disait à lui-même: «-Si c'est ici le meilleur des mondes
said to himself: "-If this is the best of all worlds

possibles, que sont donc les autres? Passe encore si je n'étais que
possible, what are the others? Still pass if i was only

fessé; je l'ai été chez les Bulgares; mais, ô mon cher Pangloss! le
buttock; I was with the Bulgarians; but, oh my dear Pangloss! the

plus grand des philosophes, faut-il vous avoir vu pendre, sans que je
greatest of philosophers, must you have seen you hanging, without me

sache pourquoi! Ô mon cher anabaptiste! le meilleur des hommes, faut-il
know why! O my dear Anabaptist! the best of men, is it necessary

que vous ayez été noyé dans le port! Ô mademoiselle Cunégonde! la
that you were drowned in the harbor! O Mademoiselle Cunégonde! the

perle des filles, faut-il qu'on vous ait fendu le ventre!»
pearl of the girls, must we have split your stomachs! "

Il s'en retournait, se soutenant à peine, prêché, fessé, absous et
He turned around, barely supporting himself, preached, spanked, absolved and

béni, lorsqu'une vieille l'aborda et lui dit:
blessed, when an old woman approached her and said:

«-Mon fils, prenez courage, suivez-moi.»
"-My son, take heart, follow me."

VII. COMMENT UNE VIEILLE PRIT SOIN DE CANDIDE, ET COMMENT
VII. HOW AN OLD OLD TAKEN CARE OF CANDID, AND HOW

IL RETROUVA CE QU'IL AIMAIT.
HE FOUND WHAT HE LOVED.

Candide ne prit point courage, mais il suivit la vieille dans une
Candide did not take heart, but he followed the old woman in a

masure: elle lui donna un pot de pommade pour se frotter, lui laissa à
hovel: she gave him a jar of ointment to rub on, left him

manger et à boire; elle lui montra un petit lit assez propre; il y avait
to eat and drink; she showed him a fairly clean little bed; there was

auprès du lit un habit complet. «-Mangez, buvez, dormez, lui
near the bed a complete suit. "-Eat, drink, sleep, him

dit-elle, et que Notre-Dame d'Atocha, monseigneur saint Antoine de
she said, and that Our Lady of Atocha, Monsignor Saint Anthony of

Padoue et monseigneur saint Jacques de Compostelle prennent soin de
Padua and Monsignor Saint Jacques de Compostela take care of

vous: je reviendrai demain.» Candide, toujours étonné de tout ce qu'il
you: I will come back tomorrow. " Candide, always astonished at all that he

avait vu et de tout ce qu'il avait souffert, et encore plus de la
had seen and all that he had suffered, and even more of the

charité de la vieille, voulut lui baiser la main. «-Ce n'est pas
charity of the old woman, wanted to kiss her hand. "-It's not

ma main qu'il faut baiser, dit la vieille, je reviendrai demain.
my hand that must be kissed, said the old woman, I will come back tomorrow.

Frottez-vous de pommade, mangez et dormez.»
Rub on ointment, eat and sleep. "

Candide, malgré tant de malheurs, mangea et dormit. Le lendemain,
Candide, despite so many misfortunes, ate and slept. The next day,

la vieille lui apporte à déjeuner, visite son dos, le frotte elle-même
the old woman brings him lunch, visits his back, rubs it herself

d'une autre pommade; elle lui apporte ensuite à dîner; elle revient sur
another ointment; she then brings him dinner; she comes back on

le soir et apporte à souper.
in the evening and bring supper.

Le surlendemain, elle fit encore les mêmes cérémonies. «-Qui
Two days later, she performed the same ceremonies again. "-Who

êtes-vous? lui disait toujours Candide, qui vous a inspiré tant de
are you? Candide always told him, who inspired you so many

bonté? quelles grâces puis-je vous rendre?» La bonne femme ne répondait
goodness? what graces can I give you? ” The good woman did not answer

jamais rien. Elle revint sur le soir, et n'apporta point à souper:
never anything. She returned to evening, and did not bring supper:

«-Venez avec moi, dit-elle, et ne dites mot.» Elle le prend sous
"Come with me," she said, "and don't say a word." She takes it under

le bras, et marche avec lui dans la campagne environ un quart de mille:
arm, and walk with it in the countryside about a quarter of a mile:

ils arrivent à une maison isolée, entourée de jardins et de canaux.
they arrive at an isolated house, surrounded by gardens and canals.

La vieille frappe à une petite porte. On ouvre; elle mène Candide, par
The old woman knocks on a small door. We open; she leads Candide, by

un escalier dérobé, dans un cabinet doré, le laisse sur un canapé de
a hidden staircase, in a gilded cabinet, leaves him on a sofa

brocart, referme la porte et s'en va.
brocade, close the door and leave.

Candide croyait rêver, et regardait toute sa vie comme un songe
Candide thought he was dreaming, and regarded his whole life as a dream

funeste, et le moment présent comme un songe agréable.
disastrous, and the present moment like a pleasant dream.

La vieille reparut bientôt; elle soutenait avec peine une femme
The old woman soon reappeared; she hardly supported a woman

tremblante, d'une taille majestueuse, brillante de pierreries, et
trembling, of a majestic stature, shining with precious stones, and

couverte d'un voile. «-Ôtez ce voile, dit la vieille à Candide.»
covered with a veil. "Take off this veil," said the old woman to Candide.

Le jeune homme approche; il lève le voile d'une main timide. Quel
The young man approaches; he lifts the veil with a timid hand. What

moment! quelle surprise! Il crut voir Mlle Cunégonde; il la voyait en
moment! What a surprise! He thought he saw Mlle Cunégonde; he saw her in

effet: c'était elle-même. La force lui manque, il ne peut proférer une
indeed: it was herself. He is lacking strength, he cannot utter a

parole, il tombe à ses pieds. Cunégonde tombe sur le canapé. La vieille
word, he falls at his feet. Cunégonde falls on the sofa. Old

les accable d'eaux spiritueuses, ils reprennent leurs sens, ils se
overwhelms them with spirited waters, they regain their senses, they

parlent: ce sont d'abord des mots entrecoupés, des demandes et des
speak: they are first of all interspersed words, requests and

réponses qui se croisent, des soupirs, des larmes, des cris. La vieillie
intersecting answers, sighs, tears, cries. The aged

leur recommande de faire moins de bruit et les laisse en liberté.
recommends that they make less noise and let them go free.

«-Quoi! c'est vous, lui dit Candide, vous vivez! je vous retrouve
"-What! it is you, said Candide to him, you live! I find you

en Portugal! On ne vous a donc pas violée? on ne vous a point fendu le
in Portugal! So you weren't raped? we did not split you the

ventre, comme le philosophe Pangloss me l'avait assuré?-Si fait,
stomach, as the philosopher Pangloss had assured me?

dit la belle Cunégonde; mais on ne meurt pas toujours de ces deux
said the beautiful Cunegonde; but we don't always die of these two

accidents.-Mais votre père et votre mère ont-ils été tués?-Il
accidents.-But were your father and mother killed? -He

n'est que trop vrai, dit Cunégonde en pleurant.-Et votre
is only too true, said Cunégonde, weeping.

frère?-Mon frère a été tué aussi.-Et pourquoi êtes-vous en
brother? -My brother was killed too. -And why are you

Portugal? et comment avez-vous su que j'y étais, et par quelle étrange
Portugal? and how did you know i was there, and how strange

aventure m'avez-vous fait conduire dans cette maison?-Je vous
adventure did you take me to this house?

dirai tout cela, répliqua la dame; mais il faut auparavant que vous
I will say all that, replied the lady; but you must first

m'appreniez tout ce qui vous est arrivé depuis le baiser innocent que
taught me everything that has happened to you since the innocent kiss that

vous me donnâtes et les coups de pied que vous reçûtes.»
you gave me and the kicks you received. ”

Candide lui obéit avec un profond respect: et quoiqu'il fût interdit,
Candide obeyed him with deep respect: and although it was forbidden,

quoique sa voix fût faible et tremblante, quoique l'échine lui fît
although his voice was weak and trembling, although the spine made him

encore un peu mal, il lui raconta de la manière la plus naïve tout ce
still a little badly, he told her in the most naive way everything

qu'il avait éprouvé depuis le moment de leur séparation. Cunégonde
that he had experienced since the moment of their separation. Cunegonde

levait les yeux au ciel; elle donna des larmes à la mort du bon
rolled his eyes to heaven; she gave tears to the death of the good

anabaptiste et de Pangloss, après quoi elle parla en ces termes à
Anabaptist and Pangloss, after which she spoke in these terms to

Candide, qui ne perdait pas une parole, et qui la dévorait des yeux.
Candide, who never lost a word, and who devoured it with his eyes.

VIII. HISTOIRE DE CUNÉGONDE.
VIII. HISTORY OF CUNEGONDE.

«J'étais dans mon lit et je dormais profondément, quand il
"I was in my bed and I was sleeping soundly, when he

plut au ciel d'envoyer les Bulgares dans notre beau château de
to heaven to send the Bulgarians to our beautiful castle in

Thunder-ten-tronckh; ils égorgèrent mon père et mon frère, et coupèrent
Thunder-ten-tronckh; they slaughtered my father and my brother, and cut

ma mère par morceaux. Un grand Bulgare, haut de six pieds, voyant qu'à
my mother in pieces. A tall Bulgarian, six feet high, seeing that

ce spectacle j'avais perdu connaissance, se mit à me violer; cela me fit
this spectacle I had lost consciousness, began to rape me; that made me

revenir, je repris mes sens, je criai, je me débattis, je mordis,
come back, I regained my senses, I screamed, I struggled, I bit,

j'égratignai, je voulais arracher les yeux à ce grand Bulgare, ne
I scratched, I wanted to tear the eyes out of this big Bulgarian, don't

sachant pas que tout ce qui arrivait dans le château de mon père était
not knowing that everything that happened in my father's castle was

une chose d'usage: le brutal me donna un coup de couteau dans le flanc
a customary thing: the brutal man stabbed me in the side

gauche, dont je porte encore la marque.-Hélas! j'espère bien la
left, of which I still carry the mark.-Alas! I hope so

voir, dit le naïf Candide.-Vous la verrez, dit Cunégonde; mais
see, said the naive Candide. "You will see her," said Cunégonde; But

continuons.-Continuez, dit Candide.»
Let's continue. - Continue, said Candide. "

Elle reprit ainsi le fil de son histoire: «-Un capitaine
She thus resumed the thread of her story: "-A captain

bulgare entra; il me vit toute sanglante, et le soldat ne se dérangeait
Bulgarian entered; he saw me all bloody, and the soldier didn't bother

pas. Le capitaine se mit en colère du peu de respect que lui témoignait
not. The captain was angry at the lack of respect shown him

ce brutal, et le tua sur mon corps. Ensuite il me fit panser et m'emmena
this brutal, and killed him on my body. Then he made me bandage and took me away

prisonnière de guerre dans son quartier. Je blanchissais le peu de
prisoner of war in her neighborhood. I was laundering the few

chemises qu'il avait, je faisais sa cuisine; il me trouvait fort jolie,
shirts he had, I was cooking; he found me very pretty,

il faut l'avouer; et je ne nierai pas qu'il ne fut très bien fait, et
it must be admitted; and I will not deny that it was not very well done, and

qu'il n'eût la peau blanche et douce; d'ailleurs peu d'esprit, peu de
that he did not have white and soft skin; besides little spirit, little

philosophie: on voyait bien qu'il n'avait pas été élevé par le docteur
philosophy: we could see that he had not been brought up by the doctor

Pangloss. Au bout de trois mois, ayant perdu tout son argent, et
Pangloss. After three months, having lost all his money, and

s'étant dégoûté de moi, il me vendit à un juif nommé don Issachar,
being disgusted with me, he sold me to a Jew named Don Issachar,

qui trafiquait en Hollande et en Portugal, et qui aimait passionnément
who trafficked in Holland and Portugal, and who passionately loved

les femmes. Ce juif s'attacha beaucoup à ma personne, mais il ne
the women. This Jew was very attached to me, but he

pouvait en triompher; je lui ai mieux résisté qu'au soldat bulgare.
could triumph over it; I resisted him better than the Bulgarian soldier.

Une personne d'honneur peut être violée une fois, mais sa vertu s'en
A person of honor can be raped once, but his virtue is

affermit. Le juif, pour m'apprivoiser, me mena dans cette maison de
strengthens. The Jew, to tame me, took me to this house in

campagne que vous voyez. J'avais cru jusque-là qu'il n'y avait rien sur
campaign you see. I had believed until then that there was nothing on

la terre de si beau que le château de Thunder-ten-tronckh: j'ai été
the land of so beautiful as the castle of Thunder-ten-tronckh: I was

détrompée.
deceived.

Le grand inquisiteur m'aperçut un jour à la messe; il me lorgna
The Grand Inquisitor saw me one day at mass; he ogled me

beaucoup, et me fit dire qu'il avait à me parler pour des affaires
a lot, and told me that he had to talk to me on business

secrètes. Je fus conduite à son palais; je lui appris ma naissance;
secret. I was taken to his palace; I told him of my birth;

il me représenta combien il était au-dessous de mon rang d'appartenir à
he represented to me how much it was below my rank to belong to

un israélite. On proposa de sa part à don Issachar de me céder à
an Israelite. On his part, it was proposed to don Issachar to yield to me

Monseigneur. Don Issachar, qui est le banquier de la cour, et homme de
My lord. Don Issachar, who is the court banker, and man of

crédit, n'en voulut rien faire. L'inquisiteur le menaça d'un auto-da-fé.
credit, would not do anything. The inquisitor threatened him with an auto-da-fé.

Enfin mon juif intimidé conclut un marché par lequel la maison et moi
Finally my intimidated Jew makes a deal in which the house and I

leur appartiendraient à tous deux en commun; que le juif aurait pour
would belong to them both in common; that the Jew would have for

lui les lundis, mercredis, et le jour du sabbat, et que l'inquisiteur
him on Mondays, Wednesdays, and the Sabbath, and that the inquisitor

aurait les autres jours de la semaine. Il y a six mois que cette
would have the other days of the week. It has been six months since this

convention subsiste. Ce n'a pas été sans querelles; car souvent il a été
convention remains. It was not without quarrels; because often it has been

indécis si la nuit du samedi au dimanche appartenait à l'ancienne loi
undecided if the night from Saturday to Sunday belonged to the old law

ou à la nouvelle. Pour moi, j'ai résisté jusqu'à présent à tous les
or the news. For me, I have so far resisted all

deux; et je crois que c'est pour cette raison que j'ai toujours été
of them; and I believe that's why I have always been

aimée.
loved.

Enfin, pour détourner le fléau des tremblements de terre, et pour
Finally, to deflect the scourge of earthquakes, and to

intimider don Issachar, il plut à Monseigneur l'inquisiteur de célébrer
intimidate Don Issachar, it pleased Monsignor the Inquisitor to celebrate

un auto-da-fé. Il me fit l'honneur de m'y inviter. Je fus très bien
an auto-da-fé. He did me the honor of inviting me. I was very well

placée; on servit aux dames des rafraîchissements entre la messe et
placed; the ladies were served refreshments between mass and

l'exécution. Je fus, à la vérité, saisie d'horreur en voyant brûler ces
execution. I was, indeed, horrified when I saw these

deux juifs et cet honnête Biscayen qui avait épousé sa commère; mais
two Jews and this honest Biscayan who had married his gossip; But

quelle fut ma surprise, mon effroi, mon trouble, quand je vis dans un
what was my surprise, my fear, my confusion, when I lived in a

san-benito, et sous une mitre, une figure qui ressemblait à celle de
san-benito, and under a miter, a figure that resembled that of

Pangloss! Je me frottai les yeux, je regardai attentivement, je le vis
Pangloss! I rubbed my eyes, I looked intently, I saw him

pendre; je tombai en faiblesse. À peine reprenais-je mes sens, que je
hang; I fell into weakness. No sooner had I recovered my senses than I

vous vis dépouillé tout nu; ce fut là le comble de l'horreur, de la
you live stripped naked; this was the height of horror, of

consternation, de la douleur, du désespoir. Je vous dirai, avec vérité,
dismay, pain, despair. I will tell you, with truth,

que votre peau est encore plus blanche et d'un incarnat plus parfait
that your skin is even whiter and more perfect crimson

que celle de mon capitaine des Bulgares. Cette vue redoubla tous les
than that of my captain of the Bulgarians. This view redoubled every

sentiments qui m'accablaient, qui me dévoraient. Je m'écriai, je voulus
feelings that overwhelmed me, that devoured me. I cried out, I wanted

dire:-Arrêtez, barbares! mais la voix me manqua, et mes cris
say: -Stop, barbarians! but my voice failed me, and my cries

auraient été inutiles. Quand vous eûtes été bien fessé:-Comment
would have been unnecessary. When you have been well spanked: -How

se peut-il faire, disais-je, que l'aimable Candide et le sage Pangloss
is it possible, I said, that the amiable Candide and the wise Pangloss

se trouvent à Lisbonne, l'un pour recevoir cent coups de fouet, et
are in Lisbon, one to receive a hundred lashes, and

l'autre pour être pendu par l'ordre de Monseigneur l'inquisiteur, dont
the other to be hanged by the order of Monsignor the Inquisitor, whose

je suis la bien-aimée? Pangloss m'a donc bien cruellement trompée,
am I the beloved? Pangloss therefore cruelly deceived me,

quand il me disait que tout va le mieux du monde!
when he told me that everything is going the best in the world!

Agitée, éperdue, tantôt hors de moi-même, et tantôt prête de mourir
Restless, distraught, sometimes outside of myself, and sometimes ready to die

de faiblesse, j'avais la tête remplie du massacre de mon père, de ma
with weakness, my head was filled with the massacre of my father,

mère, de mon frère, de l'insolence de mon vilain soldat bulgare, du
mother, my brother, the insolence of my ugly Bulgarian soldier, the

coup de couteau qu'il me donna, de ma servitude, de mon métier de
stab that he gave me, from my servitude, from my job as

cuisinière, de mon capitaine bulgare, de mon vilain don Issachar, de
cook, my Bulgarian captain, my ugly Don Issachar,

mon abominable inquisiteur, de la pendaison du docteur Pangloss, de ce
my abominable inquisitor, of the hanging of Doctor Pangloss, of this

grand Miserere en faux-bourdon pendant lequel on vous fessait,
big Miserere in drone during which you are spanked,

et surtout du baiser que je vous avais donné derrière un paravent, le
and especially the kiss I gave you behind a screen, the

jour que je vous avais vu pour la dernière fois. Je louai Dieu qui vous
day that I saw you for the last time. I praised God who you

ramenait à moi par tant d'épreuves. Je recommandai à ma vieille d'avoir
brought me back through so many trials. I recommended to my old woman to have

soin de vous, et de vous amener ici dès qu'elle le pourrait. Elle a très
take care of yourself, and get you here as soon as she can. She has very

bien exécuté ma commission; j'ai goûté le plaisir inexprimable de vous
well executed my commission; I tasted the inexpressible pleasure of you

revoir, de vous entendre, de vous parler. Vous devez avoir une faim
to see you again, to hear from you, to talk to you. You must be hungry

dévorante; j'ai grand appétit, commençons par souper.»
devouring; I have a great appetite, let's start with supper. ”

Les voilà qui se mettent tous deux à table; et, après le souper, ils
Here they are both sitting down to table; and, after supper, they

se replacent sur ce beau canapé dont on a déjà parlé; ils y étaient
return to this beautiful sofa that we have already spoken about; they were there

quand le signor don Issachar, l'un des maîtres de la maison, arriva.
when Signor Don Issachar, one of the masters of the house, arrived.

C'était le jour du sabbat. Il venait jouir de ses droits, et expliquer
It was the Sabbath day. He came to enjoy his rights, and explain

son tendre amour.
his tender love.

IX. CE QUI ADVINT DE CUNÉGONDE, DE CANDIDE, DU GRAND INQUISITEUR
IX. WHAT HAPPENED TO CUNEGONDE, CANDIDE, THE GRAND INQUISITOR

ET D’UN JUIF.
AND OF A JEW.

Cet Issachar était le plus colérique Hébreu qu'on eût vu dans
This Issachar was the most angry Hebrew one had seen in

Israël, depuis la captivité en Babylone. «-Quoi! dit-il, chienne
Israel, from the captivity in Babylon. "-What! he said, bitch

de Galiléenne, ce n'est pas assez de monsieur l'inquisiteur? il faut
of Galilean, isn't that enough of the Inquisitor? it is necessary

que ce coquin partage aussi avec moi?» En disant cela il tire un long
that this rascal also shares with me? " Saying that he pulls a long

poignard dont il était toujours pourvu, et, ne croyant pas que son
dagger with which he was always provided, and, not believing that his

adverse partie eût des armes, il se jette sur Candide; mais notre bon
the opposing party had arms, he threw himself on Candide; but our good

Westphalien avait reçu une belle épée de la vieille avec l'habit
Westphalian had received a beautiful sword from the old woman with the habit

complet. Il tire son épée, quoiqu'il eut les mœurs fort douces, et
full. He draws his sword, although he has very gentle manners, and

étend l'Israélite roide mort sur le carreau, aux pieds de Cunégonde.
spread the dead stiff Israelite on the floor at the feet of Cunegonde.

«-Sainte Vierge! s'écria-t-elle, qu'allons-nous devenir? Un
"-Holy Virgin! she cried, what will become of us? A

homme tué chez moi! Si la justice vient, nous sommes perdus.-Si
man killed in my house! If justice comes, we are lost.

Pangloss n'avait pas été pendu, dit Candide, il nous donnerait un bon
Pangloss had not been hanged, said Candide, he would give us a voucher

conseil dans cette extrémité, car c'était un grand philosophe. À son
advice in this end, for he was a great philosopher. To his

défaut, consultons la vieille.» Elle était fort prudente, et commençait
default, let's consult the old woman. " She was very careful, and began

à dire son avis, quand une autre petite porte s'ouvrit. Il était une
to say his opinion, when another small door opened. There was a

heure après minuit; c'était le commencement du dimanche. Ce jour
hour after midnight; it was the beginning of Sunday. This day

appartenait à Monseigneur l'inquisiteur. Il entre et voit le fessé
belonged to Monsignor the Inquisitor. He walks in and sees the spanked

Candide, l'épée à la main, un mort étendu par terre, Cunégonde effarée,
Candide, sword in hand, a dead man lying on the ground, Cunegonde frightened,

et la vieille donnant des conseils.
and the old woman giving advice.

Voici dans ce moment ce qui se passa dans l'âme de Candide, et
Here is what happened in Candide's soul at that moment, and

comment il raisonna: «-Si ce saint homme appelle du secours,
how he reasoned: "-If this holy man calls for help,

il me fera infailliblement brûler; il pourra en faire autant de
he will infallibly make me burn; he can do as many

Cunégonde; il m'a fait fouetter impitoyablement; il est mon rival: je
Cunegonde; he made me whip pitilessly; he is my rival: I

suis en train de tuer; il n'y a pas à balancer.» Ce raisonnement fut
am killing; there is nothing to swing. " This reasoning was

net et rapide; et, sans donner le temps à l'inquisiteur de revenir de
clean and fast; and, without giving the inquisitor time to return from

sa surprise, il le perce d'outre en outre, et le jette à côté du juif.
his surprise, he pierces him from beyond, and throws him beside the Jew.

«-En voici bien d'une autre, dit Cunégonde; il n'y a plus de
"'Here is another one,' said Cunegonde; there are no more

rémission, nous sommes excommuniés, notre dernière heure est venue.
forgiveness, we are excommunicated, our last hour has come.

Comment avez-vous fait, vous qui êtes né si doux, pour tuer en deux
How did you, you who were born so sweet, to kill in two

minutes un juif et un prélat?-Ma belle demoiselle, répondit
minutes a Jew and a prelate? -My beautiful young lady,

Candide, quand on est amoureux, jaloux, et fouetté par l'inquisition,
Candide, when you're in love, jealous, and whipped by the inquisition,

on ne se connaît plus.»
we don't know each other anymore. ”

La vieille prit alors la parole et dit: «-Il y a trois chevaux
The old woman then spoke and said: "-There are three horses.

andalous dans l'écurie, avec leurs selles et leurs brides; que le brave
Andalusians in the stable, with their saddles and bridles; that the brave

Candide les prépare. Madame a des moyadors et des diamants; montons
Candide prepares them. Madame has moyadors and diamonds; let's go up

vite à cheval, quoique je ne puisse me tenir que sur une fesse, et
quickly on horseback, although I can only stand on one buttock, and

allons à Cadix; il fait le plus beau temps du monde, et c'est un grand
let's go to Cadiz; it's the best weather in the world, and it's a great

plaisir de voyager pendant la fraîcheur de la nuit.
pleasure of traveling during the cool of the night.

Aussitôt Candide selle les trois chevaux. Cunégonde, la vieille et
Immediately Candide saddles the three horses. Cunégonde, the old woman and

lui font trente milles d'une traite. Pendant qu'ils s'éloignaient, la
make him thirty miles in one go. As they walked away, the

Sainte Hermandad arrive dans la maison; on enterre Monseigneur dans
Saint Hermandad arrives in the house; we bury Monsignor in

une belle église, et l'on jette Issachar à la voirie.
a beautiful church, and Issachar is thrown into the street.

Candide, Cunégonde et la vieille étaient déjà dans la petite ville
Candide, Cunégonde and the old woman were already in the little town

d'Avacéna, au milieu des montagnes de la Sierra-Morena, et ils parlaient
from Avacéna, in the middle of the Sierra-Morena mountains, and they were talking

ainsi dans un cabaret.
so in a cabaret.

X. DANS QUELLE DÉTRESSE CANDIDE, CUNÉGONDE ET LA VIEILLE ARRIVENT À CADIX, ET DE LEUR EMBARQUEMENT.
X. IN WHICH DISTRESS CANDIDE, CUNEGONDE AND THE OLD OLD WOMAN ARRIVE IN CADIZ, AND FROM THEIR EMBARKATION.

«Qui a donc pu me voler mes pistoles et mes diamants? disait en
"Who could have stolen my pistoles and my diamonds?" said in

pleurant Cunégonde. De quoi vivrons-nous? comment ferons-nous?
weeping Cunegonde. What will we live on? how will we do?

Où trouver des inquisiteurs et des juifs qui m'en donnent
Where to find inquisitors and Jews who give me

d'autres?-Hélas! dit la vieille, je soupçonne fort un révérend
others? - Alas! said the old woman, I strongly suspect a reverend

père cordelier, qui coucha hier dans la même auberge que nous à Badajoz;
Father Cordelier, who slept yesterday in the same inn as us in Badajoz;

Dieu me garde de faire un jugement téméraire! mais il entra deux fois
God keep me from making rash judgment! but he entered twice

dans notre chambre, et il partit longtemps avant nous.-Hélas!
in our room, and he left long before us.

dit Candide, le bon Pangloss m'avait souvent prouvé que les biens de la
said Candide, the good Pangloss had often proved to me that the property of the

terre sont communs à tous les hommes, que chacun y a un droit égal.
land are common to all men, that everyone has an equal right to it.

Ce cordelier devait bien, suivant ces principes, nous laisser de quoi
This Cordelier must, according to these principles, leave us enough

achever notre voyage. Il ne vous reste donc rien du tout, ma belle
complete our journey. So you have nothing left at all, my beautiful

Cunégonde?-Pas un maravédis, dit-elle.-Quel parti prendre?
Cunegonde? -Not a maravédis, she said.

dit Candide.-Vendons un des chevaux, dit la vieille; je monterai
said Candide. "Let us sell one of the horses," said the old woman; I will go up

en croupe derrière mademoiselle, quoique je ne puisse me tenir que sur
behind mademoiselle, although I can only stand on

une fesse, et nous arriverons à Cadix.»
a buttock, and we will arrive in Cadiz. "

Il y avait dans la même hôtellerie un prieur de bénédictins; il
There was in the same hotel a prior of Benedictines; he

acheta le cheval bon marché. Candide, Cunégonde et la vieille passèrent
bought the horse inexpensively. Candide, Cunegonde and the old woman passed

par Lucena, par Chillas, par Lebrixa, et arrivèrent enfin à Cadix. On
by Lucena, by Chillas, by Lebrixa, and finally arrived in Cadiz. We

y équipait une flotte, et l'on assemblait des troupes pour mettre à
equipped a fleet there, and troops were assembled to

la raison les révérends pères jésuites du Paraguay, qu'on accusait
the reason the Reverend Jesuit Fathers of Paraguay, who were accused

d'avoir fait révolter une de leurs hordes contre les rois d'Espagne et
for having revolted one of their hordes against the kings of Spain and

de Portugal, auprès de la ville du Saint-Sacrement.
of Portugal, near the city of the Blessed Sacrament.

Candide, ayant servi chez les Bulgares, fit l'exercice bulgarien
Candide, having served with the Bulgarians, did the Bulgarian exercise

devant le général de la petite armée avec tant de grâce, de célérité,
before the general of the little army with such grace and speed,

d'adresse, de fierté, d'agilité, qu'on lui donna une compagnie
of skill, pride, agility, that he was given a company

d'infanterie à commander. Le voilà capitaine; il s'embarque avec Mlle
infantry to command. Here he is, captain; he embarks with Miss

Cunégonde, la vieille, deux valets, et les deux chevaux andalous qui
Cunégonde, the old woman, two servants, and the two Andalusian horses

avaient appartenu à M. le grand inquisiteur de Portugal.
had belonged to the Grand Inquisitor of Portugal.

Pendant toute la traversée ils raisonnèrent beaucoup sur la
During the whole crossing they reasoned a lot about the

philosophie du pauvre Pangloss. «-Nous allons dans un autre
philosophy of poor Pangloss. "-We are going to another

univers, disait Candide; c'est dans celui-là, sans doute, que tout est
universe, said Candide; it is in this one, no doubt, that everything is

bien, car il faut avouer qu'on pourrait frémir un peu de ce qui se
well, because we must admit that we could shudder a little about what is happening

passe dans le nôtre en physique et en morale.-Je vous aime de
passes into ours in physics and morals.-I love you for

tout mon cœur, disait Cunégonde; mais j'ai encore l'âme tout effarouchée
all my heart, said Cunegonde; but my soul is still scared

de ce que j'ai vu, de ce que j'ai éprouvé.-Tout ira bien,
what I saw, what I experienced - Everything will be fine,

répliquait Candide; la mer de ce nouveau monde vaut déjà mieux que
replied Candide; the sea of ​​this new world is already better than

les mers de notre Europe; elle est plus calme, les vents plus constants.
the seas of our Europe; it is calmer, the winds more constant.

C'est certainement le Nouveau Monde qui est le meilleur des univers
It is certainly the New World which is the best of universes

possible.-Dieu le veuille! disait Cunégonde; mais j'ai été si
possible.-God grant it! said Cunegonde; but i was so

horriblement malheureuse dans le mien, que mon cœur est presque fermé
horribly unhappy in mine, that my heart is almost closed

à l'espérance.-Vous vous plaignez, leur dit la vieille; hélas!
to hope.-You complain, said the old woman; Alas!

l'amour. Ma gorge se formait, et quelle gorge! blanche, ferme, taillée
love. My throat was forming, and what a throat! white, firm, trimmed

comme celle de la Vénus de Médicis; et quels yeux! quelles paupières!
like that of the Venus de Medici; and what eyes! what eyelids!

quels sourcils noirs! quelles flammes brillaient dans mes deux prunelles,
what black eyebrows! what flames shone in my two pupils,

et effaçaient la scintillation des étoiles! comme me disaient les poètes
and erased the scintillation of the stars! as the poets told me

du quartier, Les femmes qui m'habillaient et qui me déshabillaient
of the neighborhood, The women who dressed me and who undressed me

tombaient en extase en me regardant par devant et par derrière; et tous
fell into ecstasy looking at me from the front and from behind; and all

les hommes auraient voulu être à leur place.
men would have liked to be in their place.

Je fus fiancée à un prince souverain de Massa Carara: quel prince!
I was engaged to a sovereign prince of Massa Carara: what a prince!

aussi beau que moi, pétri de douceur et d'agréments, brillant d'esprit
as beautiful as me, steeped in sweetness and amenities, brilliant in mind

et brûlant d'amour; je l'aimais comme on aime pour la première fois,
and burning with love; I loved her as we love for the first time,

avec idolâtrie, avec emportement. Les noces furent préparées: c'était
with idolatry, with anger. The wedding was prepared: it was

une pompe, une magnificence inouïe; c'étaient des fêtes, des carrousels,
a pomp, an unheard-of magnificence; they were parties, carousels,

des opera-buffa continuels; et toute l'Italie fit pour moi des sonnets
continuous opera-buffa; and all Italy made sonnets for me

dont il n'y eut pas un seul de passable. Je touchais au moment de mon
of which there was not one passable. I was touching at the time of my

bonheur, quand une vieille marquise, qui avait été maîtresse de mon
happiness, when an old marquise, who had been mistress of my

prince, l'invita à prendre du chocolat chez elle; il mourut en moins de
prince, invited her to have chocolate at her place; he died in less than

deux heures avec des convulsions épouvantables. Mais ce n'est qu'une
two hours with terrible convulsions. But it's only a

bagatelle. Ma mère, au désespoir, et bien moins affligée que moi,
trifle. My mother, in despair, and much less distressed than me,

voulut s'arracher pour quelque temps à un séjour si funeste. Elle avait
wanted to tear himself away for some time from such a disastrous stay. She had

une très belle terre auprès de Gaëte: nous nous embarquâmes sur une
a very beautiful land near Gaëte: we embarked on a

galère du pays, dorée comme l'autel de Saint-Pierre de Rome. Voilà
galley of the country, gilded like the altar of Saint Peter in Rome. here

qu'un corsaire de Salé fond sur nous et nous aborde. Nos soldats se
that a privateer from Salé swoops down on us and approaches us. Our soldiers are

défendirent comme des soldats du pape: ils se mirent tous à genoux en
defended like soldiers of the Pope: they all knelt in

jetant leurs armes, et en demandant au corsaire une absolution in
throwing down their weapons, and asking the privateer for an absolution in

articulo mortis. Aussitôt on les dépouilla nus comme des singes,
articulo mortis. Immediately they were stripped naked like monkeys,

et ma mère aussi, nos filles d'honneur aussi, et moi aussi. C'est une
and my mother too, our bridesmaids too, and me too. It's a

chose admirable que la diligence avec laquelle ces messieurs
admirable thing is the diligence with which these gentlemen

déshabillent le monde; mais ce qui me surprit davantage, c'est qu'ils
undress the world; but what surprised me more is that they

nous mirent à tous le doigt dans un endroit où nous autres femmes nous
fingered us all in a place where we women

ne nous laissons mettre d'ordinaire que des canules. Cette cérémonie
usually we only allow cannulas to be used. This ceremony

me paraissait bien étrange: voilà comme on juge de tout quand on n'est
seemed very strange to me: this is how we judge everything when we are not

pas sorti de son pays. J'appris bientôt que c'était pour voir si nous
not out of his country. I soon learned that it was to see if we

n'avions pas caché là quelques diamants; c'est un usage établi de temps
had not hidden a few diamonds there; it is an established use of time

immémorial parmi les nations policées qui courent sur mer. J'ai su que
immemorial among the civilized nations that run on the sea. I knew that

messieurs les religieux chevaliers de Malte n'y manquent jamais quand
gentlemen, the religious knights of Malta are never lacking when

ils prennent des Turcs et des Turques: c'est une loi du droit des gens
they take Turks and Turks: it is a law of the law of nations

à laquelle on n'a jamais dérogé.
which we have never deviated from.

Je ne vous dirai point combien il est dur pour une jeune princesse
I won't tell you how hard it is for a young princess

d'être menée esclave à Maroc avec sa mère: vous concevez assez tout ce
to be taken as a slave to Morocco with his mother: you can imagine everything

que nous eûmes à souffrir dans le vaisseau corsaire. Ma mère était
that we had to suffer in the corsair. My mother was

encore très belle; nos filles d'honneur, nos simples femmes de chambre
still very beautiful; our maids of honor, our simple chambermaids

avaient plus de charmes qu'on n'en peut trouver dans toute l'Afrique.
had more charms than can be found in all of Africa.

Pour moi, j'étais ravissante, j'étais la beauté, la grâce même, et
To me, I was lovely, I was beauty, grace itself, and

j'étais pucelle. Je ne le fus pas longtemps. Cette fleur, qui avait été
I was a virgin. I was not for long. This flower, which had been

réservée pour le beau prince de Massa Carara, me fut ravie par le
reserved for the handsome prince of Massa Carara, was delighted to me by the

capitaine corsaire. C'était un nègre abominable, qui croyait encore me
privateer captain. He was an abominable nigga, who still believed me

faire beaucoup d'honneur. Certes, il fallait que Mme la princesse de
do a lot of honor. Certainly, it was necessary that the princess of

Palestine et moi fussions bien fortes pour résister à tout ce que nous
Palestine and I were strong enough to resist whatever we

éprouvâmes jusqu'à notre arrivée à Maroc. Mais passons; ce sont des
experienced until our arrival in Morocco. But let's move on; those are

choses si communes, qu'elles ne valent pas la peine qu'on en parle.
things so common that they are not worth talking about.

Maroc nageait dans le sang quand nous arrivâmes. Cinquante fils de
Morocco was swimming in blood when we arrived. Fifty sons of

l'empereur Muley-Ismaël avaient chacun leur parti, ce qui produisait
Emperor Muley-Ismaël each had their own party, which produced

en effet cinquante guerres civiles, de noirs contre noirs, de noirs
in fact fifty civil wars, of blacks against blacks, of blacks

contre basanés, de basanés contre basanés, de mulâtres contre mulâtres.
against swarthy, swarthy against swarthy, mulatto against mulatto.

C'était un carnage continuel dans toute l'étendue de l'empire.
It was a continual carnage throughout the empire.

À peine fûmes-nous débarquées, que des noirs d'une faction ennemie
No sooner had we landed than blacks from an enemy faction

de celle de mon corsaire se présentèrent pour lui enlever son butin.
from that of my privateer presented themselves to take away his booty.

Nous étions, après les diamants et l'or, ce qu'il avait de plus
We were, after diamonds and gold, what more he had

précieux. Je fus témoin d'un combat tel que vous n'en voyez jamais dans
precious. I witnessed a fight like you never see in

vos climats d'Europe. Les peuples septentrionaux n'ont pas le sang
your European climates. The northern peoples have no blood

assez ardent; ils n'ont pas la rage des femmes au point où elle est
quite ardent; they don't have women's rage to the point where it is

commune en Afrique. Il semble que vos Européens aient du lait dans les
common in Africa. It seems that your Europeans have milk in their

veines; c'est du vitriol, c'est du feu qui coule dans celles des
veins; it's vitriol, it's fire flowing in those of

habitants du mont Atlas et des pays voisins. On combattit avec la fureur
inhabitants of Mount Atlas and neighboring countries. We fought with fury

des lions, des tigres et des serpents de la contrée, pour savoir qui
lions, tigers and snakes of the land, to know who

nous aurait. Un Maure saisit ma mère par le bras droit, le lieutenant
we would. A Moor seizes my mother by the right arm, the lieutenant

de mon capitaine la retint par le bras gauche; un soldat maure la prit
my captain held her back by the left arm; a Moorish soldier took it

par une jambe, un de nos pirates la tenait par l'autre. Nos filles se
by one leg, one of our pirates held it by the other. Our daughters are

trouvèrent presque toutes en un moment tirées ainsi à quatre soldats.
almost all found in a moment thus drawn to four soldiers.

Mon capitaine me tenait cachée derrière lui; il avait le cimeterre au
My captain kept me hidden behind him; he had the scimitar on

poing, et tuait tout ce qui s'opposait à sa rage. Enfin je vis toutes
fist, and kill anything that stood in the way of his rage. Finally I live all

nos Italiennes et ma mère déchirées, coupées, massacrées par les
our Italians and my mother torn, cut, massacred by the

monstres qui se les disputaient. Les captifs, mes compagnons, ceux qui
monsters fighting over them. The captives, my companions, those who

les avaient pris, soldats, matelots, noirs, blancs, mulâtres, et enfin
had taken them, soldiers, sailors, black, white, mulatto, and finally

mon capitaine, tout fut tué, et je demeurai mourante sur un tas de
my captain, everything was killed, and I remained dying on a pile of

morts. Des scènes pareilles se passaient, comme on sait, dans l'étendue
dead. Such scenes took place, as we know, in the expanse

de plus de trois cents lieues, sans qu'on manquât aux cinq prières par
of more than three hundred leagues, without missing the five prayers by

jour ordonnées par Mahomet.
day ordained by Muhammad.

Je me débarrassai avec beaucoup de peine de la foule de tant de
With great pain I got rid of the crowd of so many

cadavres sanglants entassés, et je me traînai sous un grand oranger au
bloody corpses piled up, and I crawled under a large orange tree

bord d'un ruisseau voisin; j'y tombai d'effroi, de lassitude, d'horreur,
edge of a nearby stream; I fell there with fear, weariness, horror,

de désespoir et de faim. Bientôt après mes sens accablés se livrèrent
of despair and hunger. Soon after my overwhelmed senses gave way

à un sommeil qui tenait plus de l'évanouissement que du repos. J'étais
to a sleep that was more like fainting than rest. I was

dans cet état de faiblesse et d'insensibilité, entre la mort et la vie,
in this state of weakness and insensitivity, between death and life,

quand je me sentis pressée de quelque chose qui s'agitait sur mon corps.
when I felt pressured by something moving on my body.

J'ouvris les yeux, je vis un homme blanc et de bonne mine qui soupirait,
I opened my eyes, I saw a white, good-looking man sighing,

et qui disait: «O che sciagura d'essere senza coglioni.»
and who said: "O che sciagura essere senza coglioni."

XII. SUITE DES MALHEURS DE LA VIEILLE.
XII. CONTINUATION OF THE Woes of the Old Woman.

«Étonnée et ravie d'entendre la langue de ma patrie, et non moins
"Astonished and delighted to hear the language of my homeland, and no less

surprise des paroles que proférait cet homme, je lui répondis qu'il y
surprised at the words that this man was saying, I told him that

avait de plus grands malheurs que celui dont il se plaignait; je
had greater misfortunes than the one he complained about; I

l'instruisis en peu de mots des horreurs que j'avais essuyées, et je
briefed him on the horrors I had endured, and I

retombai en faiblesse. Il m'emporta dans une maison voisine, me fit
relapsed into weakness. He took me to a nearby house, made me

mettre au lit, me fit donner à manger, me servit, me consola, me flatta,
put me to bed, gave me food, served me, consoled me, flattered me,

me dit qu'il n'avait rien vu de si beau que moi, et que jamais il
told me that he had never seen anything so beautiful as me, and that he had never

n'avait tant regretté ce que personne ne pouvait lui rendre.-Je
had regretted so much that no one could give him back.

suis né à Naples, me dit-il; on y chaponne deux ou trois mille enfants
I was born in Naples, he told me; we chaplain two or three thousand children

tous les ans; les uns en meurent, les autres acquièrent une voix plus
every year; some die of it, others acquire a voice more

belle que celle des femmes, les autres vont gouverner des États. On me
beautiful than that of women, the others will govern states. I am

fit cette opération avec un très grand succès, et j'ai été musicien de
performed this operation with great success, and I was a musician of

la chapelle de Mme la princesse de Palestine.-De ma mère!
the chapel of the Princess of Palestine. - From my mother!

m'écriai-je.-De votre mère! s'écria-t-il en pleurant: quoi! vous
I cried, `` From your mother! he cried, weeping: what! you

seriez cette jeune princesse que j'ai élevée jusqu'à l'âge de six ans,
would be that young princess that I raised until the age of six,

et qui promettait déjà d'être aussi belle que vous êtes?-C'est
and who was already promising to be as beautiful as you are?

moi-même; ma mère est à quatre cents pas d'ici, coupée en quartiers
myself; my mother is four hundred paces from here, cut into quarters

sous un tas de morts....
under a pile of dead ....

Je lui contai tout ce qui m'était arrivé; il me conta aussi ses
I told him everything that had happened to me; he also told me his

aventures, et m'apprit comment il avait été envoyé chez le roi de Maroc
adventures, and told me how he had been sent to the king of Morocco

par une puissance chrétienne, pour conclure avec ce monarque un traité
by a Christian power, to conclude a treaty with this monarch

par lequel on lui fournirait de la poudre, des canons et des vaisseaux,
by which he would be supplied with powder, cannons and vessels,

pour l'aider à exterminer le commerce des autres chrétiens.-Ma
to help him exterminate the commerce of other Christians.-Ma

mission est faite, médit cet honnête eunuque; je vais m'embarquer à
mission is done, slanders this honest eunuch; I will embark on

Ceuta, et je vous ramènerai en Italie. Ma che sciagura d'essere
Ceuta, and I'll take you back to Italy. My che sciagura essere

senza coglioni!
senza coglioni!

Je le remerciai avec des larmes d'attendrissement, et, au lieu de me
I thanked him with tears of affection, and instead of

mener en Italie, il me conduisit à Alger, et me vendit au dey de cette
lead to Italy, he took me to Algiers, and sold me to the dey of this

province. À peine fus-je vendue, que cette peste qui a fait le tour de
province. No sooner was I sold than this plague that has been around

l'Afrique, de l'Asie et de l'Europe, se déclara dans Alger avec fureur.
Africa, Asia and Europe, declared itself in Algiers with fury.

Vous avez vu des tremblements de terre; mais, mademoiselle, avez-vous
You have seen earthquakes; but, miss, have you

jamais eu la peste?-Jamais, répondit la baronne.
ever had the plague? ”“ Never, ”replied the baroness.

-Si vous l'aviez eue, reprit la vieille, vous avoueriez qu'elle
-If you had had it, resumed the old woman, you would admit that she

est bien au-dessus d'un tremblement de terre. Elle est fort commune en
is well above an earthquake. It is very common in

Afrique; j'en fus attaquée. Figurez-vous quelle situation pour la fille
Africa; I was attacked. What is the situation for the girl?

d'un pape, âgée de quinze ans, qui en trois mois de temps avait éprouvé
of a pope, aged fifteen, who in three months had experienced

la pauvreté, l'esclavage, avait été violée presque tous les jours, avait
poverty, slavery, had been violated almost every day, had

vu couper sa mère eu quatre, avait essuyé la faim et la guerre, et
saw her mother cut off at four, had suffered hunger and war, and

mourait pestiférée dans Alger. Je n'en mourus pourtant pas; mais mon
died plagued in Algiers. I did not die, however; but my

eunuque et le dey, et presque tout le sérail d'Alger périrent.
eunuch and the dey, and almost all the seraglio of Algiers perished.

Quand les premiers ravages de cette épouvantable peste, furent
When the first ravages of this appalling plague were

passés, on vendit les esclaves du dey. Un marchand m'acheta et me mena
past, the slaves of the dey were sold. A merchant bought me and led me

à Tunis; il me vendit à un autre marchand qui me revendit à Tripoli; de
in Tunis; he sold me to another merchant who resold me in Tripoli; of

Tripoli je fus revendue à Alexandrie; d'Alexandrie revendue a Smyrne;
Tripoli I was sold to Alexandria; of Alexandria sold to Smyrna;

de Smyrne à Constantinople. J'appartins enfin à un aga des janissaires,
from Smyrna to Constantinople. I finally belonged to an aga of janissaries,

qui fut bientôt commandé pour aller défendre Azof contre les Russes,
who was soon ordered to go and defend Azof against the Russians,

qui l'assiégeaient.
who besieged it.

L'aga, qui était un très galant homme, mena avec lui tout son sérail,
The aga, who was a very gallant man, led with him all his seraglio,

et nous logea dans un petit fort sur les Palus Méotides, gardé par deux
and lodged us in a small fort on the Palus Méotides, guarded by two

eunuques noirs et vingt soldats. On tua prodigieusement de Russes, mais
black eunuchs and twenty soldiers. Russians were killed tremendously, but

ils nous le rendirent bien. Azof fut mis à feu et à sang, et on ne
they returned it to us well. Azof was set on fire and blood, and no one

pardonna ni au sexe, ni à l'âge; il ne resta que notre petit fort; les
forgave neither sex nor age; only our little fort remained; the

ennemis voulurent nous prendre par famine. Les vingt janissaires avaient
enemies wanted to take us by famine. The twenty janissaries had

juré de ne jamais se rendre. Les extrémités de la faim où ils furent
vowed never to surrender. The ends of hunger where they were

réduits les contraignirent à manger nos deux eunuques, de peur de violer
reduced forced them to eat our two eunuchs, for fear of violating

leur serment. Au bout de quelques jours, ils résolurent de manger les
their oath. After a few days they resolved to eat the

femmes.
women.

Nous avions un iman très pieux et très compatissant, qui leur fit
We had a very pious and very compassionate iman, who made them

un beau sermon par lequel il leur persuada de ne pas nous tuer tout à
a beautiful sermon in which he persuaded them not to kill us completely

fait.-Coupez, dit-il, seulement une fesse à chacune de ces dames,
done.-Cut, he said, only one buttock to each of these ladies,

nous ferez très bonne chère; s'il faut y revenir, vous en aurez encore
will do us very good food; if you have to come back, you will have more

autant dans quelques jours; le ciel vous saura gré d'une action si
as much in a few days; Heaven will thank you for an action if

charitable, et vous serez secourus.
charitable, and you will be helped.

Il avait beaucoup d'éloquence; il les persuada. On nous fit cette
He had a lot of eloquence; he persuaded them. We were made this

horrible opération; l'iman nous appliqua le même baume qu'on met aux
horrible operation; the iman applied to us the same balm that we put on

enfants qu'on vient de circoncire: nous étions toutes à la mort.
children who have just been circumcised: we were all at death.

À peine les janissaires eurent-ils fait le repas que nous leur avions
The janissaries had hardly made the meal we had for them

fourni, que les Russes arrivent sur des bateaux plats; il ne réchappa
provided, that the Russians arrive in flat boats; he did not survive

pas un janissaire. Les Russes ne firent aucune attention à l'état où
not a janissary. The Russians paid no attention to the state of

nous étions. Il y a partout des chirurgiens français: un d'eux, qui
we were. There are French surgeons everywhere: one of them, who

était fort adroit, prit soin de nous, il nous guérit, et je me
was very skilful, took care of us, he healed us, and I

souviendrai toute ma vie que, quand mes plaies furent bien fermées,
will remember all my life that when my wounds were well closed,

il me fit des propositions. Au reste, il nous dit à toutes de nous
he made proposals to me. Besides, he tells us all about us

consoler; il nous assura que dans plusieurs sièges pareille chose était
console; he assured us that in several seats such a thing was

arrivée, et que c'était la loi de la guerre.
arrival, and that it was the law of war.

Dès que mes compagnes purent marcher, on les fit aller à Moscou;
As soon as my companions were able to walk, they were sent to Moscow;

j'échus en partage à un boyard qui me fit sa jardinière, et qui me
I fell in share with a boyar who made me his gardener, and who

donnait vingt coups de fouet par jour; mais ce seigneur ayant été roué
gave twenty lashes a day; but this lord having been wheeled

au bout de deux ans avec une trentaine de boyards, pour quelque
after two years with about thirty boyars, for some

tracasserie de cour, je profitai de cette aventure: je m'enfuis. Je
court harassment, I took advantage of this adventure: I ran away. I

traversai toute la Russie; je fus longtemps servante de cabaret à Riga,
crossed all of Russia; I was a cabaret servant for a long time in Riga,

puis à Rostock, à Vismar, à Leipzig, à Cassel, à Utrecht, à Leyde, à la
then in Rostock, in Vismar, in Leipzig, in Cassel, in Utrecht, in Leyden, in the

Haye, à Rotterdam; j'ai vieilli dans la misère et dans l'opprobre,
Haye, in Rotterdam; I grew old in misery and shame,

n'ayant que la moitié d'un derrière, me souvenant toujours que j'étais
only having half a butt, always remembering that I was

fille d'un pape; je voulus cent fois me tuer, mais j'aimais encore la
daughter of a pope; I wanted to kill myself a hundred times, but I still loved the

vie. Cette faiblesse ridicule est peut-être un de nos penchants les plus
life. This ridiculous weakness is perhaps one of our greatest inclinations.

funestes; car y a-t-il rien de plus sot que de vouloir porter
disastrous; because is there nothing more stupid than wanting to wear

continuellement un fardeau qu'on veut toujours jeter par terre?
continually a burden that we always want to throw on the ground?

d'avoir son être en horreur, et de tenir à son être? enfin de caresser
to have his being in horror, and to hold on to his being? finally caress

le serpent qui nous dévore, jusqu'à ce qu'il nous ait mangé le cœur?
the serpent that devours us, until it has eaten our hearts?

J'ai vu dans les pays que le sort m'a fait parcourir, et dans les
I have seen in the countries that fate has taken me through, and in the

cabarets où j'ai servi, un nombre prodigieux de personnes qui avaient
cabarets where I served, a prodigious number of people who had

leur existence en exécration: mais je n'en ai vu que huit qui aient
their existence in execration: but I saw only eight which had

mis volontairement fin à leur misère, trois nègres, quatre Anglais,
voluntarily put an end to their misery, three negroes, four Englishmen,

et un professeur allemand nomme Robek. J'ai fini par être servante chez
and a German professor named Robek. I ended up being a servant at

le juif don Issachar; il me mit auprès de vous, ma belle demoiselle. Je
the Jew Don Issachar; he put me near you, my beautiful young lady. I

me suis attachée à votre destinée, et j'ai été plus occupée de vos
became attached to your destiny, and I was more occupied with your

aventures que des miennes. Je ne vous aurais même jamais parlé de mes
adventures than mine. I would never even tell you about my

malheurs, si vous ne m'aviez pas un peu piquée, et s'il n était d'usage,
misfortunes, if you had not stung me a little, and if it was not customary,

dans un vaisseau, de conter des histoires pour se désennuyer. Enfin,
in a ship, to tell stories to get rid of boredom. Finally,

mademoiselle, j'ai de l'expérience, je connais le monde; donnez-vous un
mademoiselle, I have experience, I know the world; give yourself a

plaisir, engagez chaque passager à vous conter son histoire, et s'il
pleasure, get each passenger to tell you their story, and if

s'en trouve un seul qui n'ait souvent maudit sa vie, qui ne se soit
there is only one who has not often cursed his life, who has not

souvent dit à lui-même qu'il était le plus malheureux des hommes,
often said to himself that he was the most unhappy of men,

jetez-moi dans la mer la tête la première.»
throw me head first into the sea. "

XIII. COMMENT CANDIDE FUT OBLIGÉ DE SE SÉPARER DE LA BELLE CUNÉGONDE
XIII. HOW CANDIDE WAS OBLIGATED TO SEPARATE FROM THE BEAUTIFUL CUNEGONDE

ET DE LA VIEILLE.
AND THE OLD WOMAN.

La belle Cunégonde, ayant entendu l'histoire de la vieille, lui fit
The beautiful Cunegonde, having heard the old woman's story, told her

toutes les politesses qu'on devait à une personne de son rang et de
all the courtesies that one owed to a person of his rank and

son mérite. Elle accepta la proposition; elle engagea tous les
its merit. She accepted the proposal; she hired all

passagers, l'un après l'autre, à lui conter leurs aventures. Candide et
passengers, one after another, telling him about their adventures. Candid and

elle avouèrent que la vieille avait raison. «-C'est bien dommage,
they confessed that the old woman was right. "-It's too bad,

disait Candide, que le sage Pangloss ait été pendu contre la coutume
said Candide, that the wise Pangloss was hanged against custom

dans un auto-da-fé; il nous dirait des choses admirables sur le mal
in an auto-da-fé; he would tell us admirable things about evil

physique et sur le mal moral qui couvrent la terre et la mer, et je me
physical and moral evil that cover the land and the sea, and I

sentirais assez de force pour oser lui faire respectueusement quelques
would feel enough strength to dare to respectfully give him a few

objections.»
objections. "

À mesure que chacun racontait son histoire, le vaisseau avançait. On
As everyone told their story, the ship moved forward. We

aborda dans Buenos-Ayres. Cunégonde, le capitaine Candide et la vieille
landed in Buenos-Ayres. Cunégonde, Captain Candide and the old woman

allèrent chez le gouverneur don Fernando d'Ibaraa, y Figueora, y
went to the governor don Fernando d'Ibaraa, y Figueora, y

Mascarenes, y Lampourdos, y Souza. Ce seigneur avait une fierté
Mascarenes, y Lampourdos, y Souza. This lord had pride

convenable à un homme qui portait tant de noms. Il parlait aux hommes
suitable for a man who had so many names. He was talking to men

avec le dédain le plus noble, portant le nez si haut, élevant si
with the noblest disdain, bearing the nose so high, raising so

impitoyablement la voix, prenant un ton si imposant, affectant une
ruthlessly the voice, taking on such an imposing tone, affecting a

démarche si altière, que tous ceux qui le saluaient étaient tentés de le
approach so haughty that all who greeted him were tempted to

battre. Il aimait les femmes à la fureur. Cunégonde lui parut ce qu'il
beat. He loved women furiously. Cunégonde seemed to him what he

avait jamais vu de plus beau. La première chose qu'il fit fut de
had never seen more beautiful. The first thing he did was to

demander si elle n'était point la femme du capitaine. L'air dont il fit
ask if she was not the captain's wife. The look he made

cette question alarma Candide; il n'osa pas dire qu'elle était sa
this question alarmed Candide; he didn't dare say that she was his

femme, parce qu'en effet elle ne l'était point; il n'osait pas dire que
woman, because in fact she was not; he didn't dare say that

c'était sa sœur, parce qu'elle ne l'était pas non plus; et quoique ce
she was his sister, because neither was she; and though this

mensonge officieux pût lui être utile, son âme était trop pure pour
unofficial lie could be useful to him, his soul was too pure to

trahir la vérité. «-Mlle Cunégonde, dit-il, doit me faire
betray the truth. "-Mlle Cunégonde," he said, "must tell me

l'honneur de m'épouser, et nous supplions votre excellence de daigner
honor to marry me, and we beg Your Excellency to deign

faire notre noce.»
make our wedding. ”

Don Fernando d'Ibaraa, y Figueora, y Mascarenes, y Lampourdos, y
Don Fernando d'Ibaraa, y Figueora, y Mascarenes, y Lampourdos, y

Souza, relevant sa moustache, sourit amèrement et ordonna au capitaine
Souza, lifting his mustache, smiled bitterly and ordered the captain

Candide d'aller faire la revue de sa compagnie. Candide obéit; le
Candide to go and review his company. Candide obeyed; the

gouverneur demeura avec Mlle Cunégonde. Il lui déclara sa passion,
governor remained with Mlle Cunégonde. He declared his passion to her,

lui protesta que le lendemain il l'épouserait à la face de l'Église, ou
protested that the next day he would marry her in front of the Church, or

autrement, ainsi qu'il plairait à ses charmes. Cunégonde lui demanda un
otherwise, as would her charms. Cunegonde asked her for a

quart d'heure pour se recueillir, pour consulter la vieille et pour se
quarter of an hour to meditate, to consult the old woman and to

déterminer.
determine.

La vieille dit à Cunégonde: «-Mademoiselle, vous avez soixante
The old woman said to Cunégonde: "-Mademoiselle, you have sixty

et douze quartiers et pas une obole; il ne tient qu'à vous d'être la
and twelve quarters and not an obolus; it's up to you to be there

femme du plus grand seigneur de l'Amérique occidentale, qui a une très
wife of the greatest lord of West America, who has a very

belle moustache: est-ce à vous de vous piquer d'une fidélité à toute
beautiful mustache: is it up to you to prick yourself with loyalty to all

épreuve? Vous avez été violée par les Bulgares; un juif et un
test? You were raped by the Bulgarians; a jew and a

inquisiteur ont eu vos bonnes grâces; les malheurs donnent des droits.
inquisitor have had your good graces; misfortunes give rights.

J'avoue que si j'étais à votre place, je ne ferais aucun scrupule
I admit that if I were in your shoes, I would have no qualms

d'épouser M. le gouverneur et de faire la fortune de M. le capitaine
to marry the governor and make the fortune of the captain

Candide.» Tandis que la vieille parlait avec toute la prudence que
Candid." While the old woman spoke with all the caution that

l'âge et l'expérience donnent, on vit entrer dans le port un petit
age and experience give, we saw entering the port a little

vaisseau: il portait un alcade et des alguazils, et voici ce qui était
vessel: it carried an alcade and alguazils, and here is what was

arrivé.
come.

La vieille avait très bien deviné que ce fut un cordelier à la grande
The old woman had guessed very well that it was a great cordelier

manche qui vola l'argent et les bijoux de Cunégonde dans la ville de
sleeve that stole Cunégonde's money and jewelry in the town of

Badajoz, lorsqu'elle fuyait en hâte avec Candide. Ce moine voulut
Badajoz, when she fled in haste with Candide. This monk wanted

vendre quelques-unes des pierreries à un joaillier. Le marchand les
sell some of the gems to a jeweler. The merchant

reconnut pour celles du grand inquisiteur. Le cordelier, avant d'être
recognized for those of the Grand Inquisitor. The cordelier, before being

pendu, avoua qu'il les avait volées; il indiqua les personnes et la
hanged, confessed that he had stolen them; he indicated the people and the

route qu'elles prenaient. La fuite de Cunégonde et de Candide était
route they were taking. The flight of Cunégonde and Candide was

déjà connue. On les suivit à Cadix; on envoya, sans perdre de temps,
already known. They were followed to Cadiz; we sent, without wasting time,

un vaisseau à leur poursuite. Le vaisseau était déjà dans le port de
a vessel in pursuit of them. The vessel was already in the port of

Buenos-Ayres. Le bruit se répandit qu'un alcade allait débarquer, et
Buenos-Ayres. A rumor spread that an alcade was about to land, and

qu'on poursuivait les meurtriers de Monseigneur le grand inquisiteur.
that the murderers of Monseigneur the Grand Inquisitor were being pursued.

La prudente vieille vit dans l'instant tout ce qui était à faire.
The prudent old woman immediately saw all that had to be done.

«-Vous ne pouvez fuir, dit-elle à Cunégonde, et vous n'avez rien
"-You cannot run away," she said to Cunégonde, "and you have nothing

à craindre; ce n'est pas vous qui avez tué Monseigneur; et d'ailleurs
to fear; it was not you who killed Monseigneur; and by the way

le gouverneur, qui vous aime, ne souffrira pas qu'on vous maltraite;
the governor, who loves you, will not suffer people to mistreat you;

demeurez.» Elle court sur-le-champ à Candide: «-Fuyez,
stay. ” She runs immediately to Candide: "-Flee,

dit-elle, ou dans une heure vous allez être brûlé.» Il n'y avait pas un
she said, or in an hour you will be burned. " There was not a

moment à perdre. Mais comment se séparer de Cunégonde, et où se
moment to lose. But how to separate from Cunégonde, and where

réfugier?
refuge?

XIV. COMMENT CANDIDE ET CACAMBO FURENT REÇUS CHEZ LES JÉSUITES
XIV. HOW CANDIDE AND CACAMBO WERE RECEIVED AT THE JESUITS

DU PARAGUAY.
FROM PARAGUAY.

Candide avait amené de Cadix un valet tel qu'on en trouve beaucoup
Candide had brought from Cadiz a valet such as one finds many

sur les côtes d'Espagne et dans les colonies. C'était un quart
on the coasts of Spain and in the colonies. It was a quarter

d'Espagnol, né d'un métis dans le Tucuman; il avait été enfant de chœur,
Spaniard, born to a half-breed in Tucuman; he had been an altar boy,

sacristain, matelot, moine, facteur, soldat, laquais. Il s'appelait
sacristan, sailor, monk, postman, soldier, lackey. He was called

Cacambo, et aimait fort son maître, parce que son maître était un fort
Cacambo, and loved his master very much, because his master was a strong

bon homme. Il sella au plus vite les deux chevaux andalous.
fellow. He saddled the two Andalusian horses as quickly as possible.

«-Allons, mon maître, suivons le conseil de la vieille: partons,
"Come on, my master, let's follow the old woman's advice: let's go,

et courons sans regarder derrière nous. Candide versa des
and run without looking behind us. Candide poured

larmes:-Ô ma chère Cunégonde! faut-il vous abandonner dans le
tears: -O my dear Cunégonde! should you abandon yourself in the

temps que M. le gouverneur va faire nos noces? Cunégonde, amenée de
time that the governor is going to have our wedding? Cunégonde, brought from

si loin, que deviendrez-vous?-Elle deviendra ce qu'elle pourra,
so far away, what will become of you? -She will become what she can,

dit Cacambo: les femmes ne sont jamais embarrassées d'elles: Dieu y
said Cacambo: women are never embarrassed by them: God is there

pourvoit; courons.-Où me mènes-tu? où allons-nous? que
provides; let's run. -Where are you leading me? Where are we going? than

ferons-nous sans Cunégonde? disait Candide.-Par saint Jacques de
will we do without Cunégonde? said Candide.-By Saint James of

Compostelle, dit Cacambo, vous alliez faire la guerre aux jésuites;
Compostela, said Cacambo, you were going to make war on the Jesuits;

allons la faire pour eux; je sais assez les chemins; je vous mènerai
let's do it for them; I know the paths well enough; i will lead you

dans leur royaume; ils seront charmés d'avoir un capitaine qui fasse
in their kingdom; they will be charmed to have a captain who does

l'exercice à la bulgare; vous ferez une fortune prodigieuse; quand on
Bulgarian exercise; you will make a prodigious fortune; when we

n'a pas son compte dans un monde, on le trouve dans un autre. C'est un
has no account in one world, it is found in another. It's a

très grand plaisir de voir et de faire des choses nouvelles.
great pleasure to see and do new things.

-Tu as donc été déjà dans le Paraguay? dit Candide.-Eh!
- So you have already been in Paraguay? said Candide.

vraiment oui! dit Cacambo; j'ai été cuistre dans le collège de
really yes! said Cacambo; I was a curator in the college of

l'Assomption, et je connais le gouvernement de los padres comme je
the Assumption, and I know the government of los padres as I

connais les rues de Cadix. C'est une chose admirable que ce gouvernement.
know the streets of Cadiz. It is an admirable thing that this government.

Le royaume a déjà plus de trois cents lieues de diamètre; il est divisé
The kingdom is already more than three hundred leagues in diameter; he is divided

en trente provinces. Los padres y ont tout, et les peuples rien; c'est
in thirty provinces. Los padres have everything there, and the people nothing; it is

le chef-d'œuvre de la raison et de la justice.
the masterpiece of reason and justice.

Pour moi, je ne vois rien de si divin que los padres, qui font ici
For me I do not see anything so divine as los padres, who do here

la guerre au roi d'Espagne et au roi de Portugal, et qui en Europe
war against the King of Spain and the King of Portugal, and who in Europe

confessent ces rois; qui tuent ici des Espagnols, et qui à Madrid les
these kings confess; who kill Spaniards here, and who in Madrid

envoient au ciel: cela me ravit; avançons: vous allez être le plus
send to heaven: that delights me; let's move on: you will be the most

heureux de tous les hommes. Quel plaisir auront los padres, quand ils
happy with all men. What pleasure will the padres have, when they

sauront qu'il leur vient un capitaine qui sait l'exercice bulgare!»
will know that a captain has come to them who knows the Bulgarian exercise! ”

Dès qu'ils furent arrivés à la première barrière, Cacambo dit à la
As soon as they got to the first barrier, Cacambo told the

garde avancée qu'un capitaine demandait à parler à Monseigneur le
advanced guard that a captain asked to speak to Monsignor on

commandant. On alla avertir la grand'garde. Un officier paraguayen
commanding officer. We went to warn the grand guard. A Paraguayan officer

courut aux pieds du commandant lui donner part de la nouvelle.
ran to the commander's feet to tell him the news.

Candide et Cacambo furent d'abord désarmés; on se saisit de leurs
Candide and Cacambo were at first disarmed; we grab their

deux chevaux andalous. Les deux étrangers sont introduits au milieu
two Andalusian horses. The two strangers are introduced in the middle

de deux files de soldats; le commandant était au bout, le bonnet à
two lines of soldiers; the commander was at the end, the cap at

trois cornes en tête, la robe retroussée, l'épée au côté, l'esponton
three horns at the head, the dress rolled up, the sword at the side, the esponton

à la main. Il fit un signe; aussitôt vingt-quatre soldats entourent les
by hand. He made a sign; immediately twenty-four soldiers surrounded the

deux nouveaux venus. Un sergent leur dit qu'il faut attendre; que le
two newcomers. A sergeant tells them to wait; that the

commandant ne peut leur parler; que le révérend père provincial ne
commander cannot talk to them; that the Reverend Father Provincial

permet pas qu'aucun Espagnol ouvre la bouche qu'en sa présence, et
not allow any Spaniard to open his mouth except in his presence, and

demeure plus de trois heures dans le pays.
remains in the country for more than three hours.

«-Et où est le révérend père provincial? dit Cacambo.-Il
"-And where is the Reverend Father Provincial? said Cacambo.

est à la parade, après avoir dit sa messe, répondit le sergent, et vous
is at the parade, after having said his mass, replied the sergeant, and you

ne pourrez baiser ses éperons que dans trois heures.-Mais, dit
won't be able to kiss his spurs for three hours. -But, said

Cacambo, monsieur le capitaine, qui meurt de faim comme moi, n'est point
Cacambo, Captain, who is starving like me, is not

Espagnol, il est Allemand; ne pourrions-nous point déjeuner en
Spanish, he is German; could we not have lunch in

attendant Sa Révérence?»
waiting for His Reverence? ”

Le sergent alla sur-le-champ rendre compte de ce discours au
The sergeant immediately went to report this speech to the

commandant. «-Dieu soit béni! dit ce seigneur; puisqu'il est
commanding officer. "-God be blessed! said this lord; since he is

Allemand, je peux lui parler; qu'on le mène dans ma feuillée.» Aussitôt
German, I can speak to him; that they lead him in my leaves. " Immediately

on conduit Candide dans un cabinet de verdure orné d'une très jolie
Candide is led into a cabinet of greenery adorned with a very pretty

colonnade de marbre vert et or, et de treillages qui renfermaient des
colonnade of green and gold marble, and trellises which contained

perroquets, des colibris, des oiseaux-mouches, des pintades, et tous
parrots, hummingbirds, hummingbirds, guinea fowl, and all

les oiseaux les plus rares.
the rarest birds.

Un excellent déjeuner était préparé dans des vases d'or; et tandis
An excellent breakfast was prepared in golden vessels; and while

que les Paraguayens mangèrent du maïs dans des écuelles de bois, en
that the Paraguayans ate corn in wooden bowls,

plein champ, à l'ardeur du soleil, le révérend père commandant entra
open field, in the heat of the sun, the Reverend Father Commandant entered

dans la feuillée.
in the leaves.

C'était un très beau jeune homme, le visage plein, assez blanc, haut
He was a very handsome young man, with a full face, quite white, tall

en couleur, le sourcil relevé, l'œil vif, l'oreille rouge, les lèvres
in color, raised eyebrow, keen eye, red ear, lips

vermeilles, l'air fier, mais d'une fierté qui n'était ni celle d'un
ruddy, looking proud, but with a pride that was not that of a

Espagnol, ni celle d'un jésuite.
Spanish, nor that of a Jesuit.

On rendit à Candide et à Cacambo leurs armes, qu'on leur avait
They returned to Candide and Cacambo their weapons, which had been

saisies, ainsi que les deux chevaux andalous; Cacambo leur fit manger
seizures, as well as the two Andalusian horses; Cacambo made them eat

l'avoine auprès de la feuillée, ayant toujours l'œil sur eux, crainte de
oats beside the leaves, always keeping an eye on them,

surprise.
surprise.

Candide baisa d'abord le bas de la robe du commandant; ensuite ils
Candide first kissed the hem of the commander's robe; then they

se mirent à table.
sat down to table.

«-Vous êtes donc Allemand? lui dit le jésuite en cette
"So you are German?" said the Jesuit to him in this

langue.-Oui, mon révérend père, dit Candide.» L'un et l'autre,
language.-Yes, my reverend father, said Candide. " One and the other,

en prononçant ces paroles, se regardaient avec une extrême surprise
saying these words, looked at each other with extreme surprise

et une émotion dont ils n'étaient pas les maîtres. «-Et de quel
and an emotion of which they were not the masters. "-And what

pays d'Allemagne êtes-vous? dit le jésuite.-De la sale province
country of germany are you? said the Jesuit.

de Westphalie, dit Candide: je suis né dans le château de
of Westphalia, says Candide: I was born in the castle of

Thunder-ten-tronckh.-Ô ciel! est-il possible! s'écria le
Thunder-ten-tronckh.-O heaven! is it possible! cried the

commandant.-Quel miracle! s'écria Candide.-Serait-ce vous?
Commandant What a miracle! cried Candide. "Could it be you?"

dit le commandant.-Cela n'est pas possible, dit Candide.» Ils
said the commandant. "That is not possible," said Candide. " They

se laissent tomber tous deux à la renverse, ils s'embrassent, ils
they both drop backwards, they kiss, they

versent des ruisseaux de larmes. «-Quoi! serait-ce vous, mon
streams of tears. "-What! would it be you, my

révérend père? vous, le frère de la belle Cunégonde! vous qui fûtes
reverend father? you, the brother of the beautiful Cunégonde! you who were

tué par les Bulgares! vous le fils de monsieur le baron! vous jésuite
killed by the Bulgarians! you the son of Monsieur le Baron! you Jesuit

au Paraguay! Il faut avouer que ce monde est une étrange chose.
in Paraguay! We must admit that this world is a strange thing.

Ô Pangloss! Pangloss! que vous seriez aise si vous n'aviez pas été
O Pangloss! Pangloss! that you would be comfortable if you had not been

pendu!»
hanged!"

Le commandant fit retirer les esclaves nègres et les Paraguayens
The commander removed the Negro slaves and the Paraguayans

qui servaient à boire dans des gobelets de cristal de roche. Il remercia
which were used to drink from rock crystal goblets. He thanked

Dieu et saint Ignace mille fois; il serrait Candide entre ses bras;
God and Saint Ignatius a thousand times; he held Candide in his arms;

leurs visages étaient baignés de pleurs.
their faces were bathed in tears.

«-Vous seriez bien plus étonné, plus attendri, plus hors de
"-You would be much more astonished, more moved, more out of

vous-même, dit Candide, si je vous disais que Mlle Cunégonde, votre sœur,
yourself, said Candide, if I told you that Mlle Cunégonde, your sister,

que vous avez crue éventrée, est pleine de santé.-Où?-Dans
that you thought had been disembowelled, is full of health. -Where? -In

votre voisinage, chez M. le gouverneur de Buenos-Ayres, et je venais
your neighborhood, with the governor of Buenos-Ayres, and I came

pour vous faire la guerre.»
to wage war on you. "

Chaque mot qu'ils prononcèrent dans cette longue conversation
Every word they said in this long conversation

accumulait prodige sur prodige. Leur âme tout entière volait sur leur
was accumulating prodigy upon prodigy. Their whole souls flew on their

langue, était attentive dans leurs oreilles, et étincelante dans leurs
tongue, was attentive in their ears, and sparkling in their

yeux. Comme ils étaient Allemands, ils tinrent table longtemps, en
eyes. As they were Germans, they sat down for a long time,

attendant le révérend père provincial; et le commandant parla ainsi à
waiting for the Reverend Father Provincial; and the commander thus spoke to

son cher Candide.
his dear Candide.

XV. COMMENT CANDIDE TUA LE FRÈRE DE SA CHÈRE CUNÉGONDE.
XV. HOW CANDIDE KILLED HIS DEAR CUNEGONDE'S BROTHER.

«J'aurai toute ma vie présent à la mémoire le jour horrible où je vis
"I will remember the horrible day I live in all my life

tuer mou père et ma mère, et violer ma sœur. Quand les Bulgares furent
kill my father and my mother, and rape my sister. When the Bulgarians were

retirés, on ne trouva point cette sœur adorable, et on mit dans une
withdrawn, we did not find this adorable sister, and we put in a

charrette ma mère, mon père et moi, deux servantes et trois petits
cart my mother, father and me, two maids and three little ones

garçons égorgés, pour nous aller enterrer dans une chapelle de jésuites,
slaughtered boys, to go and bury us in a Jesuit chapel,

à deux lieues du château de mes pères. Un jésuite nous jeta de l'eau
two leagues from the castle of my fathers. A Jesuit threw water at us

bénite; elle était horriblement salée. Il en entra quelques gouttes
blessed; it was horribly salty. A few drops entered

dans mes yeux: le père s'aperçut que ma paupière faisait un petit
in my eyes: the father noticed that my eyelid made a little

mouvement; il mit la main sur mon cœur et le sentit palpiter; je fus
movement; he put his hand on my heart and felt it throb; I was

secouru, et au bout de trois semaines il n'y paraissait pas. Vous savez,
rescued, and after three weeks he did not appear. You know,

mon cher Candide, que j'étais fort joli; je le devins encore davantage;
my dear Candide, how pretty I was; I became even more so;

aussi le révérend père Didrie, supérieur de la maison, prit pour moi la
also the Reverend Father Didrie, superior of the house, took for me the

plus tendre amitié: il me donna l'habit de novice; quelque temps
more tender friendship: he gave me the habit of novice; some time

après, je fus envoyé à Rome. Ce père général avait besoin d'une recrue
afterwards I was sent to Rome. This father general needed a recruit

de jeunes jésuites allemands. Les souverains du Paraguay reçoivent le
young German Jesuits. The sovereigns of Paraguay receive the

moins qu'ils peuvent de jésuites espagnols; ils aiment mieux les
less than they can of Spanish Jesuits; they like them better

étrangers, dont ils se croient plus maîtres. Je fus jugé propre par le
foreigners, of whom they believe themselves to be more masters. I was judged clean by the

révérend père général pour aller travailler dans cette vigne. Nous
Reverend Father General to go and work in this vineyard. We

partîmes, un Polonais, un Tyrolien et moi. Je fus honoré, en arrivant,
left, a Pole, a Tyrolean and I. I was honored, when I arrived,

du sous-diaconat et d'une lieutenance: je suis aujourd'hui colonel et
of the sub-diaconate and of a lieutenant: today I am a colonel and

prêtre. Nous recevrons vigoureusement les troupes du roi d'Espagne;
priest. We will vigorously receive the troops of the King of Spain;

je vous réponds qu'elles seront excommuniées et battues. La Providence
I answer you that they will be excommunicated and beaten. Providence

vous envoie ici pour nous seconder. Mais est-il bien vrai que ma chère
sends you here to help us. But is it really true that my dear

sœur Cunégonde soit dans le voisinage, chez le gouverneur de
Sister Cunégonde either in the neighborhood, with the governor of

Buenos-Ayres?» Candide l'assura par serment que rien n'était plus vrai.
Buenos-Ayres? " Candide assured him by oath that nothing was more true.

Leurs larmes recommencèrent à couler.
Their tears started to fall again.

Le baron ne pouvait se lasser d'embrasser Candide: il l'appelait son
The baron could not tire of kissing Candide: he called him his

frère, son sauveur. «-Ah! peut-être, lui dit-il, nous pourrons
brother, his savior. “Ah! maybe, he said, we can

ensemble, mon cher Candide, entrer en vainqueurs dans la ville et
together, my dear Candide, enter the city victorious and

reprendre ma sœur Cunégonde.-C'est tout ce que je souhaite, dit
take back my sister Cunégonde. -That's all I want, said

Candide; car je comptais l'épouser, et je l'espère encore.-Vous,
Candid; because I intended to marry her, and I still hope so.

insolent! répondit le baron, vous auriez l'impudence d'épouser ma sœur
insolent! replied the baron, you would have the impudence to marry my sister

qui a soixante et douze quartiers! Je vous trouve bien effronté d'oser
which has seventy-two quarters! I find you very cheeky to dare

me parler d'un dessein si téméraire! «Candide, pétrifié d'un tel
to speak to me of such a rash plan! "Candide, petrified of such

discours, lui répondit: «-Mon révérend père, tous les quartiers
speech, answered him: "-My reverend father, all

du monde n'y font rien; j'ai tiré votre sœur des bras d'un juif et d'un
of the world do nothing; I pulled your sister from the arms of a Jew and a

inquisiteur; elle m'a assez d'obligations, elle veut m'épouser. Maître
inquisitor; she has enough obligations to me, she wants to marry me. Master

Pangloss m'a toujours dit que les hommes sont égaux, et assurément je
Pangloss always told me that men are equal, and surely I

l'épouserai.-C'est ce que nous verrons, coquin,» dit le jésuite
marry her.-That's what we'll see, rascal, ”said the Jesuit

baron de Thunder-ten-tronckh, et en même temps il lui donna un grand
baron of Thunder-ten-tronckh, and at the same time he gave him a great

coup du plat de sou épée sur le visage. Candide dans l'instant tire la
flat shot of penny sword on the face. Candid in the moment pulls the

sienne, et l'enfonce jusqu'à la garde dans le ventre du baron jésuite:
his own, and thrust it up to the hilt in the belly of the Jesuit baron:

mais en la retirant toute fumante, il se mit à pleurer: «-Hélas!
but as he took it out all smoking, he began to cry: “Alas!

mon Dieu! dit-il, j'ai tué mon ancien maître, mon ami, mon beau-frère;
my God! he said, I killed my old master, my friend, my brother-in-law;

je suis le meilleur homme du monde, et voilà déjà trois hommes que je
I am the best man in the world, and here are already three men that I

tue; et dans ces trois il y a deux prêtres.»
kill; and in these three there are two priests. ”

Cacambo, qui faisait sentinelle à la porte de la fouillée, accourut.
Cacambo, who was on guard at the door of the excavation, came running.

«-Il ne nous reste qu'à vendre cher notre vie, lui dit son
"-It only remains for us to sell our life dearly," said his

maître; on va, sans doute, entrer dans la fouillée: il faut mourir les
master; we will, no doubt, enter the excavation: we must die

armes à la main.» Cacambo, qui en avait bien vu d'autres, ne perdit
arms in hand. " Cacambo, who had seen many others, never lost

point la tête; il prit la robe de jésuite que portait le baron, la mil
point the head; he took the Jesuit robe that the baron wore, the millet

sur le corps de Candide, lui donna le bonnet carré du mortel le fit
on Candide's body, gave him the square cap of the mortal

monter à cheval. Tout cela se fit en un clin d'œil. «-Galopons,
ride a horse. It all happened in the blink of an eye. "-Galopons,

mon maître; tout le monde vous prendra pour un jésuite qui va donner
my teacher; everyone will take you for a Jesuit who will give

des ordres; et nous aurons passé les frontières avant qu'on puisse
orders; and we'll have crossed the borders before we can

courir après nous.» Il volait déjà en prononçant ces paroles et en
run after us. ” He was already flying saying these words and

criant en espagnol: «Place, place pour le révérend père colonel!»
shouting in Spanish: "Place, place for the Reverend Father Colonel!"

XVI. CE QUI ADVINT AUX DEUX VOYAGEURS AVEC DEUX FILLES, DEUX SINGES,
XVI. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE TWO TRAVELERS WITH TWO DAUGHTERS, TWO MONKEYS,

ET LES SAUVAGES NOMMÉS OREILLONS.
AND THE WILD NAMED MUMPS.

Candide et son valet furent au delà des barrières, et personne ne
Candide and his valet were beyond the barriers, and no one

savait encore dans le camp la mort du jésuite allemand. Le vigilant
still knew in the camp the death of the German Jesuit. The vigilant

Cacambo avait eu soin de remplir sa valise de pain, de chocolat, de
Cacambo had taken care to fill his suitcase with bread, chocolate,

jambon, de fruits, et de quelques mesures de vin. Ils s'enfoncèrent
ham, fruit, and a few measures of wine. They sank

avec leurs chevaux andalous dans un pays inconnu où ils ne découvrirent
with their Andalusian horses in an unknown country where they did not discover

aucune route. Enfin une belle prairie entrecoupée de ruisseaux se
no road. Finally a beautiful meadow interspersed with streams

présenta devant eux. Nos deux voyageurs font repaître leurs montures.
presented before them. Our two travelers feed their mounts.

Cacambo propose à son maître de manger, et lui en donne l'exemple.
Cacambo offers his master to eat, and gives him an example.

«-Comment veux-tu, disait Candide, que je mange du jambon,
"-How do you want me to eat ham," said Candide,

quand j'ai tué le fils de monsieur le baron, et que je me vois condamné
when I killed the baron's son, and I see myself condemned

à ne revoir la belle Cunégonde de ma vie? À quoi me servira de prolonger
never to see the beautiful Cunegonde again in my life? What will I use to prolong

mes misérables jours, puisque je dois les traîner loin d'elle dans les
my miserable days, since I must drag them away from her in the

remords et dans le désespoir? et que dira le Journal de Trévoux?»
remorse and despair? and what will the Journal de Trévoux say? "

En parlant ainsi, il ne laissait pas de manger. Le soleil se couchait.
While speaking thus, he did not stop eating. The sun was setting.

Les deux égarés entendirent quelques petits cris qui paraissaient
The two lost heard a few little cries that appeared

poussés par des femmes. Ils ne savaient si ces cris étaient de douleur
pushed by women. They didn't know if these screams were of pain

ou de joie; mais ils se levèrent précipitamment avec cette inquiétude
or joy; but they got up hastily with this worry

et cette alarme que tout inspire dans un pays inconnu. Ces clameurs
and that alarm that everything inspires in an unknown country. These clamors

partaient de deux filles toutes nues qui couraient légèrement au bord
left two naked girls running lightly to the edge

de la prairie, tandis que deux singes les suivaient en leur mordant les
of the meadow, while two monkeys followed them, biting their

fesses. Candide fut touché de pitié; il avait appris à tirer chez les
buttocks. Candide was touched with pity; he had learned to shoot at the

Bulgares, et il aurait abattu une noisette dans un buisson, sans toucher
Bulgarians, and he would have chopped down a nut in a bush, without touching

aux feuilles. Il prend son fusil espagnol à deux coups, tire et tue les
to the leaves. He takes his double-barreled Spanish rifle, shoots and kills them

deux singes. «-Dieu soit loué, mon cher Cacambo! j'ai délivré
two monkeys. “Praise be to God, my dear Cacambo! I delivered

d'un grand péril ces deux pauvres créatures: si j'ai commis un péché en
of great danger these two poor creatures: if I have committed a sin in

tuant un inquisiteur et un jésuite, je l'ai bien réparé en sauvant la
killing an inquisitor and a Jesuit, I repaired it well by saving the

vie à deux filles. Ce sont peut-être deux demoiselles de condition, et
life to two girls. They are perhaps two young ladies of condition, and

cette aventure nous peut procurer de très grands avantages dans le
this adventure can provide us with great advantages in the

pays.»
country."

Il allait continuer; mais sa langue devint percluse quand il vit ces
He was going to continue; but his tongue became crippled when he saw these

deux filles embrasser tendrement les deux singes, fondre en larmes
two girls tenderly kiss the two monkeys, burst into tears

sur leurs corps, et remplir l'air des cris les plus douloureux.
on their bodies, and fill the air with the most painful cries.

«-Je ne m'attendais pas à tant de bonté d'âme, dit-il enfin à
"-I did not expect so much kindness of soul, he finally said to

Cacambo, lequel lui répliqua:-Vous avez fait là un beau
Cacambo, who replied: -You made a beautiful

chef-d'œuvre, mon maître; vous avez tué les deux amants de ces
masterpiece, my master; you killed the two lovers of these

demoiselles.-Leurs amants! serait-il possible? Vous vous moquez
Damsels Their lovers! could it be possible? You're making fun

de moi, Cacambo; le moyen de vous croire?-Mon cher maître,
from me, Cacambo; the way to believe you? -My dear master,

repartit Cacambo, vous êtes toujours étonné de tout; pourquoi
replied Cacambo, you are always amazed at everything; Why

trouvez-vous si étrange que dans quelques pays il y ait des singes qui
do you find it so strange that in some countries there are monkeys that

obtiennent les bonnes grâces des dames? Ils sont des quarts d'hommes,
get the ladies' favor? They are quarters of men,

comme je suis un quart d'Espagnol.-Hélas! reprit Candide, je me
how a quarter of a Spaniard I am. Alas! resumed Candide, I

souviens d'avoir entendu dire à maître Pangloss qu'autrefois pareils
remember having heard Master Pangloss say that formerly the same

accidents étaient arrivés, et que ces mélanges avaient produit des
accidents had happened, and that these mixtures had produced

égyptiens, des faunes, des satyres, que plusieurs grands personnages
Egyptians, fauns, satyrs, that several great figures

de l'antiquité en avaient vu; mais je prenais cela pour des
of antiquity had seen it; but I took it for

fables.-Vous devez être convaincu à présent, dit Cacambo, que
fables.You must be convinced by now, says Cacambo, that

c'est une vérité, et vous voyez comment en usent les personnes qui
it's a truth, and you see how people use it

n'ont pas reçu une certaine éducation; tout ce que je crains, c'est que
have not received some education; all i'm afraid is that

ces dames ne nous fassent quelque méchante affaire.»
these ladies are not giving us any bad business. "

Ces réflexions solides engagèrent Candide à quitter la prairie et
These solid reflections prompted Candide to leave the prairie and

à s'enfoncer dans un bois. Il y soupa avec Cacambo; et tous deux,
to sink into a wood. He dined there with Cacambo; and both,

après avoir maudit l'inquisiteur de Portugal, le gouverneur de
after cursing the Inquisitor of Portugal, the Governor of

Buenos-Ayres et le baron, s'endormirent sur de la mousse. À leur
Buenos-Ayres and the baron fell asleep on moss. Their

réveil, ils sentirent qu'ils ne pouvaient remuer; la raison en était
awakening, they felt that they could not stir; the reason was

que pendant la nuit les Oreillons, habitants du pays, à qui les deux
that during the night the Oreillons, inhabitants of the country, to whom the two

dames les avaient dénoncés, les avaient garrottés avec des cordes
ladies had denounced them, had tied them up with ropes

d'écorce d'arbre. Ils étaient entourés d'une cinquantaine d'Oreillons
tree bark. They were surrounded by about fifty Mumps

tout nus, armés de flèches, de massues et de haches de caillou: les uns
all naked, armed with arrows, clubs and stone axes: some

faisaient bouillir une grande chaudière: les autres préparaient des
were boiling a large boiler; the others were preparing

broches, et tous criaient: «-C'est un jésuite, c'est un jésuite;
brooches, and all cried: “He is a Jesuit, he is a Jesuit;

nous serons vengés, et nous ferons bonne chère; mangeons du jésuite,
we will be avenged, and we will have good food; let's eat the Jesuit,

mangeons du jésuite!»
let's eat Jesuit! ”

«-Je vous l'avais bien dit, mon cher maître, s'écria tristement
"-I told you so, my dear master," cried sadly.

Cacambo, que ces deux filles nous joueraient un mauvais tour.» Candide,
Cacambo, that these two girls would play a bad trick on us. " Candid,

apercevant la chaudière et les broches, s'écria: «-Nous allons
seeing the boiler and the spits, cried: "We are

certainement être rôtis ou bouillis. Ah! que dirait maître Pangloss,
certainly be roasted or boiled. Ah! what would Master Pangloss say,

s'il voyait comme la pure nature est faite? Tout est bien: soit, mais
if he saw how pure nature is made? All is well: yes, but

j'avoue qu'il est bien cruel d'avoir perdu Mlle Cunégonde et d'être
I admit that it is very cruel to have lost Miss Cunégonde and to be

mis à la broche par des Oreillons.» Cacambo ne perdait jamais la tête.
put on the spit by Oreillons. " Cacambo never lost his mind.

«-Ne désespérez de rien, dit-il au désolé Candide; j'entends un
"'Don't despair of anything,' he said to the sorry Candide; I hear a

peu le jargon de ces peuples. Je vais leur parler.-Ne manquez
bit the jargon of these peoples. I'll talk to them.-Don't miss

pas, dit Candide, de leur représenter quelle est l'inhumanité affreuse
not, said Candide, to represent to them what dreadful inhumanity is

de faire cuire des hommes, et combien cela est peu chrétien.»
to cook men, and how unChristian that is. "

«-Messieurs, dit Cacambo, vous comptez donc manger
"-Sirs," said Cacambo, "so you plan to eat

aujourd'hui un jésuite? c'est très bien fait; rien n'est plus juste que
today a Jesuit? It's very well done; nothing is fairer than

de traiter ainsi ses ennemis. En effet, le droit naturel nous enseigne
to treat his enemies in this way. Indeed, natural law teaches us

à tuer notre prochain, et c'est ainsi qu'on en agit dans toute la terre.
to kill our neighbor, and this is how it is done throughout the earth.

Si nous n'usons pas du droit de le manger, c'est que nous avons
If we do not use the right to eat it, it is because we have

d'ailleurs de quoi faire bonne chère; mais vous n'avez pas les mêmes
besides enough to make good food; but you don't have the same

ressources que nous: certainement il vaut mieux manger ses ennemis
resources than us: it is certainly better to eat your enemies

que d'abandonner aux corbeaux et aux corneilles le fruit de sa victoire.
than to abandon the fruit of his victory to crows and crows.

Mais, messieurs, vous ne voudriez pas manger vos amis. Vous croyez
But, gentlemen, you wouldn't want to eat your friends. You think

aller mettre un jésuite en broche, et c'est votre défenseur, c'est
go put a Jesuit in spit, and he is your defender, it is

l'ennemi de vos ennemis que vous allez rôtir. Pour moi, je suis né de
the enemy of your enemies that you are going to roast. For me, I was born from

votre pays; monsieur, que vous voyez, est mon maître, et, bien loin
your country; sir, whom you see, is my master, and, very far

d'être jésuite, il vient de tuer un jésuite, il en porte les dépouilles;
to be a Jesuit, he has just killed a Jesuit, he carries his remains;

voilà le sujet de votre méprise. Pour vérifier ce que je vous dis,
that is the subject of your mistake. To check what I'm telling you,

prenez sa robe, portez-la à la première barrière du royaume de los
take her dress, take her to the first barrier in the kingdom of los

padres; informez-vous si mon maître n'a pas tué un officier jésuite. Il
padres; find out if my master didn't kill a Jesuit officer. he

vous faudra peu de temps; vous pourrez toujours nous manger, si vous
you will need little time; you can still eat us, if you

trouvez que je vous ai menti. Mais si je vous ai dit la vérité, vous
find I lied to you. But if I told you the truth, you

connaissez trop les principes du droit public, les mœurs et les lois,
know too well the principles of public law, customs and laws,

pour ne pas nous faire grâce.»
so as not to be sorry. ”

Les Oreillons trouvèrent ce discours très raisonnable; ils députèrent
The Oreillons found this speech very reasonable; they deputed

deux notables pour aller en diligence s'informer de la vérité; les deux
two notables to go in diligence to inquire about the truth; both

députés s'acquittèrent de leur commission en gens d'esprit, et revinrent
deputies discharged their commission like witty people, and returned

bientôt apporter de bonnes nouvelles. Les Oreillons délièrent leurs deux
soon bring good news. The Oreillons untied their two

prisonniers, leur firent toutes sortes de civilités, leur offrirent des
prisoners, gave them all kinds of civilities, offered them

filles, leur donnèrent des rafraîchissements, et les reconduisirent
girls, gave them refreshments, and drove them back

jusqu'aux confins de leurs États, en criant avec allégresse: «-Il
to the confines of their states, shouting with joy: "-He

n'est point jésuite, il n'est point jésuite!»
is not a Jesuit, he is not a Jesuit! "

Candide ne se lassait point d'admirer le sujet de sa délivrance.
Candide never tired of admiring the subject of his deliverance.

«-Quel peuple! disait-il, quels hommes! quelles mœurs! Si je
“What a people! he said, what men! what customs! If I

n'avais pas eu le bonheur de donner un grand coup d'épée au travers
had not had the good fortune to give a great blow of the sword through

du corps du frère de Mlle Cunégonde, j'étais mangé sans rémission.
of the body of Mlle Cunégonde's brother, I was eaten without forgiveness.

Mais, après tout, la pure nature est bonne, puisque ces gens-ci, au
But, after all, pure nature is good, since these people in the

lieu de me manger, m'ont fait mille honnêtetés dès qu'ils ont su que
instead of eating me, did me a thousand honesty as soon as they knew that

je n'étais pas jésuite.»
I was not a Jesuit. ”

XVII. ARRIVÉE DE CANDIDE ET DE SON VALET AU PAYS D’ELDORADO,
XVII. ARRIVAL OF CANDIDE AND HIS VALET IN THE COUNTRY OF ELDORADO,

ET CE QU’ILS Y VIRENT.
AND WHAT THEY TURNED ON.

Quand ils furent aux frontières des Oreillons: «-Vous voyez,
When they were at the borders of Oreillons: "-You see,

dit Cacambo à Candide, que cet hémisphère-ci ne vaut pas mieux que
said Cacambo to Candide, that this hemisphere is no better than

l'autre; croyez-moi, retournons en Europe par le plus court.-Comment
the other; believe me, let's go back to Europe by the shortest. -How

y retourner? dit Candide; et où aller? Si je vais dans mon pays, les
to go back there? said Candide; and where to go? If I go to my country, the

Bulgares et les Abares y égorgent tout; si je retourne en Portugal, j'y
Bulgarians and Abares slaughter everything there; if I go back to Portugal, I will

suis brûlé; si nous restons dans ce pays-ci, nous risquons à tout
am burnt; if we stay in this country we risk everything

moment d'être mis en broche. Mais comment se résoudre à quitter la
moment to be spit. But how do you bring yourself to leave the

partie du monde que Mlle Cunégonde habite?
part of the world that Miss Cunégonde lives in?

Tournons vers la Cayenne, dit Cacambo: nous y trouverons des
Let's turn to the Cayenne, says Cacambo: we will find

Français qui vont par tout le monde; ils pourront nous aider. Dieu
French people who go everywhere; they can help us. God

aura peut-être pitié de nous.»
may have pity on us. ”

Il n'était pas facile d'aller à la Cayenne: ils savaient bien à peu
It was not easy to go to Cayenne: they knew very well

près de quel côté il fallait marcher; mais des montagnes, des fleuves,
near which side to walk; but mountains, rivers,

des précipices, des brigands, des sauvages, étaient partout de terribles
precipices, brigands, savages, were everywhere terrible

obstacles. Leurs chevaux moururent de fatigue; leurs provisions furent
obstacles. Their horses died of fatigue; their provisions were

consumées; ils se nourrirent un mois entier de fruits sauvages, et se
consumed; they ate a whole month on wild fruits, and

trouvèrent enfin auprès d'une petite rivière bordée de cocotiers qui
finally found near a small river bordered by coconut palms which

soutinrent leur vie et leurs espérances.
sustained their lives and their hopes.

Cacambo, qui donnait toujours d'aussi bons conseils que la vieille,
Cacambo, who always gave as good advice as the old woman,

dit à Candide: «-Nous n'en pouvons plus; nous avons assez marché.
said to Candide: “We can't go on anymore; we have walked enough.

J'aperçois un canot vide sur le rivage; emplissons-le de cocos,
I see an empty canoe on the shore; let's fill it with coconuts,

jetons-nous dans cette petite barque, laissons-nous aller au courant:
let's throw ourselves in this little boat, let us go to the current:

une rivière mène toujours à quelque endroit habité. Si nous ne trouvons
a river always leads to some inhabited place. If we don't find

pas des choses agréables, nous trouverons du moins des choses
not nice things, at least we will find things

nouvelles.-Allons, dit Candide, recommandons-nous à la
news.-Come, said Candide, recommend us to the

Providence.»
Providence. ”

Ils voguèrent quelques lieues entre des bords, tantôt fleuris, tantôt
They sailed a few leagues between shores, sometimes flowery, sometimes

arides, tantôt unis, tantôt escarpés. La rivière s'élargissait toujours;
arid, sometimes united, sometimes steep. The river was still widening;

enfin elle se perdait sous une voûte de rochers épouvantables qui
finally she was lost under a vault of appalling rocks which

s'élevaient jusqu'au ciel. Les deux voyageurs eurent la hardiesse de
rose to the sky. The two travelers had the boldness to

s'abandonner aux flots sous cette voûte. Le fleuve resserré en cet
surrender to the waves under this vault. The river constricted in this

endroit les porta avec une rapidité et un bruit horrible. Au bout de
place carried them with horrible speed and noise. At the end of

vingt-quatre heures ils revirent le jour; mais leur canot se fracassa
twenty-four hours they were born again; but their canoe smashed

contre les écueils; il fallut se traîner de rocher en rocher pendant
against the pitfalls; we had to drag ourselves from rock to rock during

une lieue entière; enfin ils découvrirent un horizon immense bordé
a whole league; finally they discovered an immense horizon bordered

de montagnes inaccessibles. Le pays était cultivé pour le plaisir comme
inaccessible mountains. The country was cultivated for pleasure like

pour le besoin; partout l'utile était agréable: les chemins étaient
for the need; everywhere the useful was pleasant: the roads were

couverts ou plutôt ornés de voitures d'une forme et d'une matière
covered or rather adorned with cars of a shape and material

brillantes, portant des hommes et des femmes d'une beauté singulière,
shining, bearing men and women of singular beauty,

traînés rapidement par de gros moutons rouges qui surpassaient en
quickly dragged by large red sheep which surpassed in

vitesse les plus beaux chevaux d'Andalousie, de Tétuan et de Méquinez.
speed the most beautiful horses of Andalusia, Tétuan and Méquinez.

«-Voilà pourtant, dit Candide, un pays qui vaut mieux que la
"-And yet," said Candide, "a country which is better than

Westphalie.» Il mit pied à terre avec Cacambo auprès du premier village
Westphalia. " He dismounted with Cacambo near the first village

qu'il rencontra. Quelques enfants du village, couverts de brocarts d'or
that he encountered. Some village children, covered with gold brocades

tout déchirés, jouaient au palet à l'entrée du bourg; nos deux hommes
all torn, playing puck at the entrance to the village; our two men

de l'autre monde s'amusèrent à les regarder: leurs palets étaient
from the other world amused themselves watching them: their pucks were

d'assez larges pièces rondes, jaunes, rouges, vertes, qui jetaient
rather large round pieces, yellow, red, green, which threw

un éclat singulier. Il prit envie aux voyageurs d'en ramasser
a singular brilliance. He wanted the travelers to pick it up

quelques-unes; c'était de l'or, c'étaient des émeraudes, des rubis, dont
some; it was gold, it was emeralds, rubies, of which

le moindre aurait été le plus grand ornement du trône du Mogol.
the least would have been the greatest ornament of the Mogul throne.

«-Sans doute, dit Cacambo, ces enfants sont les fils du roi du
'Without doubt,' said Cacambo, 'these children are the sons of the king of

pays qui jouent au petit palet.» Le magister du village parut dans
countries that play puck. " The village magister appeared in

ce moment pour les faire rentrer à l'école. «-Voilà, dit Candide,
this time to get them back to school. "-Here," said Candide,

le précepteur de la famille royale.»
the tutor of the royal family. "

Les petits gueux quittèrent aussitôt le jeu, en laissant à terre
The little beggars immediately left the game, leaving on the ground

leurs palets et tout ce qui avait servi à leurs divertissements. Candide
their pucks and all that had been used for their entertainment. Candid

les ramasse, court au précepteur et les lui présente humblement, lui
picks them up, runs to the tutor and humbly presents them to him,

faisant entendre par signes que leurs altesses royales avaient oublié
making it understood by signs that their royal highnesses had forgotten

leur or et leurs pierreries. Le magister du village, en souriant, les
their gold and precious stones. The village magister, smiling,

jeta par terre, regarda un moment la figure de Candide avec beaucoup
threw himself on the ground, looked for a moment at Candide's face with much

de surprise, et continua son chemin.
of surprise, and continued on his way.

Les voyageurs ne manquèrent pas de ramasser l'or, les rubis et les
The travelers did not fail to collect gold, rubies and

émeraudes. «-Où sommes-nous? s'écria Candide. Il faut que les
emeralds. "-Where are we? cried Candide. It is necessary that the

enfants des rois de ce pays soient bien élevés, puisqu'on leur apprend
children of the kings of this country are well brought up, since they are taught

à mépriser l'or et les pierreries.» Cacambo était aussi surpris que
to despise gold and precious stones. " Cacambo was as surprised as

Candide. Ils approchèrent enfin de la première maison du village; elle
Candid. They finally approached the first house in the village; she

était bâtie comme un palais d'Europe. Une foule de monde s'empressait
was built like a European palace. A crowd of people hurried

à la porte, et encore plus dans le logis; une musique très agréable se
at the door, and even more in the house; very pleasant music is

faisait entendre, et une odeur délicieuse de cuisine se faisait sentir.
was heard, and a delicious smell of cooking was felt.

Cacambo s'approcha de la porte et entendit qu'on parlait péruvien;
Cacambo approached the door and heard that they were speaking Peruvian;

c'était sa langue maternelle, car tout le monde sait que Cacambo était
it was his mother tongue, because everyone knows that Cacambo was

né au Tucuman, dans un village où l'on ne connaissait que cette langue.
born in Tucuman, in a village where we only knew this language.

«-Je vous servirai d'interprète, dit-il à Candide; entrons, c'est
"'I will serve as your interpreter,' he said to Candide; come in, it's

ici un cabaret.»
here a cabaret. "

Aussitôt deux garçons et deux filles de l'hôtellerie, vêtus de drap
Immediately two boys and two girls from the hotel, dressed in sheets

d'or, et les cheveux renoués avec des rubans, les invitent à se mettre
gold, and the hair tied with ribbons, invite them to put on

à la table de l'hôte. On servit quatre potages garnis chacun de deux
at the host's table. Four soups were served, each garnished with two

perroquets, un contour bouilli qui pesait deux cents livres, deux
parrots, a boiled outline that weighed two hundred pounds, two

singes rôtis d'un goût excellent, trois cents colibris dans un plat, et
roast monkeys of excellent taste, three hundred hummingbirds in a dish, and

six cents oiseaux-mouches dans un autre; des ragoûts exquis, des
six hundred hummingbirds in another; exquisite stews,

pâtisseries délicieuses, le tout dans des plats d'une espèce de cristal
delicious pastries, all in dishes of a kind of crystal

de roche. Les garçons et les filles de l'hôtellerie versaient plusieurs
Rock. The boys and girls of the hotel industry paid several

liqueurs faites de canne de sucre.
liqueurs made from sugar cane.

Les convives étaient pour la plupart des marchands et des voituriers,
The guests were mostly merchants and valets,

tous d'une politesse extrême, qui firent quelques questions à Cacambo
all extremely polite, who asked Cacambo a few questions

avec la discrétion la plus circonspecte, et qui répondirent aux siennes
with the most circumspect discretion, and who responded to his

d'une manière à le satisfaire.
in a way to satisfy him.

Quand le repas fut fini, Cacambo crut, ainsi que Candide, bien payer
When the meal was over, Cacambo believed, like Candide, to pay well.

son écot en jetant sur la table de l'hôte deux de ces larges pièces d'or
his ecot by throwing on the table of the host two of these large gold coins

qu'il avait ramassées; l'hôte et l'hôtesse éclatèrent de rire et se
that he had picked up; the host and the hostess burst out laughing and

tinrent longtemps les côtés. Enfin ils se remirent. «-Messieurs,
held the sides for a long time. Finally they recovered. "- Gentlemen,

dit l'hôte, nous voyons bien que vous êtes des étrangers; nous ne
said the host, we can see that you are strangers; we don't

sommes pas accoutumés à en voir. Pardonnez-nous si nous nous sommes
are not used to seeing them. Forgive us if we are

mis à rire quand vous nous avez offert en paiement les cailloux de nos
laughed when you offered us in payment the stones of our

grands chemins. Vous n'avez pas sans doute de la monnaie du pays, mais
great paths. You probably don't have any local currency, but

il n'est pas nécessaire d'en avoir pour dîner ici. Toutes les hôtelleries
it is not necessary to have it for dinner here. All hostels

établies pour la commodité du commerce sont payées par le gouvernement.
established for the convenience of commerce are paid for by the government.

Vous avez fait mauvaise chère ici, parce que c'est un pauvre village;
You had a bad meal here, because it is a poor village;

mais partout ailleurs vous serez reçus comme vous méritez de l'être.»
but everywhere else you will be received as you deserve to be. ”

Cacambo expliquait à Candide tous les discours de l'hôte, et Candide
Cacambo was explaining all the host's speeches to Candide, and Candide

les écoutait avec la même admiration et le même égarement que son
listened to them with the same admiration and the same bewilderment as his

ami Cacambo les rendait. «-Quel est donc ce pays, disaient-ils
friend Cacambo returned them. "So what is this country," they said

l'un et l'autre, inconnu à tout le reste de la Terre, et où toute la
both, unknown to all the rest of the Earth, and where all

nature est d'une espèce si différente de la nôtre? C'est probablement
nature is of such a different species from ours? It probably is

le pays où tout va bien; car il faut absolument qu'il y en ait un de
the country where all is well; because it is absolutely necessary that there is one of

cette espèce. Et quoi qu'en dit maître Pangloss, je me suis souvent
this species. And whatever Master Pangloss says, I have often

aperçu que tout allait assez mal en Westphalie.
noticed that everything was going badly in Westphalia.

XVIII. CE QU’ILS VIRENT DANS LE PAYS D'ELDORADO.
XVIII. WHAT THEY ARE GOING ON IN THE COUNTRY OF ELDORADO.

Cacambo témoigna à son hôte toute sa curiosité; l'hôte lui dit:
Cacambo showed his host all his curiosity; the host says to him:

«-Je suis fort ignorant, et je m'en trouve bien; mais nous avons
“-I am very ignorant, and I feel good about it; but we have

ici un vieillard retiré de la cour, qui est le plus savant homme du
here an old man retired from the court, who is the most learned man of

royaume, et le plus communicatif.» Aussitôt il mène Cacambo chez le
kingdom, and the most communicative. " He immediately leads Cacambo to the

vieillard. Candide ne jouait plus que le second personnage et
old man. Candide only played the second character and

accompagnait son valet. Ils entrèrent dans une maison fort simple, car
accompanied his valet. They entered a very simple house, for

la porte n'était que d'argent, et les lambris des appartements n'étaient
the door was only silver, and the paneling of the apartments was

que d'or, mais travaillés avec tant de goût, que les plus riches lambris
than gold, but worked with so much taste, that the richest paneling

ne l'effaçaient pas. L'antichambre n'était à la vérité incrustée que de
did not erase it. The anteroom was in fact only encrusted with

rubis et d'émeraudes; mais l'ordre dans lequel tout était arrangé
rubies and emeralds; but the order in which everything was arranged

réparait bien celle extrême simplicité.
this extreme simplicity was well repaired.

Le vieillard reçut les deux étrangers sur un sofa matelassé de plumes
The old man received the two strangers on a sofa quilted with feathers

de colibri, et leur lit présenter des liqueurs dans des vases de
hummingbirds, and their beds present liquors in vases of

diamant, après quoi il satisfit à leur curiosité en ces termes:
diamond, after which he satisfied their curiosity in these terms:

«-Je suis âgé de cent soixante et douze ans, et j'ai appris de
"-I'm one hundred and seventy-two years old, and I have learned from

feu mon père, écuyer du roi, les étonnantes révolutions du Pérou dont
my late father, the king's squire, the astonishing revolutions in Peru

il avait été témoin. Le royaume où nous sommes est l'ancienne patrie
he had been a witness. The kingdom we are in is the old homeland

des Incas, qui en sortirent très imprudemment pour aller subjuguer une
of the Incas, who left it very imprudently to go and subjugate a

partie du monde, et qui furent enfin détruits par les Espagnols.
part of the world, and which were finally destroyed by the Spaniards.

«Les princes de leur famille qui restèrent dans leur pays natal
"The princes of their families who remained in their native land

furent plus sages; ils ordonnèrent, du consentement de la nation,
were wiser; they ordered, with the consent of the nation,

qu'aucun habitant ne sortirait jamais de notre petit royaume; et c'est
that no inhabitant would ever leave our little kingdom; and it's

ce qui nous a conservé notre innocence et notre félicité. Les Espagnols
which has preserved our innocence and our happiness. The Spaniards

ont eu une connaissance confuse de ce pays; ils l'ont appelé El Dorado;
have had a confused knowledge of this country; they called it El Dorado;

et un Anglais, nommé le chevalier Raleig, en a même approché il y a
and an Englishman, named Knight Raleig, even approached it there

environ cent années; mais comme nous sommes entourés de rochers
about a hundred years; but as we are surrounded by rocks

inabordables et de précipices, nous avons toujours été jusqu'à présent
unaffordable and precipices, we have always been until now

à l'abri de la rapacité des nations de l'Europe, qui ont une fureur
safe from the rapacity of the nations of Europe, who have a fury

inconcevable pour les cailloux et pour la fange de notre terre, et qui,
inconceivable for the pebbles and for the mire of our earth, and who,

pour en avoir, nous tueraient tous jusqu'au dernier.»
to have it, we would all kill to the last. "

La conversation fut longue; elle roula sur la forme du gouvernement,
The conversation was long; she rolled over the form of government,

sur les mœurs, sur les femmes, sur les spectacles publics, sur les arts.
on manners, on women, on public performances, on the arts.

Enfin Candide, qui avait toujours du goût pour la métaphysique, fit
Finally Candide, who always had a taste for metaphysics, made

demander par Cacambo si dans le pays il y avait une religion.
ask by Cacambo if there was a religion in the country.

Le vieillard rougit un peu. «-Comment donc! dit-il; en
The old man blushed a little. "-How then! he said; in

pouvez-vous douter? Est-ce que vous nous prenez pour des ingrats?»
can you doubt? Do you take us for ungrateful people? ”

Cacambo demanda humblement quelle était la religion d'Eldorado. Le
Cacambo humbly asked what Eldorado's religion was. The

vieillard rougit encore: «-Est-ce qu'il peut y avoir deux
old man blushes again: "-Can there be two

religions? dit-il. Nous avons, je crois, la religion de tout le monde;
religions? he said. We have, I believe, everyone's religion;

nous adorons Dieu du soir jusqu'au matin.-N'adorez-vous qu'un
we worship God from evening until morning. -Do you worship only one

seul Dieu? dit Cacambo, qui servait toujours d'interprète aux doutes
only God? said Cacambo, who always served as an interpreter for doubts

de Candide.-Apparemment, dit le vieillard, qu'il n'y en a ni
of Candide Apparently, said the old man, there is none.

deux, ni trois, ni quatre. Je vous avoue que les gens de votre monde
two, not three, not four. I confess that the people of your world

font des questions bien singulières.» Candide ne se lassa pas de faire
ask very singular questions. ” Candide did not tire of doing

interroger ce bon vieillard; il voulut savoir comment on priait Dieu
to question this good old man; he wanted to know how we prayed to God

dans l'Eldorado. «-Nous ne le prions point, dit le bon et
in Eldorado. "-We don't pray to him," said the good man and

respectable sage; nous n'avons rien à lui demander: il nous a donné
respectable wise; we have nothing to ask him: he gave us

tout ce qu'il nous faut; nous le remercions sans cesse.» Candide eut la
all we need; we thank him constantly. ” Candide had the

curiosité de voir des prêtres; il lit demander où ils étaient. Le bon
curiosity to see priests; he reads asking where they were. Good

vieillard sourit. «-Mes amis, dit-il, nous sommes tous prêtres;
old man smiles. “-My friends,” he said, “we are all priests;

le roi et tous les chefs de famille chantent des cantiques d'actions de
the king and all the heads of families sing hymns of

grâces solennellement tous les matins, et cinq ou six mille musiciens
graces solemnly every morning, and five or six thousand musicians

les accompagnent.-Quoi! vous n'avez point de moines qui
accompany them. you have no monks who

enseignent, qui disputent, qui gouvernent, qui cabalent, et qui font
teach, who dispute, who govern, who cabal, and who do

brûler les gens qui ne sont pas de leur avis?-Il faudrait que
burn people who do not agree with them?

nous fussions fous, dit le vieillard; nous sommes tous ici du même
we were mad, said the old man; we are all here the same

avis, et nous n'entendons pas ce que vous voulez dire avec vos moines.»
notice, and we don't hear what you mean with your monks. "

Candide à tous ces discours demeurait en extase et disait en lui-même:
Candide at all these speeches remained in ecstasy and said to himself:

«-Ceci est bien différent de la Westphalie et du château de M.
"-This is very different from Westphalia and Mr.

le baron: si notre ami Pangloss avait vu l'Eldorado, il n'aurait plus
the baron: if our friend Pangloss had seen El Dorado, he would no longer have

dit que le château de Thunder-ten-tronckh était ce qu'il y avait
said thunder-ten-tronckh castle was what there was

de mieux sur la terre; il est certain qu'il faut voyager.»
better on earth; it is certain that one must travel. "

Après cette longue conversation, le bon vieillard fit atteler un
After this long conversation, the good old man had a

carrosse à six moutons, et donna douze de ses domestiques aux deux
six-sheep carriage, and gave twelve of his servants to the two

voyageurs pour les conduire à la cour. «-Excusez-moi, leur
travelers to take them to court. "-Excuse me, their

dit-il, si mon âge me prive de l'honneur de vous accompagner. Le roi
he said, if my age deprives me of the honor of accompanying you. The king

vous recevra d'une manière dont vous ne serez pas mécontents, et vous
will receive you in a way that you will not be unhappy, and you

pardonnerez sans doute aux usages du pays, s'il yen a quelques-uns
will undoubtedly forgive the customs of the country, if there are some

qui vous déplaisent.»
that displease you. "

Candide et Cacambo montent en carrosse; les six moutons volaient,
Candide and Cacambo get into the coach; the six sheep were flying,

et en moins de quatre heures on arriva au palais du roi, situé à un bout
and in less than four hours we arrived at the king's palace, located at one end

de la capitale. Le portail était de deux cent vingt pieds de haut et de
from the capital. The gate was two hundred and twenty feet high and

cent de large; il est impossible d'exprimer quelle en était la matière.
one hundred wide; it is impossible to express what the matter was.

On voit assez quelle supériorité prodigieuse elle devait avoir sur ces
It is easy to see what a prodigious superiority it must have had over these

cailloux et sur ce sable que nous nommons or et pierreries.
pebbles and on this sand which we call gold and precious stones.

Vingt belles filles de la garde reçurent Candide et Cacambo à la
Twenty beautiful girls from the guard received Candide and Cacambo at the

descente du carrosse, les conduisirent aux bains, les vêtirent de robes
getting off the coach, took them to the baths, dressed them in robes

d'un tissu de duvet de colibri, après quoi les grands officiers et les
of a hummingbird down cloth, after which the great officers and

grandes officières de la couronne les menèrent à l'appartement de sa
senior officers of the crown led them to her

majesté au milieu de deux files chacune de mille musiciens, selon
majesty in the midst of two lines each of a thousand musicians, according to

l'usage ordinaire. Quand ils approchèrent de la salle du trône, Cacambo
ordinary use. When they approached the throne room, Cacambo

demanda à un grand officier comment il fallait s'y prendre pour saluer
asked a great officer how to go about saluting

sa majesté: si on se jetait à genoux ou ventre à terre; si on se mettait
his majesty: if we threw ourselves on our knees or belly down; if we put ourselves

les mains sur la tête ou sur le derrière; si on léchait la poussière de
hands on head or behind; if we lick the dust of

la salle, en un mot qu'elle était la cérémonie. «-L'usage, dit le
the hall, in short it was the ceremony. "-The custom, says the

grand officier, est d'embrasser le roi et de le baiser des deux côtés.»
grand officer, is to kiss the king and kiss him from both sides. "

Candide et Cacambo sautèrent au cou de sa majesté, qui les reçut avec
Candide and Cacambo jumped to the neck of his majesty, who received them with

toute la grâce imaginable, et qui les pria poliment à souper.
all the grace imaginable, and who politely asked them to supper.

En attendant, on leur fit voir la ville, les édifices publics élevés
In the meantime, they were shown the city, the high public buildings

jusqu'aux nues, les marchés ornés de mille colonnes, les fontaines
to the clouds, the markets adorned with a thousand columns, the fountains

d'eau pure, les fontaines d'eau rose, celles de liqueurs de canne de
of pure water, the fountains of pink water, those of cane liqueurs

sucre qui coulaient continuellement dans de grandes places pavées
sugar flowing continuously in large cobbled squares

d'une espèce de pierreries qui répandaient une odeur semblable à
of a kind of precious stones which gave off an odor similar to

celle du girofle et de la cannelle. Candide demanda à voir la cour de
that of cloves and cinnamon. Candide asked to see the court of

justice, le parlement; on lui dit qu'il n'y en avait point, et qu'on ne
justice, parliament; he was told that there were none, and that

plaidait jamais. Il s'informa s'il y avait des prisons, et on lui dit
never pleaded. He inquired if there were any prisons, and we told him

que non. Ce qui le surprit davantage, et qui lui fit le plus de plaisir,
that no. What surprised him more, and which gave him the most pleasure,

ce fut le palais des sciences, dans lequel il vit une galerie de deux
it was the palace of sciences, in which he saw a gallery of two

mille pas, toute pleine d'expériences de physique.
thousand steps, full of physics experiments.

Après avoir parcouru toute l'après-dînée à peu près la millième
After having walked all the afternoon about the thousandth

partie de la ville, on les ramena chez le roi. Candide se mit à table
left the city, they were brought back to the king. Candide sat down to table

entre sa majesté, son valet Cacambo et plusieurs dames. Jamais on ne
between his majesty, his valet Cacambo and several ladies. We never

fit meilleure chère, et jamais on n'eut plus d'esprit à souper qu'en eut
had better food, and we never had more spirit at supper than at

sa majesté. Cacambo expliquait les bons mots du roi à Candide, et
His Majesty. Cacambo explained the king's witticisms to Candide, and

quoique traduits, ils paraissaient toujours des bons mots. De tout ce
although translated, they still sounded like good words. Of everything

qui étonnait Candide, ce n'était pas ce qui l'étonna le moins.
which astonished Candide, that was not what astonished him the least.

Ils passèrent un mois dans cet hospice. Candide ne cessait de dire à
They spent a month in this hospice. Candide kept saying to

Cacambo: «-Il est vrai, mon ami, encore une fois, que le château
Cacambo: "-It is true, my friend, once again, that the castle

où je suis né ne vaut pas le pays où nous sommes: mais enfin Mlle
where I was born is not worth the country where we are: but finally Miss

Cunégonde n'y est pas, et vous avez sans doute quelque maîtresse en
Cunégonde is not there, and you probably have some mistress

Europe. Si nous restons ici, nous n'y serons que comme les autres,
Europe. If we stay here, we'll only be like the others,

au lieu que si nous retournons dans notre monde, seulement avec douze
instead if we go back to our world, only with twelve

moutons chargés de cailloux d'Eldorado, nous serons plus riches que
sheep laden with stones from Eldorado, we will be richer than

tous les rois ensemble, nous n'aurons plus d'inquisiteurs à craindre,
all kings together, we will no longer have inquisitors to fear,

et nous pourrons aisément reprendre Mlle Cunégonde.» Ce discours plut à
and we can easily take Miss Cunégonde back. " This speech pleased

Cacambo; on aime tant à courir, à se faire valoir chez les siens, à
Cacambo; we love so much to run, to show off with our family, to

faire parade de ce qu'on a vu dans ses voyages, que les deux heureux
show off what we have seen in his travels, that the two happy

résolurent de ne plus l'être, et de demander leur congé à sa majesté.
resolved not to be any longer, and to ask his majesty for their leave.

«-Vous faites une sottise, leur dit le roi: je sais bien que
"-You are doing something stupid," said the king to them: "I know very well that

mon pays est peu de chose; mais quand on est passablement quelque
my country is little; but when we are quite some

part, il faut y rester. Je n'ai pas assurément le droit de retenir des
apart, you have to stay there. I certainly do not have the right to withhold

étrangers: c'est une tyrannie qui n'est ni dans nos mœurs, ni dans nos
foreigners: it is a tyranny which is neither in our customs nor in our

lois; tous les hommes sont libres. Partez quand vous voudrez; mais la
laws; all men are free. Leave when you want; but the

sortie est bien difficile. Il est impossible de remonter la rivière
exit is very difficult. It's impossible to go up the river

rapide sur laquelle vous êtes arrivés par miracle, et qui court sous
fast on which you arrived by miracle, and which runs under

des voûtes de rochers. Les montagnes qui entourent tout mon royaume
arches of rocks. The mountains that surround my whole kingdom

ont dix mille pieds de hauteur, et sont droites comme des murailles.
are ten thousand feet high, and are straight as walls.

Elles occupent chacune en largeur un espace de plus de dix lieues; on
They each occupy a space of more than ten leagues in width; we

ne peut en descendre que par des précipices. Cependant, puisque vous
can only descend from it by precipices. However, since you

voulez absolument partir, je vais donner ordre aux intendants des
absolutely want to leave, I am going to order the stewards of the

machines d'en faire une qui puisse vous transporter commodément.
machines to make one that can transport you conveniently.

Quand on vous aura conduits au revers des montagnes, personne ne
When you have been taken to the back of the mountains, no one

pourra vous accompagner, car mes sujets ont fait vœu de ne jamais
can accompany you, because my subjects have vowed never to

sortir de leur enceinte, et ils sont trop sages pour rompre leur vœu.
come out of their enclosure, and they are too wise to break their vow.

Demandez-moi d'ailleurs tout ce qu'il vous plaira.-Nous ne
Besides, ask me whatever you like.

demandons à votre majesté, dit Cacambo, que quelques moutons chargés
ask your majesty, said Cacambo, that a few sheep loaded

de vivres, de cailloux et de boue du pays.»-Le roi rit: «-Je
food, stones and mud from the country. "- The king laughed:" - I

ne conçois pas, dit-il, quel goût vos gens d'Europe ont pour notre boue
do not imagine, he said, what taste your people of Europe have for our mud

jaune; mais emportez-en tant que vous voudrez, et grand bien vous
yellow; but take as many as you want, and great you

fasse!»
do! ”

Il donna l'ordre sur-le-champ à ses ingénieurs de faire une machine
He immediately ordered his engineers to make a machine

pour guinder ces deux hommes extraordinaires hors du royaume. Trois
to guide these two extraordinary men out of the kingdom. Three

mille bons physiciens y travaillèrent: elle fut prête au bout de quinze
a thousand good physicists worked on it: it was ready after fifteen

jours, et ne coûta pas plus de vingt millions de livres sterling, monnaie
days, and cost no more than twenty million pounds sterling, change

du pays. On mit sur la machine Candide et Cacambo; il y avait deux
from the country. Candide and Cacambo were put on the machine; there were two

grands moutons rouges sellés et bridés pour leur servir de montures
large red sheep saddled and bridled to serve as mounts

quand ils auraient franchi les montagnes, vingt moutons de bât chargés
when they had crossed the mountains, twenty pack sheep loaded

de vivres, trente qui portaient des présents de ce que le pays a de plus
food, thirty who carried presents of what the country has more

curieux, et cinquante chargés d'or, de pierreries et de diamants. Le
curious, and fifty laden with gold, precious stones and diamonds. The

roi embrassa tendrement les deux vagabonds.
king tenderly embraced the two vagabonds.

Ce fut un beau spectacle que leur départ et la manière ingénieuse
It was a beautiful spectacle that their departure and the ingenious way

dont ils furent hissés, eux et leurs moutons, au haut des montagnes.
which they and their sheep were lifted up into the mountains.

Les physiciens prirent congé d'eux après les avoir mis en sûreté, et
The physicists took leave of them after putting them to safety, and

Candide n'eut plus d'autre désir et d'autre objet que d'aller présenter
Candide had no other desire and no other object than to present

ses moutons à Mlle Cunégonde. «-Nous avons, dit-il, de quoi
his sheep to Mlle Cunégonde. "-We have," he said, "what

payer le gouverneur de Buenos-Ayres, si Mlle Cunégonde peut être mise
pay the governor of Buenos-Ayres, if Mlle Cunégonde can be

à prix. Marchons vers la Cayenne; embarquons-nous, et nous verrons
at a price. Let's walk towards the Cayenne; let's embark, and we'll see

ensuite quel royaume nous pourrons acheter.
then which kingdom we can buy.

XIX. CE QUI LEUR ARRIVA À SURINAM, ET COMMENT CANDIDE FIT CONNAISSANCE
XIX. WHAT HAPPENED TO THEM IN SURINAM, AND HOW CANDIDE GOT TO KNOW

AVEC MARTIN.
WITH MARTIN.

La première journée de nos deux voyageurs fut assez agréable. Ils
The first day of our two travelers was quite pleasant. They

étaient encouragés par l'idée de se voir possesseurs de plus de trésors
were encouraged by the idea of ​​being in possession of more treasures

que l'Asie, l'Europe et l'Afrique n'en pouvaient rassembler. Candide
that Asia, Europe and Africa could not bring together. Candid

transporté écrivit le nom de Cunégonde sur les arbres. À la seconde
transported wrote the name of Cunegonde on the trees. Per second

journée, deux de leurs moutons s'enfoncèrent dans des marais et y
day, two of their sheep sank into swamps and

furent abîmés avec leurs charges; deux autres moutons moururent de
were damaged with their loads; two other sheep died of

fatigue quelques jours après; sept ou huit périrent ensuite de faim
fatigue a few days later; seven or eight then died of hunger

dans un désert; d'autres tombèrent au bout de quelques jours dans des
in a desert; others fell after a few days in

précipices. Enfin, après cent jours de marche, il ne leur resta que deux
precipices. Finally, after a hundred days of walking, they only had two

moutons. Candide dit à Cacambo: «-Mon ami, vous voyez comme les
sheep. Candide said to Cacambo: "-My friend, you see how the

richesses de ce monde sont périssables; il n'y a rien de solide que la
riches of this world are perishable; there is nothing solid that the

vertu et le bonheur de revoir Mlle Cunégonde.-Je l'avoue, dit
virtue and the happiness of seeing Mlle Cunégonde again.

Cacambo: mais il nous reste encore deux moutons avec plus de trésors
Cacambo: but we still have two sheep with more treasures

que n'en aura jamais le roi d'Espagne, et je vois de loin une ville que
than the King of Spain will ever have, and I see from afar a city that

je soupçonne être Surinam, appartenant aux Hollandais. Nous sommes au
I suspect to be Surinam, belonging to the Dutch. We are at

bout de nos peines et au commencement de notre félicité.»
the end of our sorrows and the beginning of our happiness. "

En approchant de la ville, ils rencontrèrent un nègre étendu par
As they approached the city, they encountered a negro stretched out by

terre, n'ayant plus que la moitié de son habit, c'est-à-dire d'un
earth, having only half of its habit, that is to say

caleçon de toile bleue; il manquait à ce pauvre homme la jambe gauche
blue canvas boxer shorts; this poor man was missing his left leg

et la main droite.
and the right hand.

«-Eh! mon Dieu! lui dit Candide en hollandais, que fais-tu là,
"Hey! my God! said Candide to him in Dutch, what are you doing there,

mon ami, dans l'état horrible où je te vois?-J'attends mon maître,
my friend, in the horrible state I see you in? -I'm waiting for my master,

M. Vanderdendur, le fameux négociant, répondit le nègre.-Est-ce
Mr. Vanderdendur, the famous merchant, replied the negro.

M. Vanderdendur, dit Candide, qui t'a traité ainsi?-Oui, monsieur,
M. Vanderdendur, said Candide, who treated you thus? -Yes, sir,

dit le nègre, c'est l'usage. On nous donne un caleçon de toile pour tout
said the negro, that's the custom. We are given canvas underpants for everything

vêtement, deux fois l'année. Quand nous travaillons aux sucreries et
clothing, twice a year. When we work in sweets and

que la meule nous attrape le doigt, on nous coupe la main; quand nous
let the grindstone catch our finger, we will have our hands cut off; when we

voulons nous enfuir, on nous coupe la jambe: je me suis trouvé dans
want to run away, our leg is cut off: I found myself in

les deux cas. C'est à ce prix que vous mangez du sucre en Europe.
both cases. This is the price you eat sugar at in Europe.

Cependant, lorsque ma mère me vendit dix écus patagons sur la côte de
However, when my mother sold me ten Patagonian crowns on the coast of

Guinée, elle me disait: «Mon cher enfant, bénis nos fétiches, adore-les
Guinea, she said to me: "My dear child, bless our fetishes, adore them

toujours; ils te feront vivre heureux; tu as l'honneur d'être esclave
always; they will make you live happy; you have the honor of being a slave

de nos seigneurs les blancs, et tu fais par là la fortune de ton père
of our lords the whites, and you make your father's fortune

et de ta mère,» Hélas! je ne sais pas si j'ai fait leur fortune, mais
and your mother, ”Alas! I don't know if I made their fortune, but

ils n'ont pas fait la mienne. Les chiens, les singes et les perroquets
they didn't make mine. Dogs, monkeys and parrots

sont mille fois moins malheureux que nous. Les fétiches hollandais qui
are a thousand times less unhappy than us. Dutch fetishes who

m'ont converti me disent tous les dimanches que nous sommes tous
have converted tell me every sunday that we are all

enfants d'Adam, blancs et noirs. Je ne suis pas généalogiste; mais si
children of Adam, white and black. I am not a genealogist; but if

ces prêcheurs disent vrai, nous sommes tous cousins issus de germain.
these preachers are telling the truth, we are all first cousins.

Or, vous m'avouerez qu'on ne peut pas en user avec ses parents
However, you will admit to me that one cannot use it with his parents

d'une manière plus horrible.
in a more horrific way.

-Ô Pangloss! s'écria Candide, tu n'avais pas deviné cette
-O Pangloss! cried Candide, you hadn't guessed this

abomination; c'en est fait, il faudra qu'à la fin je renonce à ton
abomination; it's done, in the end I will have to give up your

optimisme.-Qu'est-ce que optimisme? disait Cacambo.-Hélas!
optimism.-What is optimism? said Cacambo. Alas!

dit Candide, c'est la rage de soutenir que tout est bien quand on est
said Candide, it's the rage to maintain that all is well when we are

mal.» Et il versait des larmes en regardant son nègre, et en pleurant
wrong." And he was shedding tears looking at his nigga, and crying

il entra dans Surinam.
he entered Suriname.

La première chose dont ils s'informent, c'est s'il n'y a point au
The first thing they inquire about is if there is no

port quelque vaisseau qu'on put envoyer à Buenos-Ayres. Celui à qui
port some vessel which could be sent to Buenos-Ayres. The one to whom

ils s'adressèrent était justement un patron espagnol qui s'offrit à
they addressed was precisely a Spanish boss who offered to

faire avec eux un marché honnête. Il leur donna rendez-vous dans un
make an honest deal with them. He arranged to meet them in a

cabaret. Candide et le fidèle Cacambo allèrent l'y attendre avec leurs
cabaret. Candide and the faithful Cacambo went there to wait for him with their

deux moutons.
two sheep.

Candide, qui avait le cœur sur les lèvres, conta à Espagnol toutes
Candide, who had his heart on his lips, told Spanish all

ses aventures et lui avoua qu'il voulait enlever Mlle Cunégonde.
his adventures and confessed to him that he wanted to kidnap Mlle Cunégonde.

«-Je me garderai bien de vous passer à Buenos-Ayres, dit le
"-I will take care not to pass you to Buenos-Ayres," said the

patron: je serais pendu, et vous aussi; la belle Cunégonde est la
boss: I would be hanged, and you too; the beautiful Cunégonde is the

maîtresse favorite de Monseigneur. Ce fut un coup de foudre pour
Monseigneur's favorite mistress. It was love at first sight for

Candide; il pleura longtemps: enfin il tira à part Cacambo.-Voici,
Candid; he wept for a long time: at last he pulled Cacambo aside.

mon cher ami, lui dit-il, ce qu'il faut que tu fasses. Nous avons
my dear friend, he told him, what you must do. We have

chacun dans nos poches pour cinq ou six millions de diamants. Tu es
each in our pockets for five or six million diamonds. You are

plus habile que moi: va prendre Mlle Cunégonde à Buenos-Ayres. Si
smarter than me: go and pick up Mlle Cunégonde in Buenos-Ayres. Yes

le gouverneur fait quelques difficultés, donne-lui un million; s'il ne
the governor is making some difficulty, give him a million; if he doesn't

se rend pas, donne-lui-en deux. Tu n'as point tué d'inquisiteur; on
don't surrender, give him two. You did not kill an inquisitor; we

ne se défiera point de toi. J'équiperai un autre vaisseau, j'irai
will not distrust you. I will equip another ship, I will go

l'attendre à Venise: c'est un pays libre où l'on n'a rien à craindre
wait for him in Venice: it is a free country where we have nothing to fear

ni des Bulgares, ni des Abares, ni des juifs, ni des inquisiteurs.»
neither Bulgarians, Abares, Jews, nor Inquisitors. "

Cacambo applaudit à celle sage résolution. Il était au désespoir de se
Cacambo applauds this wise resolution. He was in despair to get

séparer d'un bon maître devenu son ami intime; mais le plaisir de lui
to separate from a good master who has become his close friend; but the pleasure of him

être utile l'emporta sur la douleur de le quitter. Ils s'embrassèrent
being of service outweighed the pain of leaving him. They kissed

en versant des larmes: Candide lui recommanda de ne point oublier la
shedding tears: Candide told him not to forget the

bonne vieille. Cacambo partit dès le jour même: c'était un très bon
good old lady. Cacambo left the same day: it was a very good

homme que ce Cacambo.
man than this Cacambo.

Candide resta encore quelque temps à Surinam, et attendit qu'un
Candide remained some time in Surinam, and waited for a

autre patron voulût le mener en Italie, lui et les deux moutons qui
another boss wanted to take him to Italy, he and the two sheep

lui restaient. Il prit des domestiques et acheta tout ce qui lui était
remained to him. He took servants and bought everything he owned

nécessaire pour un long voyage; enfin M. Vanderdendur, maître d'un
necessary for a long trip; finally M. Vanderdendur, master of a

gros vaisseau, vint se présenter à lui. «-Combien voulez-vous,
large vessel, came to present itself to him. "-How many do you want,

demanda-t-il à cet homme, pour me mener en droiture à Venise, moi,
he asked this man, to lead me uprightly to Venice, me,

mes gens, mon bagage et les deux moutons que voilà?» Le patron
my people, my luggage and the two sheep here? " The boss

s'accorda à dix mille piastres: Candide n'hésita pas.
agreed to ten thousand piastres: Candide did not hesitate.

«-Oh! oh! dit à part soi le prudent Vanderdendur, cet étranger
"-Oh! Oh! said to himself the prudent Vanderdendur, this foreigner

donne dix mille piastres tout d'un coup! il faut qu'il soit bien riche.
give ten thousand dollars all of a sudden! he must be very rich.

Puis, revenant un moment après, il signifia qu'il ne pouvait partir à
Then, returning a moment later, he signified that he could not leave

moins de vingt mille.-Eh bien! vous les aurez, dit Candide.
less than twenty thousand.-Well! you will have them, said Candide.

-Ouais, se dit tout bas le marchand, cet homme donne vingt
-Yeah, the merchant whispered to himself, this man gives twenty

mille piastres aussi aisément que dix mille. Il revint encore et dit
a thousand piastres as easily as ten thousand. He came back again and said

qu'il ne pouvait le conduire à Venise à moins de trente mille
that he could not take him to Venice less than thirty thousand

piastres.-Vous en aurez donc trente mille, répondit Candide.
Piastres.You will have thirty thousand, then, replied Candide.

-Oh! oh! se dit encore le marchand hollandais, trente mille
-Oh! Oh! said the Dutch merchant to himself, thirty thousand

piastres ne coûtent rien à cet homme-ci; sans doute les deux moutons
piastres cost this man nothing; probably the two sheep

portent des trésors immenses; n'insistons pas davantage: faisons-nous
carry immense treasures; do not insist further: do we

d'abord payer les trente mille piastres, et puis nous verrons.» Candide
first pay the thirty thousand piastres, and then we'll see. " Candid

vendit deux petits diamants, dont le moindre valait plus que tout
sold two small diamonds, the lesser of which was worth more than anything

l'argent que demandait le patron. Il le paya d'avance.
the money the boss asked for. He paid for it in advance.

Les deux moutons furent embarqués. Candide suivait dans un petit
The two sheep were taken on board. Candide followed in a small

bateau pour joindre le vaisseau à la rade. Le patron prend son temps,
boat to join the vessel to the harbor. The boss takes his time,

met à la voile, démarre; le vent le favorise. Candide éperdu et
sets sail, takes off; the wind favors it. Candide distraught and

stupéfait le perd bientôt de vue.-«Hélas! cria-t-il, voilà un
stunned soon loses sight of him. - "Alas!" he cried, here is a

tour digne de l'Ancien Monde.» Il retourne au rivage, abîmé dans la
tour worthy of the Old World. " He returns to the shore, damaged in the

douleur; car enfin il avait perdu de quoi faire la fortune de vingt
pain; because finally he had lost enough to make the fortune of twenty

monarques.
monarchs.

Il se transporte chez le juge hollandais, et, comme il était un peu
He goes to the Dutch judge, and, as he was a little

troublé, il frappe rudement à la porte; il entre, expose son aventure
troubled, he knocks roughly at the door; he enters, exposes his adventure

et crie un peu plus haut qu'il ne convenait. Le juge commença par lui
and yells a little louder than appropriate. The judge started with him

faire payer dix mille piastres pour le bruit qu'il avait fait; ensuite
to charge ten thousand piastres for the noise he had made; then

il l'écouta patiemment, lui promit d'examiner son affaire sitôt que le
he listened patiently, promised to examine his case as soon as the

marchand serait revenu, et se fit payer dix mille autres piastres pour
merchant would have returned, and was paid ten thousand other piastres for

les frais de l'audience.
the costs of the hearing.

Ce procédé acheva de désespérer Candide: il avait à la vérité essuyé
This process completed the despair of Candide: he had indeed

des malheurs mille fois plus douloureux; mais le sang-froid du juge et
misfortunes a thousand times more painful; but the coolness of the judge and

celui du patron dont il était volé alluma sa bile et le plongea dans une
that of the boss from whom it was stolen ignited its bile and plunged it into a

noire mélancolie. La méchanceté des hommes se présentait à son esprit
black melancholy. The wickedness of men came to his mind

dans toute sa laideur; il ne se nourrissait que d'idées tristes. Enfin
in all its ugliness; he fed only on sad ideas. Finally

un vaisseau français étant sur le point de partir pour Bordeaux, comme
a French vessel being about to leave for Bordeaux, as

il n'avait plus de moutons chargés de diamants à embarquer, il loua une
he no longer had sheep loaded with diamonds to embark, he hired a

chambre du vaisseau à juste prix, et fit signifier dans la ville qu'il
room of the vessel at a fair price, and made it known in the city that he

paierait le passage, la nourriture, et donnerait deux mille piastres à
would pay for the passage, the food, and give two thousand piastres to

un honnête homme qui voudrait faire le voyage avec lui, à condition
an honest man who would like to travel with him, on condition

que cet homme serait le plus dégoûté de son état et le plus malheureux
that this man would be the most disgusted with his condition and the most unhappy

de la province.
of the province.

Il se présenta une foule de prétendants qu'une flotte n'aurait pu
A crowd of suitors appeared that a fleet could not have

contenir. Candide, voulant choisir entre les plus apparents, il distingua
contain. Candide, wishing to choose between the most apparent, he distinguished

une vingtaine de personnes qui lui paraissaient assez sociables, et qui
about twenty people who seemed to him quite sociable, and who

toutes prétendaient mériter la préférence. Il les assembla dans son
all claimed to deserve preference. He assembled them in his

cabaret et leur donna à souper, à condition que chacun ferait serment
cabaret and gave them supper, provided that each would take an oath

de raconter fidèlement son histoire, promettant de choisir celui qui
to tell his story faithfully, promising to choose the one who

lui paraîtrait le plus à plaindre et le plus mécontent de son état, à
would seem to him the most to be pitied and the most dissatisfied with his condition,

plus juste titre, et de donner aux autres quelques gratifications.
more rightly, and to give others some gratuities.

La séance dura jusqu'à quatre heures du matin. Candide, en écoutant
The session lasted until four in the morning. Candid, listening

toutes leurs aventures, se ressouvenait de ce que lui avait dit la
all their adventures, remembered what the

vieille en allant à Buenos-Ayres, et de la gageure qu'elle avait faite
old woman on her way to Buenos-Ayres, and of the wager she had made

qu'il n'y avait personne sur le vaisseau auquel il ne fût arrivé de très
that there was no one on the ship that had not happened very

grands malheurs. Il songeait à Pangloss à chaque aventure qu'on lui
great misfortunes. He thought of Pangloss on every adventure he had

contait. «-Ce Pangloss, disait-il, serait bien embarrassé à
was telling. "-This Pangloss," he said, "would be very embarrassed to

démontrer son système. Je voudrais qu'il fût ici. Certainement, si tout
demonstrate his system. I wish he were here. Certainly, if all

va bien, c'est dans Eldorado, et non pas dans le reste de la Terre.»
fine, it's in Eldorado, not the rest of the earth. "

Enfin il se détermina en faveur d'un pauvre savant qui avait travaillé
Finally he decided in favor of a poor scientist who had worked

dix ans pour les libraires à Amsterdam. Il jugea qu'il n'y avait point
ten years for booksellers in Amsterdam. He judged that there was no

de métier au monde dont on dût être plus dégoûté.
a profession in the world that one must have been more disgusted with.

Ce savant, qui était d'ailleurs un bon homme, avait été volé par sa
This scientist, who was, moreover, a good man, had been robbed by his

femme, battu par son fils et abandonné de sa fille, qui s'était fait
woman, beaten by her son and abandoned by her daughter, who had

enlever par un Portugais. Il venait d'être privé d'un petit emploi
removed by a Portuguese. He had just been deprived of a small job

duquel il subsistait; et les prédicants de Surinam le persécutaient,
of which he subsisted; and the preachers of Surinam persecuted him,

parce qu'ils le prenaient pour un socinien. Il faut avouer que les
because they took him for a Socinian. We must admit that

autres étaient pour le moins aussi malheureux que lui; mais Candide
others were at least as unhappy as he; but candid

espérait que le savant le désennuierait dans le voyage.
hoped the scholar would relieve him of the journey.

Tous ses autres rivaux trouvèrent que Candide leur taisait une grande
All his other rivals found that Candide was very silent to them.

injustice; mais il les apaisa en leur donnant à chacun cent piastres.
injustice; but he appeased them by giving them each a hundred piastres.

XX. CE QUI ARRIVA SUR MER À CANDIDE ET À MARTIN.
XX. WHAT HAPPENED AT SEA TO CANDIDE AND MARTIN.

Le vieux savant, qui s'appelait Martin, s'embarqua donc pour Bordeaux
The old scientist, who was called Martin, therefore embarked for Bordeaux

avec Candide. L'un et l'autre avaient beaucoup vu et beaucoup souffert;
with Candide. Both had seen a lot and suffered a lot;

et quand le vaisseau aurait dû faire voile de Surinam au Japon par le
and when the vessel should have sailed from Suriname to Japan by the

cap de Bonne-Espérance, ils auraient eu de quoi s'entretenir du mal
Cape of Good Hope, they would have had something to talk about

moral et du mal physique pendant tout le voyage.
moral and physical harm throughout the trip.

Cependant Candide avait un grand avantage sur Martin: c'est qu'il
However, Candide had a great advantage over Martin:

espérait toujours revoir Mlle Cunégonde, et que Martin n'avait rien à
still hoped to see Miss Cunégonde again, and that Martin had nothing to

espérer; de plus, il avait de l'or et des diamants, et, quoiqu'il eût
hope; moreover, he had gold and diamonds, and, though he had

perdu cent gros moutons rouges chargés des plus grands trésors de la
lost a hundred big red sheep laden with the greatest treasures of

terre, quoiqu'il eût toujours sur le cœur la friponnerie du patron
earth, although he still had the boss's roguery on his heart

hollandais, cependant, quand il songeait à ce qui lui restait dans ses
Dutchman, however, when he thought about what was left in his

poches, et quand il parlait de Cunégonde, surtout sur la fin du repas,
pockets, and when he spoke of Cunégonde, especially at the end of the meal,

il penchait alors pour le système de Pangloss.
he then leaned for the Pangloss system.

«-Mais vous, monsieur Martin, dit-il au savant, que pensez-vous
"-But you, Monsieur Martin," he said to the scientist, "what do you think?

de tout cela? quelle est votre idée sur le mal moral et le mal
of all that? what is your idea on moral evil and evil

physique?-Monsieur, répondit Martin, mes prêtres m'ont
physical? '' Sir, 'replied Martin,' my priests have

accusé d'être socinien; mais la vérité du fait est que je suis
accused of being Socinian; but the truth of the matter is that I am

manichéen.-Vous vous moquez de moi, dit Candide; il n'y a plus de
Manichean. You are laughing at me, said Candide; there are no more

manichéens dans le monde.-Il y a moi, dit Martin: je ne sais qu'y
Manicheans in the world. - There is me, said Martin: I do not know

faire; mais je ne peux penser autrement.-Il faut que vous ayez le
make; but I cannot think otherwise. -You must have the

diable au corps, dit Candide.-Il se mêle si fort des affaires de
devil to the body, said Candide.He is so involved in the affairs of

ce monde, dit Martin, qu'il pourrait bien être dans mon corps, comme
this world, said Martin, that it might just be in my body, like

partout ailleurs; mais je vous avoue qu'en jetant la vue sur ce globe,
everywhere else; but I confess to you that by throwing the sight on this globe,

ou plutôt sur ce globule, je pense que Dieu l'a abandonné à quelque être
or rather on this globule, I think that God has abandoned it to some being

malfaisant: j'en excepte toujours Eldorado. Je n'ai guère vu de ville
evil: I always except Eldorado. I hardly saw a city

qui ne désirât la ruine de la ville voisine, point de famille qui ne
who did not desire the ruin of the neighboring town, no family who did not

voulût exterminer quelque autre famille. Partout les faibles ont en
wanted to exterminate some other family. Everywhere the weak have it

exécration les puissants devant lesquels ils rampent, et les puissants
hatred the mighty before whom they crawl, and the mighty

les traitent comme des troupeaux dont on vend la laine et la chair.
treat them like flocks whose wool and flesh are sold.

Un million d'assassins enrégimentés, courant d'un bout de l'Europe à
A million regimented assassins, running from one end of Europe to

l'autre, exerce le meurtre et le brigandage avec discipline pour gagner
the other, exercises murder and brigandage with discipline to gain

son pain, parce qu'il n'a pas de métier plus honnête; et dans les villes
his bread, because he has no more honest profession; and in the cities

qui paraissent jouir de la paix, et où les arts fleurissent, les hommes
who seem to enjoy peace, and where the arts flourish, men

sont dévorés de plus d'envie, de soins el d'inquiétudes qu'une ville
are devoured by more envy, care and worry than a city

assiégée n'éprouve de fléaux. Les chagrins secrets sont encore plus
besieged does not experience plagues. Secret sorrows are even more

cruels que les misères publiques. En un mot, j'en ai tant vu et tant
cruel than public miseries. In short, I have seen so many and so many

éprouvé que je suis manichéen.
proven that I am a Manichean.

-Il y a pourtant du bon, répliquait Candide.-Cela peut
-There is good, however, replied Candide.

être, disait Martin; mais je ne le connais pas.»
to be, said Martin; but I don't know him. "

Au milieu de cette dispute, on entendit un bruit de canon. Le bruit
In the midst of this argument, the sound of cannon was heard. The noise

redouble à chaque instant. Chacun prend sa lunette. On aperçoit deux
doubles every moment. Everyone takes their glasses. We see two

vaisseaux qui combattaient à la distance d'environ trois milles: le vent
vessels that fought at a distance of about three miles: the wind

les amena l'un et l'autre si près du vaisseau français, qu'on eut le
brought them both so close to the French vessel that we had the

plaisir de voir le combat tout à son aise. Enfin l'un des deux vaisseaux
pleasure to see the fight at ease. Finally one of the two ships

lâcha à l'autre une bordée si bas et si juste qu'il le coula à fond.
gave the other a side so low and so tight that he sank it to the bottom.

Candide et Martin aperçurent distinctement une centaine d'hommes sur
Candide and Martin distinctly saw a hundred men on

le tillac du vaisseau qui s'enfonçait; ils levaient tous les mains au
the deck of the sinking ship; they all raised their hands to

ciel et jetaient des clameurs effroyables: en un moment tout fut
sky and shouted frightful clamors: in a moment everything was

englouti.
engulfed.

«-Eh bien! dit Martin, voilà comme les hommes se traitent les
"-Well! said Martin, this is how men treat each other

uns les autres.-Il est vrai, dit Candide, qu'il y a quelque chose
each other. -It is true, said Candide, that there is something

de diabolique dans cette affaire.» En parlant ainsi, il aperçut je ne
devilish in this affair. " Speaking thus, he saw I do not

sais quoi, d'un rouge éclatant, qui nageait auprès de son vaisseau. On
know what, bright red, swimming near his ship. We

détacha la chaloupe pour voir ce que ce pouvait être; c'était un de ses
untied the rowboat to see what it might be; it was one of his

moutons. Candide eut plus de joie de retrouver ce mouton qu'il n'avait
sheep. Candide was more happy to find this sheep than he had

été affligé d'en perdre cent tout chargés de gros diamants d'Eldorado.
grieved to lose a hundred of them loaded with large Eldorado diamonds.

Le capitaine français aperçut bientôt que le capitaine du vaisseau
The French captain soon saw that the captain of the vessel

submergeant était espagnol, et que celui du vaisseau submergé était un
submerging was Spanish, and that of the submerged vessel was a

pirate hollandais: c'était celui-là même qui avait volé Candide. Les
Dutch pirate: it was the very one who had stolen Candide. The

richesses immenses dont ce scélérat s'était emparé furent ensevelies
immense riches which this villain had seized were buried

avec lui dans la mer, et il n'y eut qu'un mouton de sauvé. «-Vous
with him in the sea, and there was only one sheep saved. "-You

voyez, dit Candide à Martin, que le crime est puni quelquefois; ce coquin
see, said Candide to Martin, that crime is sometimes punished; this rascal

de patron hollandais a eu le sort qu'il méritait.-Oui, dit Martin,
Dutch boss got the fate he deserved.-Yes, said Martin,

mais fallait-il que les passagers qui étaient sur son vaisseau périssent
but was it necessary that the passengers who were on his ship perish

aussi? Dieu a puni ce fripon; le diable a noyé les autres.» Cependant le
also? God punished this rascal; the devil drowned the others. " However the

vaisseau français et l'espagnol continuèrent leur route, et Candide
French and Spanish vessel continued their journey, and Candide

continua ses conversations avec Martin. Ils disputèrent quinze jours de
continued his conversations with Martin. They argued for fifteen days

suite, et au bout de quinze jours ils étaient aussi avancés que le
continuation, and at the end of a fortnight they were as advanced as the

premier. Mais enfin ils parlaient, ils se communiquaient des idées, ils
first. But in the end they spoke, they communicated ideas, they

se consolaient. Candide caressait son mouton. «-Puisque je t'ai
consoled themselves. Candide stroked his sheep. "-Since I have you

retrouvé, dit-il, je pourrai bien retrouver Cunégonde.»
found, he said, I may well find Cunégonde. "

XXI. CANDIDE ET MARTIN APPROCHENT DES CÔTES DE FRANCE, ET RAISONNENT.
XXI. CANDIDE AND MARTIN APPROACH THE CÔTES DE FRANCE, AND REASON.

On aperçut enfin les côtes de France. «-Avez-vous jamais été
We finally saw the coasts of France. "-Have you ever been

en France, monsieur Martin? dit Candide.-Oui, dit Martin, j'ai
in France, Mr. Martin? Said Candide - Yes, said Martin, I have

parcouru plusieurs provinces. Il y en a où la moitié des habitants est
traveled through several provinces. There are some where half the inhabitants are

folle, quelques-unes où l'on est trop rusé, d'autres où l'on est
crazy, some where we are too cunning, others where we are

communément assez doux et assez bête, d'autres où l'on fait le bel
commonly quite soft and rather stupid, others where we do the beautiful

esprit, et, dans toutes, la principale occupation est l'amour; la
spirit, and in all of them the main occupation is love; the

seconde, de médire; et la troisième, de dire des sottises.-Mais,
second, to slander; and the third, to speak nonsense.

monsieur Martin, avez-vous vu Paris?-Oui, j'ai vu Paris; il tient
Monsieur Martin, have you seen Paris? -Yes, I have seen Paris; he holds

de toutes ces espèces-là; c'est un chaos, c'est une presse dans laquelle
of all these species; it's a chaos, it's a press in which

tout le monde cherche le plaisir, et où presque personne ne le trouve,
everyone looks for fun, and where hardly anyone finds it,

du moins à ce qu'il m'a paru. J'y ai séjourné peu; j'y fus volé en
at least as it seemed to me. I stayed there little; I was stolen there in

arrivant de tout ce que j'avais par des filous, à la foire Saint-Germain;
arriving from everything I had by tricksters, at the Saint-Germain fair;

on me prit moi-même pour un voleur, et je fus huit jours en prison,
I myself was taken for a thief, and I was in prison eight days,

après quoi je me fis correcteur d'imprimerie pour gagner de quoi
after which I became a proofreader to earn what

retourner à pied en Hollande. Je connus la canaille écrivante, la
walk back to Holland. I knew the writing scoundrel, the

canaille cabotante et la canaille convulsionnaire. On dit qu'il y a des
coasting scoundrel and convulsive scoundrel. They say that there are

gens fort polis dans cette ville-là; je le veux croire.
very polite people in that town; I want to believe it.

-Pour moi, je n'ai nulle curiosité de voir la France, dit
-For me, I have no curiosity to see France, said

Candide; vous devinez aisément que, quand on a passé un mois dans
Candid; you can easily guess that when we spent a month in

l'Eldorado, on ne se soucie plus de rien voir sur la terre, que Mlle
Eldorado, we no longer care to see anything on earth, that Miss

Cunégonde. Je vais l'attendre à Venise; nous traverserons la France
Cunegonde. I will wait for him in Venice; we will cross France

pour aller en Italie; ne m'accompagnerez-vous pas?-Très volontiers,
to go to Italy; will you not come with me?

dit Martin; on dit que Venise n'est bonne que pour les nobles vénitiens,
said Martin; they say that Venice is only good for the Venetian nobles,

mais que cependant on y reçoit très bien les étrangers quand ils ont
but that nevertheless one receives there very well the foreigners when they have

beaucoup d'argent. Je n'en ai point; vous en avez: je vous suivrai
a lot of money. I don't have any; you have some: I will follow you

partout.-À propos, dit Candide, pensez-vous que la terre ait été
everywhere. By the way, said Candide, do you think that the earth was

originairement une mer, comme on l'assure dans ce gros livre qui
originally a sea, as we say in this big book which

appartient au capitaine du vaisseau?-Je n'en crois rien du tout,
belongs to the captain of the ship? -I don't believe it at all,

dit Martin, non plus que de toutes les rêveries qu'on nous débite depuis
said Martin, not more than all the reveries we have been told since

quelque temps.-Mais à quelle fin ce monde a-t-il donc été
some time.-But to what end has this world been

formé? dit Candide.-Pour nous faire enrager, répondit
form? said Candide - To make us angry, replied

Martin.-N'êtes-vous pas bien étonné, continua Candide, de l'amour
Martin.-Are you not very surprised, continued Candide, at the love

que ces deux filles du pays des Oreillons avaient pour ces deux singes,
that these two girls from the land of Mumps had for these two monkeys,

et dont je vous ai conté l'aventure?-Point du tout, dit Martin,
and whose adventure I told you? -Not at all, said Martin,

je ne vois pas ce que cette passion a d'étrange; j'ai tant vu de choses
I do not see how strange this passion is; I've seen so much

extraordinaires, qu'il n'y a plus rien d'extraordinaire.-Croyez-vous,
extraordinary, that there is nothing extraordinary anymore.

dit Candide, que les hommes se soient toujours massacrés mutuellement
said Candide, that men have always massacred each other

comme ils font aujourd'hui? qu'ils aient toujours été menteurs, fourbes,
as they do today? that they have always been liars, deceitful,

perfides, ingrats, brigands, faibles, volages, lâches, envieux,
treacherous, ungrateful, brigands, weak, fickle, cowardly, envious,

gourmands, ivrognes, avares, ambitieux, sanguinaires, calomniateurs,
greedy, drunkards, greedy, ambitious, bloodthirsty, slanderers,

débauchés, fanatiques, hypocrites et sots?-Croyez-vous, dit
debauchery, fanatics, hypocrites and fools? - Do you believe, said

Martin, que les éperviers aient toujours mangé des pigeons
Martin, that hawks have always eaten pigeons

quand ils en ont trouvé?-Oui, sans doute, dit Candide.-Eh
when they found any? - Yes, no doubt, said Candide.

bien! dit Martin, si les éperviers ont toujours eu le même caractère,
well! said Martin, if the hawks have always had the same character,

pourquoi voulez-vous que les hommes aient changé le leur?-Oh!
why do you want men to change theirs? -Oh!

dit Candide, il y a bien de la différence, car le libre arbitre....»
said Candide, there is a lot of difference, because free will .... "

En raisonnant ainsi, ils arrivèrent à Bordeaux.
Reasoning thus, they arrived in Bordeaux.

XXII. CE QUI ARRIVA EN FRANCE À CANDIDE ET À MARTIN.
XXII. WHAT HAPPENED IN FRANCE TO CANDIDE AND MARTIN.

Candide ne s'arrêta dans Bordeaux qu'autant de temps qu'il en
Candide did not stop in Bordeaux until as long as he

fallait pour vendre quelques cailloux du Dorado, et pour s'accommoder
needed to sell some pebbles from Dorado, and to accommodate

d'une bonne chaise à deux places, car il ne pouvait plus se passer de
a good two-seater chair, because he could not do without

son philosophe Martin; il fut seulement très taché de se séparer de son
his philosopher Martin; he was only very stained to part with his

mouton, qu'il laissa à l'Académie des sciences de Bordeaux, laquelle
sheep, which he left at the Bordeaux Academy of Sciences, which

proposa pour le sujet du prix de cette année de trouver pourquoi la
proposed for the subject of this year's award to find out why the

laine de ce mouton était rouge, et le prix fut adjugé à un savant du
wool of this sheep was red, and the prize was awarded to a scholar of

Nord, qui démontra par A, plus B, moins C divisé par Z, que le mouton
North, which proved by A, plus B, minus C divided by Z, that the sheep

devait être rouge et mourir de la clavelée.
must be red and die of sheep's mouth.

Cependant tous les voyageurs que Candide rencontra dans les
However, all the travelers whom Candide met in the

cabarets de la route lui disaient: «-Nous allons à Paris.» Cet
cabarets on the road said to him: "We are going to Paris." This

empressement général lui donna enfin l'envie de voir cette capitale;
general eagerness finally gave him the desire to see this capital;

ce n'était pas beaucoup se détourner du chemin de Venise.
it was not much to turn away from the way to Venice.

Il entra par le faubourg Saint-Marceau, et crut être dans le plus
He entered by the Faubourg Saint-Marceau, and thought he was in the most

vilain village de la Westphalie.
ugly village in Westphalia.

À peine Candide fut-il dans son auberge, qu'il fut attaqué d'une
Scarcely was Candide in his inn when he was attacked by a

maladie légère causée par ses fatigues. Comme il avait au doigt un
mild illness caused by fatigue. As he had a

diamant énorme, et qu'on avait aperçu dans son équipage une cassette
huge diamond, and that one had seen in his crew a cassette

prodigieusement pesante, il eut aussitôt auprès de lui deux médecins
prodigiously heavy, he immediately had two doctors with him

qu'il n'avait pas mandés, quelques amis intimes qui ne le quittèrent pas,
that he had not sent for, some close friends who did not leave him,

et deux dévotes qui faisaient chauffer ses bouillons. Martin
and two devotees who heated his broths. Martin

disait: «-Je me souviens d'avoir été malade aussi à Paris dans
said: "-I remember being sick also in Paris in

mon premier voyage; j'étais fort pauvre: aussi n'eus-je ni amis, ni
my first trip; I was very poor: so I had neither friends nor

dévotes, ni médecins, et je guéris.»
devotees, nor doctors, and I heal. ”

Cependant, à force de médecines et de saignées, la maladie de
However, by dint of medicines and bloodletting,

Candide devint sérieuse. Un habitué du quartier vint avec douceur lui
Candide became serious. A regular from the neighborhood came gently to him

demander un billet payable au porteur pour l'autre monde. Candide n'en
request a note payable to the bearer for the other world. Candide does not

voulut rien faire; les dévotes l'assurèrent que c'était une nouvelle
wanted to do nothing; the devotees assured him that it was news

mode. Candide répondit qu'il n'était point homme à la mode. Martin
fashion. Candide replied that he was not a fashionable man. Martin

voulut jeter l'habitué par les fenêtres. Le clerc jura qu'on n'enterrerait
tried to throw the regular out of the windows. The clerk swore that we would not bury

point Candide. Martin jura qu'il enterrerait le clerc, s'il continuait
point Candide. Martin swore he would bury the clerk, if he continued

à les importuner. La querelle s'échauffa; Martin le prit par les épaules,
to annoy them. The quarrel heated up; Martin took him by the shoulders,

el le chassa rudement, ce qui causa un grand scandale dont on fit un
and drove him away roughly, which caused a great scandal which was

procès-verbal.
minutes.

Candide guérit; et pendant sa convalescence il eut très bonne
Candide heals; and during his convalescence he had very good

compagnie à souper chez lui. On jouait gros jeu. Candide était tout
company at supper at his place. We were playing big game Candide was everything

étonné que jamais les as ne lui vinssent, et Martin ne s'en étonnait pas.
astonished that aces never came to him, and Martin was not surprised.

Parmi ceux qui lui faisaient les honneurs de la ville, il y avait un
Among those who did him the honors of the city, there was a

petit abbé périgourdin, l'un de ces gens empressés, toujours alertes,
little Perigord abbot, one of those eager people, always alert,

toujours serviables, effrontés, caressants, accommodants, qui guettent
always helpful, cheeky, caressing, accommodating, lurking

les étrangers à leur passage, leur content l'histoire scandaleuse
strangers as they pass, tell them the scandalous story

de la ville et leur offrent des plaisirs à tout prix. Celui-ci mena
of the city and offer them pleasures at all costs. This one led

d'abord Candide et Martin à la comédie. On y jouait une tragédie
first Candide and Martin at the comedy. We were playing a tragedy

nouvelle. Candide se trouva placé auprès de quelques beaux esprits.
news. Candide found himself placed with some fine spirits.

Cela ne l'empêcha pas de pleurer à des scènes jouées parfaitement.
That didn't stop her from crying at scenes performed perfectly.

Un des raisonneurs qui étaient à ses côtés lui dit dans un entr'acte:
One of the reasoners who were at his side said to him in an intermission:

«-Vous avez grand tort de pleurer; cette actrice est fort
“You are wrong to cry; this actress is strong

mauvaise; l'acteur qui joue avec elle est plus mauvais acteur encore;
bad; the actor who plays with her is an even worse actor;

la pièce est encore plus mauvaise que les acteurs; l'auteur ne sait pas
the play is even worse than the actors; the author does not know

un mot d'arabe, et cependant la scène est en Arabie, et, de plus,
a word of Arabic, and yet the scene is in Arabia, and, moreover,

c'est un homme qui ne croit pas aux idées innées; je vous apporterai
he is a man who does not believe in innate ideas; i will bring you

demain vingt brochures contre lui.-Monsieur, combien avez-vous
tomorrow twenty brochures against him.-Sir, how many

de pièces de théâtre en France? dit Candide à l'abbé, lequel
of plays in France? said Candide to the abbot, who

répondit:-Cinq ou six mille.-C'est beaucoup, dit Candide.
replied: "Five or six thousand." That is a lot, "said Candide.

Combien y en a-t-il de bonnes?-Quinze ou seize, répliqua
How many good are there? - Fifteen or sixteen, replied

l'autre»-C'est beaucoup, dit Martin.»
the other "-That's a lot," said Martin. "

Candide fut très content d'une actrice qui faisait la reine Élisabeth,
Candide was very happy with an actress who played Queen Elizabeth,

dans une assez plate tragédie que l'on joue quelquefois. «-Cette
in a rather flat tragedy that we sometimes play. "-This

actrice, dit-il à Martin, me plaît beaucoup; elle a un faux air de Mlle
I like an actress, he said to Martin; she looks like a miss

Cunégonde; je serais bien aise de la saluer.» L'abbé périgourdin
Cunegonde; I would be glad to greet her. " The Perigord Abbot

s'offrit à l'introduire chez elle. Candide, élevé en Allemagne,
offered to introduce him to her home. Candide, raised in Germany,

demanda quelle était l'étiquette, et comment on traitait en France les
asked what was the etiquette, and how in France they treated

reines d'Angleterre. «-Il faut distinguer, dit l'abbé: en
queens of England. "-We must distinguish," said the abbot:

province, on les mène au cabaret; à Paris, on les respecte quand
province, they are taken to the cabaret; in Paris, we respect them when

elles sont belles, et on les jette à la voirie quand elles sont
they are beautiful, and we throw them in the street when they are

mortes.-Des reines à la voirie! dit Candide.-Oui, vraiment,
dead Queens in the streets! said Candide - Yes, really,

dit Martin; monsieur l'abbé a raison: j'étais à Paris quand Mlle Monime
said Martin; Monsieur l'Abbé is right: I was in Paris when Mlle Monime

passa, comme on dit, de cette vie à l'autre; on lui refusa ce que ces
passed, as they say, from this life to the next; he was refused what these

gens-ci appellent les honneurs de la sépulture, c'est-à-dire
these people call the honors of the burial, that is to say

de pourrir avec tous les gueux du quartier dans un vilain cimetière;
to rot with all the beggars in the neighborhood in an ugly cemetery;

elle fut enterrée toute seule de sa bande, au coin de la rue de
she was buried all alone by her gang, at the corner of the street

Bourgogne, ce qui dut lui faire une peine extrême, car elle pensait très
Burgundy, which must have caused her extreme pain, for she thought very

noblement.-Cela est bien impoli, dit Candide.-Que
nobly. That is very rude, said Candide.

voulez-vous? dit Martin; ces gens-ci sont ainsi faits. Imaginez toutes
Do you want? said Martin; these people are made that way. Imagine all

les contradictions, toutes les incompatibilités possibles; vous les
contradictions, all possible incompatibilities; You the

verrez dans le gouvernement, dans les tribunaux, dans les églises,
will see in the government, in the courts, in the churches,

dans les spectacles de cette drôle de nation.-Est-il vrai qu'on
in the shows of this strange nation. -Is it true that

rit toujours à Paris? dit Candide.-Oui, dit l'abbé, mais c'est en
still laughs in Paris? said Candide - Yes, said the abbe, but it is

enrageant, car on s'y plaint de tout avec de grands éclats de rire; même
infuriating, for one complains about everything with great bursts of laughter; even

on y fait en riant les actions les plus détestables.
we do the most detestable things with laughter.

-Quel est, dit Candide, ce gros cochon qui me disait tant de
-What is, said Candide, this big pig who told me so much

mal de la pièce où j'ai tant pleuré, et des acteurs qui m'ont fait tant
bad for the play where I cried so much, and the actors who made me so

plaisir?-C'est un mal-vivant, répondit l'abbé, qui gagne sa vie à
pleasure? -He's a living evil, replied the abbot, who earns his living

dire du mal de toutes les pièces et de tous les livres; il hait quiconque
speak ill of all the plays and all the books; he hates anyone

réussit, comme les eunuques haïssent les jouissants; c'est un de ces
succeeds, as eunuchs hate those who enjoy it; it's one of those

serpents de la littérature qui se nourrissent de fange et de venin;
serpents of literature that feed on mire and venom;

c'est un folliculaire.-Qu'appelez-vous folliculaire? dit
it's a follicular.-What do you call follicular? said

Candide.-C'est, dit l'abbé, un faiseur de feuilles, un Fréron.»
Candide.-He is, said the abbot, a maker of leaves, a Fréron. "

C'est ainsi que Candide, Martin et le Périgourdin raisonnaient sur
This is how Candide, Martin and the Périgourdin reasoned on

l'escalier, en voyant défiler le monde au sortir de la pièce.
the stairs, seeing the world go by as they leave the room.

«-Quoique je sois très empressé de revoir Mlle Cunégonde, dit
"-Although I am very eager to see Mlle Cunégonde again," said

Candide, je voudrais pourtant souper avec Mlle Clairon, car elle m'a
Candide, I would nevertheless like to have supper with Mlle Clairon, for she

paru admirable.»
seemed admirable. ”

L'abbé n'était pas homme à approcher de Mlle Clairon, qui ne voyait
The abbot was not the man to approach Mlle Clairon, who could not see

que bonne compagnie. «-Elle est engagée pour ce soir, dit-il:
that good company. "-She is hired for tonight," he said:

mais j'aurai l'honneur de vous mener chez une dame de qualité, et là
but I will have the honor to take you to a lady of quality, and there

vous connaîtrez Paris comme si vous y aviez été quatre ans.»
you will know Paris as if you had been there four years. ”

périgourdin, le roman du sieur Gauchat, docteur en théologie?-Oui,
Périgord, the novel by Sieur Gauchat, doctor of theology? -Yes,

répondit un des convives, mais je n'ai pu l'achever. Nous avons une foule
replied one of the guests, but I could not finish him. We have a crowd

d'écrits impertinents; mais tous ensemble n'approchent pas de
impertinent writings; but all together do not approach

l'impertinence de Gauchat, docteur en théologie; je suis si rassasié de
the impertinence of Gauchat, doctor of theology; i am so full of

cette immensité de détestables livres qui nous inondent, que je me suis
this immensity of detestable books that flood us, that I have

mis à ponter au pharaon.-Et les Mélanges de l'archidiacre
put to bridge to the pharaoh.-And the Mixtures of the Archdeacon

Trublet, qu'en dites-vous? dit l'abbé.-Ah! dit Mme de Parolignac,
Trublet, what do you say? said the abbe. said Mme de Parolignac,

l'ennuyeux mortel! comme il vous dit curieusement tout ce que le monde
the boring mortal! as he tells you curiously all that the world

sait! comme il discute pesamment ce qui ne vaut pas la peine d'être
knows! as he argues heavily what is not worth being

remarqué légèrement! comme il s'approprie, sans esprit, l'esprit des
noticed slightly! as he appropriates, without spirit, the spirit of

autres! comme il gâte ce qu'il pille! comme il me dégoûte! mais il ne
other! how it spoils what it loots! how he disgusts me! but he doesn't

me dégoûtera plus, c'est assez d'avoir lu quelques pages de
will disgust me more, it's enough to have read a few pages of

l'archidiacre.»
the archdeacon. "

Il y avait à table un homme savant et de goût qui appuya ce que disait
There was at table a learned and tasty man who supported what

la marquise. On parla ensuite de tragédies; la dame demanda pourquoi
Marquise. Then they spoke of tragedies; the lady asked why

il y avait des tragédies qu'on jouait quelquefois et qu'on ne pouvait
there were tragedies that we sometimes played and that we could not

lire. L'homme de goût expliqua très bien comment une pièce pouvait avoir
read. The man of taste explained very well how a piece could have

quelque intérêt, et n'avoir presque aucun mérite: il prouva en peu de
interest, and having almost no merit: he proved in a few

mots que ce n'était pas assez d'amener une ou deux de ces situations
words that it wasn't enough to bring one or two of these situations

qu'on trouve dans tous les romans, et qui séduisent toujours les
found in all the novels, and which always appeal to

spectateurs, mais qu'il faut être neuf sans être bizarre, souvent
spectators, but you have to be new without being weird, often

sublime et toujours naturel, connaître le cœur humain et le faire
sublime and always natural, knowing the human heart and doing it

parler; être grand poète, sans que jamais aucun personnage de la
talk; to be a great poet, without ever having any

pièce paraisse poète; savoir parfaitement sa langue, la parler avec
piece seems poet; know your language perfectly, speak it with

pureté, avec une harmonie continue, sans que jamais la rime coûté
purity, with continuous harmony, without ever costing rhyme

rien au sens. «-Quiconque, ajouta-t-il, n'observe pas toutes
nothing to the meaning. 'Anyone,' he added, 'does not observe all

ces règles peut faire une ou deux tragédies applaudies au théâtre,
these rules can make one or two tragedies applauded in the theater,

mais il ne sera jamais compté au rang des bons écrivains; il y a très
but he will never be counted among the ranks of good writers; there is very

peu de bonnes tragédies: les unes sont des idylles en dialogues bien
few good tragedies: some are idylls in good dialogues

écrits et bien rimes; les autres, des raisonnements politiques qui
written and well rhymed; the others, political reasonings which

endorment ou des amplifications qui rebutent; les autres, des rêves
numb or repulsive amplifications; the others, dreams

d'énergumène, en style barbare, des propos interrompus, de longues
energetic, in barbaric style, interrupted words, long

apostrophes aux dieux, parce qu'on ne sait point parler aux hommes,
apostrophes to the gods, because one does not know how to speak to men,

des maximes fausses, des lieux communs ampoulés.»
false maxims, bombastic commonplaces. "

Candide écouta ce propos avec attention et conçut une grande idée du
Candide listened carefully to this and conceived a great idea of

discoureur, et comme la marquise avait eu soin de le placer à côté
discourer, and as the Marchioness had taken care to place him

d'elle, il s'approcha de son oreille et prit la liberté de lui demander
of her, he approached her ear and took the liberty of asking her

qui était cet homme qui parlait si bien. «-C'est un savant, dit
who was this man who spoke so well. "-He is a scholar," said

la dame, qui ne ponte point, et que l'abbé m'amène quelquefois à souper;
the lady, who does not lay, and whom the abbe sometimes brings me to supper;

il se connaît parfaitement en tragédies et en livres, et il a fait une
he knows himself perfectly in tragedies and in books, and he has made a

tragédie sifflée, et un livre dont on n'a jamais vu, hors de la boutique
whistled tragedy, and a book that we have never seen, out of the shop

de son libraire, qu'un exemplaire qu'il m'a dédié.-Le grand
from his bookseller, than a copy that he dedicated to me.

homme! dit Candide, c'est un autre Pangloss.»
man! said Candide, he's another Pangloss. "

Alors, se tournant vers lui, il lui dit: «-Monsieur, vous pensez
Then, turning to him, he said to him: "- Sir, do you think

sans doute que tout est au mieux dans le monde physique et dans le
without doubt all is well in the physical world and in the

moral, et que rien ne pourrait être autrement?-Moi, monsieur,
moral, and that nothing could be otherwise? -Me, sir,

lui répondit le savant, je ne pense rien de tout cela; je trouve que
replied the scientist, I think nothing of all that; I think

tout va de travers chez nous; que personne ne sait ni quel est son rang,
everything is going wrong with us; that no one knows or what his rank is,

ni quelle est sa charge, ni ce qu'il fait, ni ce qu'il doit faire, et
neither what is his charge, nor what he does, nor what to do, and

qu'excepté le souper, qui est assez gai, et où il parait assez d'union,
except supper, which is quite cheerful, and where there seems to be enough union,

tout le reste du temps se passe en querelles impertinentes: jansénistes
all the rest of the time is spent in impertinent quarrels: Jansenists

contre molinistes, gens du parlement contre gens d'église, gens de
against Molinists, people of parliament against people of the church, people of

lettres contre gens de lettres, courtisans contre courtisans, financiers
letters against men of letters, courtiers against courtiers, financiers

contre le peuple, femmes contre maris, parents contre parents, c'est
against the people, women against husbands, parents against parents, it is

une guerre éternelle.»
an eternal war. ”

Candide lui répliqua: «-J'ai vu pis; mais un sage, qui depuis
Candide replied: “-I saw worse; but a wise man, who since

a eu le malheur d'être pendu, m'apprit que tout cela est à merveille;
had the misfortune of being hanged, told me that all this is marvelous;

ce sont des ombres à un beau tableau.-Votre pendu se moquait du
they are shadows to a beautiful picture.-Your hanged man laughed at the

monde, dit Martin; vos ombres sont des taches horribles.-Ce sont
world, says Martin; your shadows are horrible spots.

les hommes qui font les taches, dit Candide, et ils ne peuvent pas s'en
men who do the stains, says Candide, and they cannot

dispenser.-Ce n'est donc pas leur faute, dit Martin.» La plupart
dispense.-So it's not their fault, says Martin. " Most

des pontes, qui n'entendaient rien à ce langage, buvaient, et Martin
pundits, who heard nothing of this language, drank, and Martin

raisonna avec le savant, et Candide raconta une partie de ses aventures
reasoned with the scientist, and Candide told part of his adventures

à la dame du logis.
to the lady of the house.

Après souper, la marquise mena Candide dans son cabinet et le fit
After supper, the Marquise led Candide into her study and made him

asseoir sur un canapé. «-Eh bien! lui dit-elle, vous aimez donc
sit on a sofa. "-Well! she said to him, you like so

éperdument Mlle Cunégonde de Thunder-ten-tronckh?-Oui, madame,
madly Miss Cunégonde of Thunder-ten-tronckh? -Yes, madam,

répondit Candide.» La marquise lui répliqua avec un souris tendre:
replied Candide. " The Marchioness replied with a tender smile:

«-Vous me répondez comme un jeune homme de Westphalie; un Français
“-You answer me like a young man from Westphalia; a French

m'aurait dit: «Il est vrai que j'ai aimé Mlle Cunégonde; mais en vous
would have said to me: “It is true that I loved Mlle Cunégonde; but in you

voyant, madame, je crains de ne la plus aimer.»-Hélas! madame,
seeing, madame, I am afraid I will no longer love her. "" Alas! Mrs,

dit Candide, je répondrai comme vous voudrez.-Votre passion pour
said Candide, I will answer as you like. -Your passion for

elle, dit la marquise, a commencé en ramassant son mouchoir; je veux que
she, said the Marchioness, began by picking up her handkerchief; I want

vous ramassiez ma jarretière.-De tout mon cœur, dit Candide. Et
you picked up my garter. "" With all my heart, "said Candide. And

il la ramassa. -Mais je veux que vous me la remettiez, dit la
he picked it up. -But I want you to give it to me, said the

dame. Et Candide la lui remit.-Voyez-vous, dit la dame, vous êtes
lady. And Candide gave it to him. You see, said the lady, you are

étranger; je fais quelquefois languir mes amants de Paris quinze jours;
foreign; I sometimes make my lovers in Paris languish for two weeks;

mais je me rends à vous dès la première nuit, parce qu'il faut faire les
but I surrender to you from the first night, because you have to do the

honneurs de son pays à un jeune homme de Westphalie.» La belle ayant
honors from his country to a young man from Westphalia. " The beautiful having

aperçu deux énormes diamants aux deux mains de son jeune étranger,
saw two huge diamonds in both hands of his young stranger,

les loua de si bonne foi, que des doigts de Candide ils passèrent aux
praised them in such good faith that Candide's fingers

doigts de la marquise.
fingers of the marquise.

Candide, en s'en retournant avec son abbé périgourdin, sentit quelques
Candide, on returning home with his Perigord abbot, felt some

remords d'avoir fait une infidélité à Mlle Cunégonde. M. l'abbé entra
remorse for having committed an infidelity to Mlle Cunégonde. M. l'Abbé entered

dans sa peine; il n'avait qu'une légère part aux cinquante mille livres
in his sentence; he only had a small share of the fifty thousand pounds

perdues au jeu par Candide et à la valeur des deux brillants, moitié
lost at play by Candide and at the value of the two brilliants, half

donnés, moitié extorqués. Son dessein était de profiter, autant qu'il le
given, half extorted. His purpose was to profit, as much as he could

pourrait, des avantages que la connaissance de Candide pouvait lui
could, advantages that the knowledge of Candide could

procurer. Il lui parla beaucoup de Cunégonde, et Candide lui dit qu'il
procure. He spoke to him a lot about Cunégonde, and Candide told him that he

demanderait bien pardon à cette belle de son infidélité, quand il la
would ask forgiveness of this beauty for his infidelity, when he

verrait à Venise.
would see in Venice.

Le Périgourdin redoublait de politesses et d'attentions, et prenait
The Périgourdin redoubled his courtesies and attentions, and took

un intérêt tendre à tout ce que Candide disait, à tout ce qu'il faisait,
a tender interest in all that Candide said, in all that he did,

à tout ce qu'il voulait faire.
to whatever he wanted to do.

«-Vous avez donc, monsieur, lui dit-il, un rendez-vous à
'So you have, sir,' he said to him, 'a meeting at

Venise?-Oui, monsieur l'abbé, dit Candide; il faut absolument
Venice? ”“ Yes, Monsieur l'Abbe, ”said Candide; it is essential

que j'aille trouver Mlle Cunégonde.» Alors, engagé par le plaisir de
that I go find Miss Cunégonde. " So, engaged by the pleasure of

parler de ce qu'il aimait, il conta, selon son usage, une partie de ses
talk about what he liked, he told, according to his custom, some of his

aventures avec cette illustre Westphalienne.
adventures with this illustrious Westphalian.

«-Je crois, dit l'abbé, que Mlle Cunégonde a bien de l'esprit
"-I believe," said the abbot, "that Mlle Cunégonde has a lot of wit

et qu'elle écrit des lettres charmantes.-Je n'en ai jamais reçu,
and that she writes charming letters - I have never received one,

dit Candide, car figurez-vous qu'ayant été chassé du château pour
said Candide, because do you imagine that having been driven out of the castle for

l'amour d'elle, je ne pus lui écrire; que bientôt après j'appris qu'elle
love of her, I could not write to her; that soon after I learned that she

était morte; qu'ensuite je la retrouvai et que je la perdis, et que je
was dead; that then I found it and lost it, and that I

lui ai envoyé à deux mille cinq cents lieues d'ici un exprès dont
sent him two thousand five hundred leagues from here an express

j'attends la réponse.»
I'm waiting for the answer."

L'abbé écoutait attentivement et paraissait un peu rêveur. Il prit
The abbe listened attentively and seemed a little dreamy. He took

bientôt congé des deux étrangers, après les avoir tendrement embrassés.
soon leave of the two strangers, after having tenderly embraced them.

Le lendemain, Candide reçut à son réveil une lettre conçue en ces
The next day, Candide received on his awakening a letter written in these

termes:
terms:

«Monsieur mon très cher amant, il y a huit jours que je suis malade
"Mister my very dear lover, I have been ill for eight days

en cette ville; j'apprends que vous y êtes. Je volerais dans vos bras
in this city; I hear you are there. I would fly in your arms

si je pouvais remuer. J'ai su votre passage à Bordeaux; j'y ai laissé
if I could stir. I have heard of your visit to Bordeaux; I left there

le fidèle Cacambo et la vieille, qui doivent bientôt me suivre. Le
the faithful Cacambo and the old woman, who will soon follow me. The

gouverneur de Buenos-Ayres a tout pris, mais il me reste votre cœur.
Governor of Buenos-Ayres took everything, but I still have your heart.

Venez; votre présence me rendra la vie ou me fera mourir de
Come; your presence will bring me back to life or kill me

plaisir.»
pleasure."

Cette lettre charmante, cette lettre inespérée, transporta Candide
This charming letter, this unexpected letter, transported Candide

d'une joie inexprimable, et la maladie de sa chère Cunégonde l'accabla
of inexpressible joy, and the illness of his dear Cunégonde overwhelmed him

de douleur. Partagé entre ces deux sentiments, il prend son or et ses
of pain. Torn between these two feelings, he takes his gold and his

diamants; il se fait conduire avec Martin à l'hôtel où Mlle Cunégonde
diamonds; he is driven with Martin to the hotel where Miss Cunégonde

demeurait. Il entre en tremblant d'émotion; son cœur palpite, sa voix
remained. He enters, trembling with emotion; her heart beats, her voice

sanglote; il veut ouvrir les rideaux du lit; il veut faire apporter de
sobs; he wants to open the curtains of the bed; he wants to bring

la lumière.»-Gardez-vous-en bien, lui dit la suivante; la lumière
the light. ”“ Take care, ”said the next one to him; the light

la tue. Et soudain elle referme le rideau.-Ma chère Cunégonde,
killed him. And suddenly she closes the curtain. -My dear Cunégonde,

dit Candide en pleurant, comment vous portez-vous? Si vous ne pouvez
said Candide, weeping, how are you? if you can not

me voir, parlez-moi du moins.-Elle ne peut parler, dit la
see me, at least talk to me. -She cannot speak,

suivante.» La dame alors tire du lit une main potelée que Candide
next." The lady then pulls from the bed a chubby hand that Candide

arrose longtemps de ses larmes, et qu'il remplit ensuite de diamants,
water for a long time with his tears, and which he then fills with diamonds,

en laissant un sac plein d'or sur le fauteuil.
leaving a bag full of gold on the chair.

Au milieu de ses transports arrive un exempt suivi de l'abbé
In the middle of his transports arrives an exempt followed by the abbot

périgourdin et d'une escouade. «-Voilà donc, dit-il, ces deux
Perigord and a squad. "-Here, then," he said,

étrangers suspects?» Il les fait incontinent saisir et ordonne à ses
suspected foreigners? " He immediately had them seized and ordered his

braves de les traîner en prison. «-Ce n'est pas ainsi qu'on
brave to drag them to prison. "-That's not how we

traite les voyageurs dans l'Eldorado, dit Candide.-Je suis
treats travelers in El Dorado, said Candide.

plus manichéen que jamais, dit Martin.-Mais, monsieur, où nous
more Manichean than ever, said Martin.

menez-vous? dit Candide.-Dans un cul de basse-fosse, dit
are you leading? Said Candide - In a backyard, said

l'exempt.»
exempt. "

Martin, ayant repris son sang-froid, jugea que la dame qui se
Martin, having regained his composure, judged that the lady who

prétendait Cunégonde était une friponne, M. l'abbé périgourdin un
claimed Cunégonde was a rascal, M. l'Abbé Périgord a

fripon, qui avait abusé au plus vite de l'innocence de Candide, et
rascal, who had abused Candide's innocence as quickly as possible, and

l'exempt un autre fripon dont on pouvait aisément se débarrasser.
The exempt was another rogue who could easily be got rid of.

Plutôt que de s'exposer aux procédures de la justice, Candide,
Rather than exposing himself to legal proceedings, Candide,

éclairé par son conseil, et d'ailleurs toujours impatient de revoir la
enlightened by his advice, and moreover always impatient to see the

véritable Cunégonde, propose à l'exempt trois petits diamants d'environ
genuine Cunégonde, offers three small diamonds of approx.

trois mille pistoles chacun. «-Ah! monsieur, lui dit l'homme au
three thousand pistoles each. “Ah! sir, said the man at the

bâton d'ivoire, eussiez-vous commis tous les crimes imaginables, vous
ivory stick, would you have committed all the crimes imaginable, you

êtes le plus honnête homme du monde; trois diamants! chacun de trois
are the most honest man in the world; three diamonds! each of three

mille pistoles! Monsieur, je me ferais tuer pour vous, au lieu de vous
a thousand pistoles! Sir, I would get killed for you, instead of you

mener dans un cachot. On arrête tous les étrangers, mais laissez-moi
lead into a dungeon. We arrest all strangers, but let me

faire; j'ai un frère à Dieppe en Normandie; je vais vous y mener, et si
make; I have a brother in Dieppe in Normandy; I will take you there, what if

vous avez quelque diamant à lui donner, il aura soin de vous comme
you have some diamond to give him, he will take care of you like

moi-même.
myself.

-Et pourquoi arrête-t-on tous les étrangers?» dit Candide.
-And why are we arresting all foreigners? " said Candide.

L'abbé périgourdin prit alors la parole et dit:-C'est parce qu'un
The Perigord abbot then spoke and said: -It's because a

gueux du pays d'Atrébatie a entendu dire des sottises; cela seul lui a
beggars in the land of Atrebatie have heard nonsense; that alone has him

fait commettre un parricide, non pas tel que celui de 1610 au mois de
committed a parricide, not such as that of 1610 in the month of

mai, mais tel que celui de 1594 au mois de décembre, et tel que plusieurs
May, but such as that of 1594 in December, and such as several

autres commis dans d'autres années et dans d'autres mois par d'autres
other clerks in other years and in other months by others

gueux qui avaient entendu dire des sottises.»
beggars who had heard nonsense. "

L'exempt alors expliqua de quoi il s'agissait. «-Ah! les
The exempt then explained what it was. “Ah! the

monstres! s'écria Candide; quoi! de telles horreurs chez un peuple qui
monsters! cried Candide; what! such horrors in a people who

danse et qui chante! Ne pourrais-je sortir au plus vite de ce pays où
dancing and singing! Could I not get out of this country where

des singes agacent des tigres? J'ai vu des ours dans mon pays; je n'ai
monkeys annoy tigers? I have seen bears in my country; I do not have

vu des hommes que dans le Dorado. Au nom de Dieu, monsieur l'exempt,
seen men only in the Dorado. In the name of God, Mr. Exempt,

menez-moi à Venise, où je dois attendre Mlle Cunégonde.-Je ne
take me to Venice, where I must wait for Mlle Cunégonde.

peux vous mener qu'en Basse-Normandie, dit le barigel.» Aussitôt il lui
can take you only to Lower Normandy, says the barigel. " Immediately he him

fait ôter ses fers, dit qu'il s'est mépris, renvoie ses gens, emmène
takes off his shackles, says he's mistaken, sends his people away, takes

à Dieppe Candide et Martin, et les laisse entre les mains de son frère.
in Dieppe Candide and Martin, and leaves them in the hands of his brother.

Il y avait un petit vaisseau hollandais à la rade. Le Normand, à l'aide
There was a small Dutch vessel in the harbor. The Normand, using

de trois autres diamants, devenu le plus serviable des hommes, embarque
of three other diamonds, become the most helpful of men, embarked

Candide et ses gens dans le vaisseau qui allait faire voile pour
Candide and his people in the ship which was about to set sail for

Portsmouth, en Angleterre. Ce n'était pas le chemin de Venise; mais
Portsmouth, England. It was not the way to Venice; But

Candide croyait être délivré de l'enfer, et il comptait bien reprendre
Candide believed he was delivered from hell, and he fully expected to resume

la route de Venise à la première occasion.
the road to Venice at the first opportunity.

XXIII. CANDIDE ET MARTIN VONT SUR LES CÔTES D'ANGLETERRE; CE QU’ILS Y VOIENT.
XXIII. CANDIDE AND MARTIN GO TO THE COASTS OF ENGLAND; WHAT THEY SEE.

«Ah! Pangloss! Pangloss! Ah! Martin! Martin! Ah! ma chère
“Ah! Pangloss! Pangloss! Ah! Martin! Martin! Ah! my dear

Cunégonde! qu'est-ce que ce monde-ci ? disait Candide sur le vaisseau
Cunegonde! what is this world? said Candide on the ship

hollandais.-Quelque chose de bien fou et de bien abominable,
Dutch Something very crazy and very abominable,

répondait Martin.-Vous connaissez l'Angleterre; y est-on aussi
replied Martin. "You know England; are we there too

fou qu'en France?-C'est une autre espèce de folie, dit Martin.
crazy than in France? ”“ It's another kind of madness, ”said Martin.

Vous savez que ces deux nations sont en guerre pour quelques arpents
You know these two nations are at war for a few acres

de neige vers le Canada, et qu'elles dépensent pour cette belle guerre
of snow to Canada, and that they spend for this beautiful war

beaucoup plus que tout le Canada ne vaut. De vous dire précisément
much more than all of Canada is worth. To tell you precisely

s'il y a plus de gens à lier dans un pays que dans un autre, c'est ce que
if there are more people to link in one country than in another, this is what

mes faibles lumières ne me permettent pas; je sais seulement qu'en
my dim lights do not allow me; I only know that

général les gens que nous allons voir sont fort atrabilaires.»
general the people we are going to see are very atrabilary. ”

En causant ainsi, ils abordèrent à Portsmouth; une multitude de
Talking thus, they landed at Portsmouth; a multitude of

peuple couvrait le rivage et regardait attentivement un assez gros
people covered the shore and watched attentively a rather large

homme qui était à genoux, les yeux bandés, sur le tillac d'un des
man who was on his knees, blindfolded, on the deck of one of the

vaisseaux de la flotte; quatre soldats, postés vis-à-vis de cet homme,
fleet vessels; four soldiers, posted opposite this man,

lui tirèrent chacun trois balles dans le crâne, le plus paisiblement du
each fired three bullets in the skull, the most peacefully

monde, et toute l'assemblée s'en retourna extrêmement satisfaite...
world, and the whole assembly returned extremely satisfied ...

«Qu'est-ce donc que tout ceci? dit Candide; et quel démon exerce
"What is all this?" said Candide; and which demon exercises

partout son empire?» Il demanda qui était ce gros homme qu'on venait
everywhere his empire? " He asked who was this fat man that we came from

de tuer en cérémonie. «-C'est un amiral, lui répondit-on.-Et
to kill in ceremony. "-He is an admiral," they replied.

pourquoi tuer cet amiral?-C'est, lui dit-on, parce qu'il n'a pas
why kill this admiral? -It is, he was told, because he did not

fait tuer assez de monde; il a livré un combat à un amiral français, et
kill enough people; he fought a French admiral, and

on a trouvé qu'il n'était pas assez près de lui.-Mais, dit Candide,
we found that he was not close enough to him. "" But, "said Candide,"

l'amiral français était aussi loin de l'amiral anglais que celui-ci
the French admiral was as far from the English admiral as this one

l'était de l'autre!-Cela est incontestable, lui répliqua-t-on;
was the other! ”“ That is indisputable, ”they replied;

mais dans ce pays-ci il est bon de tuer de temps en temps un amiral
but in this country it is good to kill an admiral from time to time

pour encourager les autres.»
to encourage others."

Candide fut si étourdi et si choqué de ce qu'il voyait et de ce qu'il
Candide was so stunned and so shocked at what he saw and what he

entendait, qu'il ne voulut pas seulement mettre pied à terre, et qu'il
heard, that he did not just want to dismount, and that he

fit son marché avec le patron hollandais (dût-il le voler comme celui
made his deal with the Dutch boss (even if he had to steal it like the one

de Surinam) pour le conduire sans délai à Venise.
of Surinam) to take him without delay to Venice.

Le patron fut prêt au bout de deux jours; on côtoya la France; on
The boss was ready after two days; we rubbed shoulders with France; we

passa à la vue de Lisbonne, et Candide frémit. On entra dans le détroit
passed within sight of Lisbon, and Candide shuddered. We entered the strait

et dans la Méditerranée; enfin on aborda a Venise. «-Dieu soit
and in the Mediterranean; finally we landed in Venice. "-God be

loué! dit Candide en embrassant Martin: c'est ici que je reverrai la
rented! said Candide, kissing Martin: it is here that I will see her again.

belle Cunégonde. Je compte sur Cacambo comme sur moi-même. Tout est
beautiful Cunégonde. I rely on Cacambo as on myself. All is

bien, tout va bien, tout va le mieux qu'il soit possible.»
well, everything is fine, everything is as well as possible. "

XXIV. OF PAQUETTE AND BROTHER GIROFLÉE.

XXIV. DE PAQUETTE ET DE FRÈRE GIROFLÉE.

As soon as he was in Venice, he had Cacambo found in all the

Dès qu'il fut à Venise, il fit chercher Cacambo dans tous les
cabarets, in all the cafes, in all the girls, and do not

cabarets, dans tous les cafés, chez toutes les filles de joie, et ne le
found point. He sent every day to discover all the

trouva point. Il envoyait tous les jours à la découverte de tous les
vessels and all boats: a thousand news from Cacambo.

vaisseaux et de toutes les barques: milles nouvelles de Cacambo.
"-What! he said to Martin, I had time to move from Surinam

«-Quoi! disait-il à Martin, j'ai eu le temps de passer de Surinam
in Bordeaux, to go from Bordeaux to Paris, from Paris to Dieppe, from Dieppe

à Bordeaux, d'aller de Bordeaux à Paris, de Paris à Dieppe, de Dieppe
in Portsmouth, to rub shoulders with Portugal and Spain, to cross all

à Portsmouth, de côtoyer le Portugal et l'Espagne, de traverser toute
the Mediterranean, to spend a few months in Venice, and the beautiful Cunégonde

la Méditerranée, de passer quelques mois à Venise, et la belle Cunégonde
did not come! I only met, instead of her, a funny girl

n'est point venue! Je n'ai rencontré, au lieu d'elle, qu'une drôlesse
and a Perigord abbot! Cunegonde is doubtless dead; I no longer have

et un abbé périgourdin! Cunégonde est morte, sans doute; je n'ai plus
than to die. Ah! it was better to stay in the paradise of Dorado than to

qu'à mourir. Ah! il valait mieux rester dans le paradis du Dorado que de
come back to this damn Europe. That you are right, my dear

revenir dans cette maudite Europe. Que vous avez raison, mon cher
Martin! all is illusion and calamity. "

Martin! tout n'est qu'illusion et calamité.»

He fell into a black melancholy and took no part in the opera

Il tomba dans une mélancolie noire et ne prit aucune part à l'opéra
allo modo, nor to other carnival entertainment, not one

allo modo, ni aux autres divertissements du carnaval, pas une
lady did not give him the slightest temptation. Martin said to him: "-You

dame ne lui donna la moindre tentation. Martin lui dit: «-Vous
it is very simple, in truth, to imagine that a Métis valet, who

êtes bien simple, en vérité, de vous figurer qu'un valet métis, qui
has five or six million in his pockets, will go and get your mistress at

a cinq ou six millions dans ses poches, ira chercher votre maîtresse au
end of the world, and will bring it to Venice. He will take it for himself, if he

bout du monde, et vous l'amènera à Venise. Il la prendra pour lui, s'il
find her; if he does not find it, he will take another: I will

la trouve; s'il ne la trouve pas, il en prendra une autre: je vous
advises to forget your valet Cacambo and your mistress Cunégonde. "

conseille d'oublier votre valet Cacambo et votre maîtresse Cunégonde.»
Martin was not consoling. Candide's melancholy increased, and

Martin n'était pas consolant. La mélancolie de Candide augmenta, et
Martin never ceased to prove to him that there was little virtue and little

Martin ne cessait de lui prouver qu'il y avait peu de vertu et peu de
happiness on earth, except perhaps in Eldorado, where no one

bonheur sur la terre, excepté peut-être dans Eldorado, où personne
could not go.

En disputant sur cette matière importante, et en attendant Cunégonde,
By arguing over this important matter, and while waiting for Cunégonde,

Candide aperçut un jeune théatin dans la place Saint-Marc, qui tenait
Candide saw a young Theatin in Saint Mark's Square, holding

sous le bras une fille. Le théatin paraissait frais, potelé, vigoureux:
under the arm a girl. The theatin seemed fresh, chubby, vigorous:

ses yeux étaient brillants, son air assuré, sa mine haute, sa démarche
his eyes were shining, his air assured, his high countenance, his

fière. La fille était très jolie et chantait; elle regardait amoureusement
proud. The girl was very pretty and sang; she was looking lovingly

son théatin, et de temps en temps lui pinçait ses grosses joues.
her theatin, and from time to time pinched her fat cheeks.

«-Vous m'avouerez du moins, dit Candide à Martin, que ces gens-ci
"-You will at least admit to me," said Candide to Martin, "that these people

sont heureux. Je n'ai trouvé jusqu'à présent dans toute la terre
are happy. I have only found so far in all the earth

habitable, excepté dans l'Eldorado, que des infortunés; mais pour cette
habitable, except in Eldorado, only the unfortunate; but for this

fille et ce théatin, je gage que ce sont des créatures très
girl and this theatin, I bet they are very

heureuses.-Je gage que non, dit Martin.-Il n'y a qu'à les
happy. -I bet not, said Martin.

prier à dîner, dit Candide, et vous verrez si je me trompe.»
pray at dinner, said Candide, and you will see if I am wrong. "

Aussitôt il les aborde; il leur fait son compliment et les invite à
He immediately approaches them; he compliments them and invites them to

venir à son hôtellerie manger des macaronis, des perdrix de Lombardie,
come to his hotel to eat macaroni, partridges from Lombardy,

des œufs d'esturgeon, et à boire du vin de Moutepulciano, élu
sturgeon eggs, and to drink Moutepulciano wine, elected

lacrima-christi, du chypre et du samos. La demoiselle rougit, le théatin
lacrima-christi, from cyprus and samos. The young lady blushes, the theatin

accepta la partie, et la fille le suivit en regardant Candide avec des
accepted the part, and the girl followed him, looking at Candide with

yeux de surprise et de confusion, qui furent obscurcis de quelques
eyes of surprise and confusion, which were obscured by a few

larmes. À peine fut-elle entrée dans la chambre de Candide, qu'elle
tears. No sooner had she entered Candide's room than she

lui dit: «-Eh quoi! monsieur Candide ne reconnaît plus Paquette!»
said to him: "-What! Monsieur Candide no longer recognizes Paquette! "

À ces mots, Candide, qui ne l'avait pas considérée jusque-là avec
At these words, Candide, who had not yet considered her with

attention, parce qu'il n'était occupé que de Cunégonde, lui dit:
be careful, because he was only occupied with Cunégonde, said to him:

«-Hélas! ma pauvre enfant, c'est donc vous qui avez mis le
"-Alas! my poor child, so it is you who put the

docteur Pangloss dans le bel état où je l'ai vu!
Doctor Pangloss in the beautiful state I saw him in!

-Hélas! monsieur, c'est moi-même, dit Paquette: je vois que
-Alas! sir, it's myself, said Paquette: I see that

vous êtes instruit de tout. J'ai su les malheurs épouvantables arrivés
you are educated in everything. I knew the terrible misfortunes happened

à toute la maison de Mme la baronne et à la belle Cunégonde. Je vous
to the whole house of Madame la Baronne and to the beautiful Cunégonde. I you

jure que ma destinée n'a guère été moins triste. J'étais fort innocente
swear that my destiny was hardly less sad. I was very innocent

quand vous m'avez vue. Un cordelier, qui était mon confesseur, me
when you saw me. A cordelier, who was my confessor,

séduisit aisément. Les suites en furent affreuses; je fus obligée de
easily seduced. The consequences were frightful; I was obliged to

sortir du château quelque temps après que M. le baron vous eut renvoyé
leave the castle some time after M. le baron had dismissed you

à grands coups de pied dans le derrière. Si un fameux médecin n'avait
with great kicks in the butt. If a famous doctor had not

pas pris pitié de moi, j'étais morte. Je fus quelque temps par
didn't take pity on me, I was dead. I was some time by

reconnaissance la maîtresse de ce médecin. Sa femme, qui était
recognition the mistress of this doctor. His wife, who was

jalouse à la rage, me battait tous les jours impitoyablement; c'était
jealous with rage, beat me mercilessly every day; it was

une furie. Ce médecin était le plus laid de tous les hommes, et
a fury. This doctor was the ugliest of all men, and

moi la plus malheureuse de toutes les créatures d'être battue
me the most unhappy of all creatures to be beaten

continuellement pour un homme que je n'aimais pas. Vous savez,
continually for a man I didn't like. You know,

monsieur, combien il est dangereux pour une femme acariâtre d'être
sir, how dangerous it is for a cantankerous woman to be

l'épouse d'un médecin. Celui-ci, outré des procédés de sa femme,
the wife of a doctor. The latter, outraged by his wife's procedures,

lui donna un jour, pour la guérir d'un petit rhume, une médecine
one day gave her, to cure her of a minor cold, a medicine

si efficace, qu'elle en mourut en deux heures de temps dans des
so effective that she died of it in two hours

convulsions horribles. Les parents de madame intentèrent à monsieur un
horrible convulsions. Madame's parents brought to Monsieur a

procès criminel; il prit la fuite, et moi je fus mise en prison. Mon
criminal trial; he fled, and I was put in prison. My

innocence ne m'aurait pas sauvée, si je n'avais été un peu jolie. Le
innocence would not have saved me if I had not been a little pretty. The

juge m'élargit à condition qu'il succéderait au médecin. Je fus d'abord
judge released me on condition that he succeeded the doctor. I was first

supplantée par une rivale, chassée sans récompense et obligée de
supplanted by a rival, hunted without reward and forced to

continuer ce métier abominable qui vous parait-si plaisant à vous
continue this abominable profession which seems so pleasant to you

autres hommes, et qui n'est pour nous qu'un abîme de misère. J'allai
other men, and which for us is nothing but an abyss of misery. I went

exercer la profession à Venise. Ah! monsieur, si vous pouviez vous
practice the profession in Venice. Ah! sir, if you could you

imaginer ce que c'est que d'être obligée de caresser indifféremment
imagine what it's like to have to caress indifferently

un vieux marchand, un avocat, un moine, un gondolier, un abbé; d'être
an old merchant, a lawyer, a monk, a gondolier, an abbot; to be

exposée à toutes les insultes, à toutes les avanies; d'être souvent
exposed to all insults, to all insults; to be often

réduite à emprunter une jupe pour aller se la faire lever par un homme
reduced to borrowing a skirt to go get it up by a man

dégoûtant; d'être volée par l'un de ce qu'on a gagné avec l'autre;
disgusting; to be stolen by one of what one has gained with the other;

d'être rançonnée par les officiers de justice et de n'avoir en
to be held to ransom by the officers of justice and not to have

perspective qu'une vieillesse affreuse, un hôpital et un fumier, vous
the prospect that a dreadful old age, a hospital and a manure, you

concluriez que je suis une des plus malheureuses créatures du monde.»
conclude that I am one of the most unhappy creatures in the world. ”

Paquette ouvrait ainsi son cœur au bon Candide, dans un cabinet, en
Paquette thus opened his heart to the good Candide, in a study,

présence de Martin, qui disait à Candide: «Vous voyez que j'ai déjà
presence of Martin, who said to Candide: "You see that I have already

gagné la moitié de la gageure.»
won half the bet. ”

Frère Giroflée était resté dans la salle à manger, et buvait un coup
Brother Wallflower had stayed in the dining room, and had a drink

en attendant le dîner. «-Mais, dit Candide à Paquette, vous aviez
while waiting for dinner. "-But," said Candide to Paquette, "you had

l'air si gai, si content, quand je vous ai rencontrée! vous chantiez,
look so cheerful, so happy, when I met you! You were singing,

vous caressiez le théatin avec une complaisance naturelle; vous m'avez
you caress the theatin with a natural complacency; you have me

paru aussi heureuse que vous prétendez être infortunée.-Ah!
appeared as happy as you claim to be unfortunate. -Ah!

monsieur, répondit Paquette, c'est encore là une des misères du métier.
sir, replied Paquette, this is one of the miseries of the trade.

J'ai été hier volée et battue par un officier, et il faut aujourd'hui
I was robbed and beaten yesterday by an officer, and it takes today

que je paraisse de bonne humeur pour plaire à un moine.»
that I appear in a good mood to please a monk. "

Candide n'en voulait pas davantage; il avoua que Martin avait
Candide wanted no more; he confessed that Martin had

raison. On se mit à table avec Paquette et le théatin; le repas fut
reason. They sat down to table with Paquette and the Theatin; the meal was

assez amusant, et sur la fin on se parla avec quelque confiance.
quite amusing, and at the end we spoke with some confidence.

«-Mon père, dit Candide au moine, vous me paraissez jouir
"-My father," said Candide to the monk, "you seem to me to enjoy

d'une destinée que tout le monde doit envier; la fleur de la santé
of a destiny that everyone must envy; the flower of health

brille sur votre visage; votre physionomie annonce le bonheur; vous
shines on your face; your physiognomy announces happiness; you

avez une très jolie fille pour votre récréation, et vous paraissez très
have a very pretty girl for your recess, and you look very

content de votre état de théatin.
happy with your state of theatin.

-Ma foi, monsieur, dit frère Giroflée, je voudrais que tous
- My faith, sir, said Brother Giroflée, I would like everyone

les théatins fussent au fond de la mer. J'ai été tenté cent fois de
the theatins were at the bottom of the sea. I have been tempted a hundred times to

mettre le feu au couvent et d'aller me faire turc. Mes parents me
set fire to the convent and go and make myself Turkish. My parents me

forcèrent, à l'âge de quinze ans, d'endosser cette détestable robe,
forced, at the age of fifteen, to put on this detestable dress,

pour laisser plus de fortune à un maudit frère aîné, que Dieu confonde!
to leave more fortune to a cursed elder brother, whom God confuses!

La jalousie, la discorde, la rage, habitent dans le couvent, il est vrai
Jealousy, discord, rage, live in the convent, it is true

que j'ai prêché quelques mauvais sermons qui m'ont valu un peu d'argent
that I preached a few bad sermons that earned me some money

dont le prieur me vole la moitié; le reste me sert à entretenir des
half of which the prior steals from me; the rest is for me to maintain

filles; mais quand je rentre le soir dans le monastère, je suis prêt à
girls; but when I return to the monastery in the evening, I am ready to

me casser la tête contre les murs du dortoir, et tous mes confrères
banging my head against the dormitory walls, and all my colleagues

sont dans le même cas.»
are in the same case. "

Martin, se tournant vers Candide avec son sang-froid ordinaire:
Martin, turning to Candide with his usual coolness:

«-Eh bien! lui dit-il, n'ai-je pas gagné la gageure tout entière?»
"-Well! he said to her, have I not won the whole challenge? "

Candide donna deux mille piastres à Paquette et mille piastres à frère
Candide gave two thousand piastres to Paquette and a thousand piastres to Brother

Giroflée. «-Je vous réponds, dit-il, qu'avec cela ils seront
Wallflower. "-I answer you," he said, "with that they will be

heureux.-Je n'en crois rien du tout, dit Martin: vous les rendrez
happy. -I don't believe it at all, said Martin.

peut-être avec ces piastres beaucoup plus malheureux encore.-Il
perhaps with these much more unfortunate piastres still.

en sera ce qui pourra, dit Candide; mais une chose me console: je vois
what will be, said Candide; but one thing consoles me: I see

qu'on retrouve souvent les gens qu'on ne croyait jamais retrouver; il se
that we often find people we never thought we would find; he is

pourra bien faire qu'ayant rencontré mon mouton rouge et Paquette, je
may well do that having met my red sheep and Paquette, I

rencontre aussi Cunégonde.-Je souhaite, dit Martin, qu'elle
also meets Cunégonde. -I wish, says Martin, that she

fasse un jour votre bonheur; mais c'est de quoi je doute fort.-Vous
make you happy one day; but that's what I very much doubt.-You

êtes bien dur, dit Candide.-C'est que j'ai vécu, dit
are very hard, said Candide.

Martin.-Mais regardez ces gondoliers, dit Candide: ne chantent-ils
Martin.-But look at those gondoliers, said Candide: don't they sing

pas sans cesse!-Vous ne les voyez pas dans leur ménage, avec
not constantly! -You don't see them in their household, with

leurs femmes et leurs marmots d'enfants, dit Martin. Le doge a ses
their wives and children, says Martin. The doge has his

chagrins; les gondoliers ont les leurs. Il est vrai qu'à tout prendre
sorrows; the gondoliers have theirs. It is true that on the whole

le sort d'un gondolier est préférable à celui d'un doge; mais je crois
the fate of a gondolier is preferable to that of a doge; but I think

la différence si médiocre, que cela ne vaut pas la peine d'être examiné.
the difference so mediocre, that it is not worth considering.

-On parle, dit Candide, du sénateur Pococurante, qui demeure
-We are talking, said Candide, of Senator Pococurante, who remains

dans ce beau palais sur la Brenta, et qui reçoit assez bien les
in this beautiful palace on the Brenta, and which receives fairly well the

étrangers. On prétend que c'est un homme qui n'a jamais eu de
foreigners. They say he's a man who never had a

chagrin.-Je voudrais voir une espèce si rare,» dit Martin.
grief.-I would like to see such a rare species, ”said Martin.

Candide aussitôt fit demander au seigneur Pococurante la permission
Candide immediately asked Lord Pococurante for permission

de venir le voir le lendemain.
to come and see him the next day.

XXV. VISITE CHEZ LE SEIGNEUR POCOCURANTE, NOBLE VÉNITIEN.
XXV. VISIT TO THE LORD POCOCURANTE, VENETIAN NOBLE.

Candide et Martin allèrent en gondole sur la Brenta, et arrivèrent
Candide and Martin went by gondola on the Brenta, and arrived

au palais du noble Pococurante. Les jardins étaient bien entendus et
at the palace of the noble Pococurante. The gardens were well understood and

ornés de belles statues de marbre, le palais d'une belle architecture.
adorned with beautiful marble statues, the palace of beautiful architecture.

Le maître du logis, homme do soixante ans, fort riche, reçut très
The master of the house, a man of sixty, very rich, received very

poliment les deux curieux, mais avec très peu d'empressement, ce qui
politely the two curious, but with very little eagerness, which

déconcerta Candide et ne déplut point à Martin.
disconcerted Candide and did not displease Martin.

D'abord deux filles jolies et proprement mises servirent du chocolat,
First two pretty and neatly dressed girls served chocolate,

qu'elles firent très bien mousser. Candide ne put s'empêcher de les
which they lathered very well. Candide could not help but

louer sur leur beauté, sur leur bonne grâce et sur leur adresse.
praise on their beauty, their good grace and their address.

«-Ce sont d'assez bonnes créatures, dit le sénateur Pococurante;
'They are pretty good creatures,' said Senator Pococurante;

je les fais quelquefois coucher dans mon lit, car je suis bien las des
I sometimes make them sleep in my bed, because I am very tired of

dames de la ville, de leurs coquetteries, de leurs jalousies, de leurs
ladies of the city, their coquetry, their jealousy, their

querelles, de leurs humeurs, de leurs petitesses, de leur orgueil, de
quarrels, their moods, their pettiness, their pride, their

leurs sottises et des sonnets qu'il faut faire ou commander pour elles;
their stupidities and sonnets that must be made or ordered for them;

mais, après tout, ces deux filles commencent fort à m'ennuyer.»
but, after all, these two girls are starting to bother me a lot. "

Candide, après le déjeuner, se promenant dans une longue galerie,
Candide, after lunch, walking in a long gallery,

fut surpris de la beauté des tableaux. Il demanda de quel maître étaient
was surprised at the beauty of the paintings. He asked which master were

les deux premiers. «-Ils sont de Raphaël, dit le sénateur; je les
the first two. "'They are from Raphael,' said the senator; I them

achetai fort cher par vanité, il y a quelques années; on dit que c'est
I bought very dear out of vanity a few years ago; we say it is

ce qu'il y a de plus beau en Italie, mais ils ne me plaisent point du
most beautiful in Italy, but I don't like them

tout: la couleur en est très rembrunie; les figures ne sont pas assez
everything: the color is very dark; the figures are not enough

arrondies et ne sortent point assez; les draperies ne ressemblent en
rounded and do not come out enough; the draperies do not look like

rien à une étoffe: en un mot, quoi qu'on en dise, je ne trouve point là
nothing to a fabric: in a word, whatever one says about it, I do not find there

une imitation vraie de la nature. Je n'aimerai un tableau que quand je
a true imitation of nature. I won't like a painting until I

croirai voir la nature elle-même: il n'y en a point de cette espèce.
I would believe I see nature itself: there is none of this kind.

J'ai beaucoup de tableaux, mais je ne les regarde plus.»
I have a lot of paintings, but I don't look at them anymore. "

Pococurante, en attendant le dîner, se fit donner un concerto.
Pococurante, while waiting for dinner, ordered a concerto.

Candide trouva la musique délicieuse. «-Ce bruit, dit Pococurante,
Candide found the music delicious. "-That noise," said Pococurante,

peut amuser une demi-heure; mais, s'il dure plus longtemps, il
can entertain half an hour; but, if it lasts longer, it

fatigue tout le monde, quoique personne n'ose l'avouer. La musique
tires everyone, although no one dares to admit it. The music

aujourd'hui n'est plus que l'art d'exécuter des choses difficiles,
today is just the art of doing difficult things,

et ce qui n'est que difficile ne plaît point à la longue.
and what is only difficult does not please in the long run.

J'aimerais peut-être mieux l'opéra, si on n'avait pas trouvé le
Perhaps I would prefer the opera, if we had not found the

secret d'en faire un monstre qui me révolte. Ira voir qui voudra de
secret to make a monster that revolts me. Will see who wants to

mauvaises tragédies en musique, où les scènes ne sont faites que
bad tragedies in music, where the scenes are only made

pour amener très mal à propos deux ou trois chansons ridicules qui
to bring very badly two or three ridiculous songs which

font valoir le gosier d'une actrice; se pâmera de plaisir qui voudra
bring out the throat of an actress; who will swoon with pleasure

ou qui pourra en voyant un châtré fredonner le rôle de César et de
or who will be able to see a castrated man hum the part of Caesar and

Caton, et se promener d'un air gauche sur des planches: pour moi,
Cato, and walk awkwardly on planks: for me,

il y a longtemps que j'ai renoncé à ces pauvretés qui font aujourd'hui
It has been a long time since I renounced these poverty that makes today

la gloire de l'Italie et que des souverains paient si chèrement.»
the glory of Italy and which sovereigns pay so dearly. "

Candide disputa un peu, mais avec discrétion. Martin fut entièrement
Candide argued a little, but with discretion. Martin was entirely

de l'avis du sénateur.
in the opinion of the senator.

On se mit à table; et, après un excellent dîner, on entra dans la
We sat down to table; and, after an excellent dinner, we entered the

bibliothèque. Candide, en voyant un Homère magnifiquement relié,
library. Candide, seeing a magnificently linked Homer,

loua l'illustrissime sur son bon goût. «-Voilà, dit-il, un livre
praised the illustrious on its good taste. "-Here is a book

qui faisait les délices du grand Pangloss, le meilleur philosophe de
who delighted the great Pangloss, the best philosopher of

l'Allemagne.-Il ne fait pas les miennes, dit froidement
Germany.-He does not do mine, said coldly

Pococurante: on me fit accroire autrefois que j'avais du plaisir en le
Pococurante: I was once made to believe that I had pleasure in

lisant; mais cette répétition continuelle de combats qui se ressemblent
reading; but this continual repetition of fights which resemble each other

tous, ces dieux qui agissent toujours pour ne rien faire de décisif,
all, these gods who always act to do nothing decisive,

cette Hélène qui est le sujet de la guerre, et qui à peine est une
this Helen who is the subject of the war, and who is hardly a

actrice de la pièce; cette Troie qu'on assiège et qu'on ne prend point;
actress of the play; that Troy which is besieged and not taken;

tout cela me causait le plus mortel ennui. J'ai demandé quelquefois
all this was causing me the most mortal annoyance. I sometimes asked

à des savants s'ils s'ennuyaient autant que moi à cette lecture: tous
to scholars if they were as bored as I was reading this: all

les gens sincères m'ont avoué que le livre leur tombait des mains,
sincere people have confessed to me that the book fell out of their hands,

mais qu'il fallait toujours l'avoir dans sa bibliothèque, comme un
but that you always had to have it in your library, like a

monument de l'antiquité, et comme ces médailles rouillées qui ne
monument of antiquity, and like those rusty medals which

peuvent être de commerce.
can be commercial.

-Votre excellence ne pense pas ainsi de Virgile? dit
-Your excellence does not think so of Virgil? said

Candide.-Je conviens, dit Pococurante, que le second, le quatrième
Candide.-I agree, said Pococurante, that the second, the fourth

et le sixième livre de son Énéide sont excellents; mais pour son pieux
and the sixth book of his Aeneid are excellent; but for his pious

Énée, et le fort Cloanthe, et l'ami Achates, et le petit Ascanius, et
Aeneas, and Fort Cloanthus, and friend Achates, and little Ascanius, and

l'imbécile roi Latinus, et la bourgeoise Amata, et l'insipide
the fool king Latinus, and the bourgeois Amata, and the insipid

Lavinia, je ne crois pas qu'il y ait rien de si froid et de plus
Lavinia, I don't believe there is anything so cold and more

désagréable. J'aime mieux le Tasse et les contes à dormir debout de
unpleasant. I like the Cup and the standing tales of

l'Arioste.
Ariosto.

-Oserais-je vous demander, monsieur, dit Candide, si vous
- Dare I ask you, sir, said Candide, if you

n'avez pas un grand plaisir à lire Horace?-Il y a des maximes,
don't have great pleasure in reading Horace? -There are maxims,

dit Pococurante, dont un homme du monde peut faire son profit et qui,
said Pococurante, from which a man of the world can make his profit and who,

étant resserrées dans des vers énergiques, se gravent plus aisément
being tightened in energetic verses, are more easily engraved

dans la mémoire; mais je me soucie fort peu de son voyage à Brindes, et
in the memory; but I care very little about his trip to Brindes, and

de sa description d'un mauvais dîner, et de la querelle de crocheteurs
of his description of a bad dinner, and the pickers' quarrel

entre je ne sais quel Pupilus dont les paroles, dit-il, étaient pleines
between I do not know which Pupilus whose words, he said, were full

de pus, et un autre dont les paroles étaient du vinaigre. Je n'ai lu
pus, and another whose words were vinegar. I haven't read

qu'avec un extrême dégoût ses vers grossiers contre des vieilles et
that with extreme disgust his coarse verses against old women and

contre des sorcières, et je ne vois pas quel mérite il peut y avoir à
against witches, and I don't see what merit there can be in

dire à son ami Mécénas que, s'il est mis par lui au rang des poètes
tell his friend Mécénas that, if he is placed by him among the poets

lyriques, il frappera les astres de son front sublime. Les sots admirent
lyrical, he will strike the stars with his sublime forehead. Fools admire

tout dans un auteur estimé. Je ne lis que pour moi; je n'aime que ce
all in one esteemed author. I only read for myself; I only like this

qui est à mon usage.» Candide, qui avait été élevé à ne jamais juger
which is for my use. " Candide, who had been brought up never to judge

de rien par lui-même, était fort étonné de ce qu'il entendait, et Martin
nothing by himself, was greatly astonished at what he heard, and Martin

trouvait la façon de penser de Pococurante assez raisonnable.
found Pococurante's thinking quite reasonable.

«-Oh! voici un Cicéron, dit Candide: pour ce grand homme-là,
"-Oh! here is a Cicero, said Candide: for that great man,

je pense que vous ne vous lassez point de le lire.-Je ne le lis
I think you never tire of reading it. -I don't read it

jamais, répondit le Vénitien. Que m'importe qu'il ait plaidé pour
never, replied the Venetian. What does it matter to me that he pleaded for

Rabirius ou pour Cluentius? J'ai bien assez des procès que je juge; je
Rabirius or for Cluentius? I have had enough of the trials that I judge; I

me serais mieux accommodé de ses œuvres philosophiques; mais quand
I would have come to terms better with his philosophical works; but when

j'ai vu qu'il doutait de tout, j'ai conclu que j'en savais autant que
I saw that he doubted everything, I concluded that I knew as much as

lui, et que je n'avais besoin de personne pour être ignorant.
him, and that I didn't need anyone to be ignorant.

-Ah! voilà quatre-vingts volumes de recueils d'une académie
-Ah! here are eighty volumes of collections of an academy

des sciences, s'écria Martin; il se peut qu'il y ait là du bon.-Il
sciences, cried Martin; there may be some good there.

y en aurait, dit Pococurante, si un seul des auteurs de ces fatras
there would be, says Pococurante, if only one of the authors of this jumble

avait inventé seulement l'art de faire des épingles; mais il n'y a dans
had only invented the art of making pins; but there is in

tous ces livres que de vains systèmes, et pas une seule chose utile.
all these books are empty systems, and not a single useful thing.

-Que de pièces de théâtre je vois là, dit Candide, en italien,
- How many plays I see there, said Candide, in Italian,

en espagnol, en français!-Oui, dit le sénateur, il y en a trois
in Spanish, in French! -Yes, said the senator, there are three

mille, et pas trois douzaines de bonnes. Pour ces recueils de sermons,
a thousand, and not three dozen good. For these collections of sermons,

qui tous ensemble ne valent pas une page de Sénèque, et tous ces gros
which all together are not worth a page of Seneca, and all these big

volumes de théologie, vous pensez bien que je ne les ouvre jamais, ni
volumes of theology, you can imagine that I never open them, nor

moi, ni personne.»
me and no one. "

Martin aperçut des rayons chargés de livres anglais. «-Je crois,
Martin saw shelves loaded with English books. "-I believe,

dit-il qu'un républicain doit se plaire à la plupart de ces ouvrages
he said that a republican must like most of these works

écrits si librement.-Oui, répondit Pococurante, il est beau
written so freely.-Yes, replied Pococurante, he is

d'écrire ce qu'on pense; c'est le privilège de l'homme. Dans toute
to write what you think; it is the privilege of man. In all

notre Italie, on n'écrit que ce qu'on ne pense pas; ceux qui habitent
our Italy, we only write what we don't think; those who live

la patrie des Césars et des Antonius n'osent avoir une idée sans la
the homeland of Caesars and Antonius dare not have an idea without

permission d'un jacobin. Je serais content de la liberté qui inspire
permission of a Jacobin. I would be happy with the freedom that inspires

les génies anglais, si la passion et l'esprit de parti ne corrompaient
English geniuses, if passion and party spirit did not corrupt

pas tout ce que cette précieuse liberté a d'estimable.»
not all that this precious freedom is worth. "

Candide, apercevant un Milton, lui demanda s'il ne regardait pas
Candide, seeing a Milton, asked him if he was not looking

cet auteur comme un grand homme. «-Qui? dit Pococurante, ce
this author as a great man. "-Who? said Pococurante, this

barbare, qui fait un long commentaire en dix livres de vers durs du
barbarian, who makes a long ten-book commentary of

premier chapitre de la Genèse? ce grossier imitateur des Grecs,
first chapter of Genesis? this crude imitator of the Greeks,

qui défigure la création et qui, tandis que Moïse représente l'Être
who disfigures creation and who, while Moses represents the Being

éternel produisant le monde par la parole, fait prendre un grand compas
eternal producing the world by the word, makes take a great compass

par Messiah dans une armoire du ciel pour tracer son ouvrage? Moi,
by Messiah in a cabinet of heaven to trace his work? Me,

j'estimerais celui qui a gâté l'enfer et le diable du Tasse; qui
I would esteem the one who spoiled hell and the devil of Tasso; who

déguise Lucifer tantôt en crapaud, tantôt en pygmée; qui lui fait
disguises Lucifer sometimes as a toad, sometimes as a pygmy; who makes him

rebattre cent fois les mêmes discours; qui le fait disputer sur la
rewrite the same speeches a hundred times; which makes him argue on the

théologie; qui, en imitant sérieusement l'invention comique des armes
theology; who, by seriously imitating the comic invention of weapons

à feu de l'Arioste, fait tirer le canon dans le ciel par les diables?
fire from Ariosto, fire the cannon in the sky by the devils?

Ni moi ni personne en Italie n'a pu se plaire à toutes ces tristes
Neither I nor anyone in Italy was able to enjoy all these sad

extravagances; et le mariage du Péché et de la Mort, et les
extravagances; and the marriage of Sin and Death, and the

couleuvres dont le Péché accouche, font vomir tout homme qui a le goût
snakes from which Sin gives birth, make every man who tastes

un peu délicat; et sa longue description d'un hôpital n'est bonne que
a little tricky; and his long description of a hospital is only good

pour un fossoyeur. Ce poème obscur, bizarre et dégoûtant fui méprisé
for a gravedigger. This obscure, bizarre and disgusting poem fled despised

à sa naissance; je le traite aujourd'hui comme il fut traité dans sa
At his birth; I treat him today as he was treated in his

patrie par les contemporains. Au reste, je dis ce que je pense, et je me
homeland by contemporaries. Besides, I say what I think, and I

soucie fort peu que les autres pensent comme moi.» Candide était
don't care that others think like me. ” Candide was

affligé de ces discours: il respectait Homère; il aimait un peu Milton.
distressed by these speeches: he respected Homer; he liked Milton a little.

«-Hélas! dit-il tout bas à Martin, j'ai bien peur que cet homme-ci
"-Alas! he whispered to Martin, I'm afraid this man

n'ait un souverain mépris pour nos poètes allemands.-Il n'y aurait
have a sovereign contempt for our German poets.

pas grand mal à cela, dit Martin.-Oh! quel homme supérieur!
not too bad at that, said Martin. what a superior man!

disait encore Candide entre ses dents; quel grand génie que ce
Candide was still saying between his teeth; what a great genius that

Pococurante! rien ne peut lui plaire.»
Pococurante! nothing can please him. "

Après avoir fait ainsi la revue de tous les livres, ils descendirent
After reviewing all the books in this way, they went downstairs

dans le jardin. Candide en loua toutes les beautés.»-Je ne sais
in the garden. Candide praised all its beauties. ”- I don't know

rien de si mauvais goût, dit le maître; nous n'avons ici que des
nothing so bad taste, said the master; we only have here

colifichets; mais je vais dès demain en faire planter un d'un dessin
trinkets; but tomorrow I will have one crashed with a drawing

plus noble.»
nobler. "

Quand les deux curieux eurent pris congé de son excellence:
When the two curious had taken leave of his excellency:

«-Or ça, dit Candide à Martin, vous conviendrez que voilà le plus
"-Now that," said Candide to Martin, "you will agree that this is the most

heureux de tous les hommes, car il est au-dessus de tout ce qu'il
happy with all men, for he is above all that he

possède.-Ne voyez-vous pas, dit Martin, qu'il est dégoûté de tout
possesses.-Don't you see, said Martin, that he's disgusted with everything

ce qu'il possède? Platon a dit, il y a longtemps, que les meilleurs
what he owns? Plato said a long time ago that the best

estomacs ne sont pas ceux qui rebutent tous les aliments.-Mais,
stomachs are not those which reject all food.-But,

dit Candide, n'y a-t-il pas du plaisir à tout critiquer, à sentir des
said Candide, isn't there some pleasure in criticizing everything, in feeling

défauts où les autres hommes croient voir des beautés?-C'est-à-dire,
faults in which other men believe they see beauties? - That is to say,

reprit Martin, qu'il y a du plaisir à n'avoir pas de plaisir?-Oh
resumed Martin, that there is pleasure in not having pleasure?

bien! dit Candide, il n'y a donc d'heureux que moi, quand je reverrai
well! said Candide, so there are no happy people except me, when I see

Mlle Cunégonde.-C'est toujours bien fait d'espérer, dit Martin.»
Mlle Cunégonde. It's always good to hope, said Martin. "

Cependant les jours, les semaines s'écoulaient; Cacambo ne revenait
However the days, the weeks passed; Cacambo never came back

point, et Candide était si abîmé dans sa douleur, qu'il ne fit pas même
point, and Candide was so damaged in his grief that he did not even

réflexion que Paquette et frère Giroflée n'étaient pas venus seulement
reflection that Paquette and Brother Giroflée did not come only

le remercier.
thank him.

XXVI. D’UN SOUPER QUE CANDIDE ET MARTIN FIRENT AVEC SIX ÉTRANGERS,
XXVI. A DINNER THAT CANDIDE AND MARTIN HAD WITH SIX FOREIGNERS,

ET QUI ILS ÉTAIENT.
AND WHO THEY WERE.

Un soir que Candide, suivi de Martin, allait se mettre à table avec
One evening that Candide, followed by Martin, was going to sit at table with

les étrangers qui logeaient dans la même hôtellerie, un homme à visage
foreigners who stayed in the same hotel, a man with a face

couleur de suie l'aborda par derrière, et, le prenant par le bras, lui
soot-colored approached him from behind, and, taking him by the arm, he

dit: «-Soyez prêt à partir avec nous; n'y manquez pas. Il se
said: “Be ready to go with us; don't miss it. It is

retourne et voit Cacambo. Il n'y avait que la vue de Cunégonde qui pût
returns and sees Cacambo. There was only the sight of Cunegonde that could

l'étonner et lui plaire davantage. Il fut sur le point de devenir fou de
astonish him and please him more. He was about to go mad from

joie. Il embrasse son cher ami. «-Cunégonde est ici, sans
joy. He kisses his dear friend. "-Cunégonde is here, without

doute? où est-elle? Mène-moi vers elle, que je meure de joie avec
doubt? Where is she? Take me to her, that I die of joy with

elle.-Cunégonde n'est point ici, dit Cacambo; elle est à
she. "Cunegonde is not here," said Cacambo; she is at

Constantinople.-Ah ciel! à Constantinople! Mais fût-elle à la
Constantinople Oh Heaven! in Constantinople! But were she at the

Chine, j'y vole; partons.-Nous partirons après souper, reprit
China, I fly there; -We will leave after supper,

Cacambo; je ne peux vous en dire davantage; je suis esclave; mon
Cacambo; I cannot tell you more; I am a slave; my

maître m'attend; il faut que j'aille le servir à table. Ne dites mot;
master is waiting for me; I must go and serve it at the table. Don't say a word;

soupez, et tenez-vous prêt.» Candide, partagé entre la joie et la
have supper, and be ready. " Candid, torn between joy and

douleur, charmé d'avoir revu son agent fidèle, étonné de le voir
pain, charmed to have seen his loyal agent again, astonished to see him

esclave, plein de l'idée de retrouver sa maîtresse, le cœur agité,
slave, full of the idea of ​​finding his mistress, his heart restless,

l'esprit bouleversé, se mit à table avec Martin, qui voyait de sang-froid
mind upset, sat down to table with Martin, who saw in cold blood

toutes ces aventures, et avec six étrangers qui étaient venus passer
all these adventures, and with six strangers who had come to pass

le carnaval à Venise.
the carnival in Venice.

Cacambo, qui versait à boire à l'un de ces étrangers, s'approcha
Cacambo, who was pouring a drink for one of these strangers, approached

de l'oreille de son maître sur la fin du repas et lui dit: «-Sire,
of his master's ear at the end of the meal and said to him: "-Sire,

Votre Majesté partira quand elle voudra; le vaisseau est prêt.» Ayant
Your Majesty will leave when she wishes; the ship is ready. ” Having

dit ces mots, il sortit. Les convives étonnés se regardaient sans
said these words, he left. The astonished guests looked at each other without

proférer une seule parole, lorsqu'un autre domestique, s'approchant
utter a single word, when another servant, approaching

de son maître, lui dit: «-Sire, la chaise de Votre Majesté est à
of his master, said to him: "-Sire, your Majesty's chair is at

Padoue, et la barque est prête.» Le maître fit un signe, et le domestique
Padua, and the boat is ready. " The master made a sign, and the servant

partit. Tous les convives se regardèrent encore, et la surprise commune
left. All the guests looked at each other again, and the common surprise

redoubla. Un troisième valet, s'approchant aussi d'un troisième
redoubled. A third valet, also approaching a third

étranger, lui dit: «-Sire, croyez-moi, Votre Majesté ne doit pas
stranger, said to him: "-Sire, believe me, Your Majesty must not

rester ici plus longtemps; je vais tout préparer.» Et aussitôt il
stay here longer; I will prepare everything. ” And immediately he

disparut.
disappeared.

Candide et Martin ne doutèrent pas alors que ce ne fût une
Candide and Martin did not doubt that it was a

mascarade du carnaval. Un quatrième domestique dit au quatrième
carnival masquerade. A fourth servant says to the fourth

maître:-«Votre Majesté partira quand elle voudra, et sortit
master: - "Your Majesty will leave when she wants, and go out

comme les autres.» Le cinquième valet en dit autant au cinquième
like the others." The fifth jack says the same to the fifth

maître. Mais le sixième valet parla différemment au sixième étranger,
master. But the sixth valet spoke differently to the sixth stranger,

qui était auprès de Candide; il lui dit: «-Ma foi, sire, on ne
who was with Candide; he said to him: "Faith, sire, we cannot

veut plus faire crédit à Votre Majesté ni à moi non plus, et nous
does not want to give credit to Your Majesty or to me either, and we

pourrions bien être coffrés cette nuit, vous et moi; je vais pourvoir
you and I could be locked away tonight; I will provide

à mes affaires: adieu.»
to my business: farewell. "

Tous les domestiques ayant disparu, les six étrangers, Candide et
All the servants having disappeared, the six foreigners, Candide and

Martin demeurèrent dans un profond silence. Enfin Candide le rompit:
Martin remained in deep silence. Finally Candide broke it:

«-Messieurs, dit-il, voilà une singulière plaisanterie. Pourquoi
'Gentlemen,' he said, 'this is a singular joke. Why

êtes-vous tous rois? Pour moi, je vous avoue que ni moi ni Martin
are you all kings? For me, I confess that neither me nor Martin

nous ne le sommes.»
we are not. ”

Le maître de Cacambo prit alors gravement la parole et dit en
The master of Cacambo then took the floor seriously and said

italien: «-Je ne suis point plaisant; je m'appelle Achmet III;
Italian: “-I am not joking; my name is Achmet III;

j'ai été grand sultan plusieurs années: je détrônai mon frère; mon
I was great sultan for several years: I dethroned my brother; my

neveu m'a détrôné; ou a coupé le cou à mes vizirs; j'achève ma vie
nephew dethroned me; or cut the necks of my viziers; I am ending my life

dans le vieux sérail; mon neveu, le grand sultan Mahmoud, me permet
in the old seraglio; my nephew, the great sultan Mahmoud, allows me

de voyager quelquefois pour ma santé, et je suis venu passer le
to travel sometimes for my health, and I came to spend the

carnaval à Venise.»
carnival in Venice. "

Un jeune homme qui était auprès d'Achmet parla après lui et dit:
A young man who was with Achmet spoke after him and said:

«-Je m'appelle Ivan; j'ai été empereur de toutes les Russies;
“-My name is Ivan; I have been emperor of all the Russias;

j'ai été détrôné au berceau; mon père et ma mère ont été enfermés;
I was dethroned at the cradle; my father and my mother were locked up;

on m'a élevé en prison; j'ai quelquefois la permission de voyager,
I was brought up in prison; I sometimes have permission to travel,

accompagné de ceux qui me gardent, et je suis venu passer le carnaval
accompanied by those who keep me, and I came to spend the carnival

à Venise.»
to Venise."

Le troisième dit: «-Je suis Charles-Édouard, roi d'Angleterre;
The third said: “-I am Charles Edward, King of England;

mon père m'a cédé ses droits au royaume; j'ai combattu pour les soutenir;
my father gave me his rights to the kingdom; I fought to support them;

on a arraché le cœur à huit cents de mes partisans, et on leur en a
eight hundred of my supporters were ripped out of their hearts, and

battu les joues; j'ai été mis en prison; je vais à Rome faire une
beat the cheeks; I was put in prison; I'm going to Rome to do a

visite au roi mon père, détrôné ainsi que moi et mon grand-père, et je
visit to the king my father, dethroned as well as me and my grandfather, and I

suis venu passer le carnaval a Venise.»
came to spend the carnival in Venice. "

Le quatrième prit alors la parole et dit: «-Je suis roi des
The fourth then spoke and said: "I am king of the

Polaques; le sort de la guerre m'a privé de mes États héréditaires;
Polaques; the fate of war deprived me of my hereditary states;

mon père a éprouvé les mêmes revers: je me résigne à la Providence
my father experienced the same setbacks: I resign myself to Providence

comme le sultan Achmet, l'empereur Ivan et le roi Charles-Édouard, à
like Sultan Achmet, Emperor Ivan and King Charles Edward, to

qui Dieu donne une longue vie, et je suis venu passer le carnaval à
who God gives long life, and I came to spend the carnival at

Venise.»
Venice. "

Le cinquième dit: «-Je suis aussi roi des Polaques; j'ai perdu
The fifth said: “I am also king of the Polachs; I lost

mon royaume deux fois; mais la Providence m'a donné un autre État
my kingdom twice; but Providence gave me another state

dans lequel j'ai fait plus de bien que tous les rois des Sarmates
in which I did more good than all the kings of the Sarmatians

ensemble n'en ont jamais pu faire sur les bords de la Vistule. Je me
together have never been able to do so on the banks of the Vistula. I myself

résigne aussi à la Providence, et je suis venu passer le carnaval à
also resigns to Providence, and I came to spend the carnival at

Venise.»
Venice. "

Il restait au sixième monarque à parler. «Messieurs, dit-il, je ne
The sixth monarch had to speak. “Gentlemen,” he said, “I don't

suis pas si grand seigneur que vous; mais enfin j'ai été roi tout comme
am not so great a lord as you; but finally I was king just like

un autre; je suis Théodore; on m'a élu roi en Corse; on m'a appelé
another; I am Theodore; I was elected king in Corsica; they called me

Votre Majesté, et à présent à peine m'appelle-t-on Monsieur;
Your Majesty, and now hardly am I called Monsieur;

j'ai fait frapper de la monnaie, et je ne possède pas un denier; j'ai
I have had money minted, and I do not have a denarius; I have

eu deux secrétaires d'État, et j'ai à peine un valet; je me suis vu sur
had two secretaries of state, and I barely have a valet; I saw myself on

un trône, et j'ai longtemps été à Londres en prison sur la paille; j'ai
a throne, and I have long been in London in prison on the straw; I have

bien peur d'être traité de même ici, quoique je sois venu, comme Vos
afraid to be treated the same here, although I came, like Vos

Majestés, passer le carnaval à Venise.»
Majesties, spend the carnival in Venice. "

Les cinq autres rois écoutèrent ce discours avec une noble
The other five kings listened to this speech with a noble

compassion. Chacun d'eux donna vingt sequins au roi Théodore pour
compassion. Each of them gave twenty sequins to King Theodore for

avoir des habits et des chemises; Candide lui fit présent d'un diamant
to have clothes and shirts; Candide made him a present of a diamond

de deux mille sequins. «Quel est donc, disaient les cinq rois, cet
of two thousand sequins. "So what," said the five kings, is this

homme qui est en état de donner cent fois autant que chacun de nous,
a man who is able to give a hundred times as much as each of us,

et qui le donne?»
and who gives it? ”

Dans l'instant qu'on sortait de table, il arriva dans la même
The moment we left the table, he arrived in the same

hôtellerie quatre altesses sérénissimes qui avaient aussi perdu leurs
hostelry four serene highnesses who had also lost their

États par le sort de la guerre, et qui venaient passer le reste du
States by the fate of war, and who came to spend the rest of the

carnaval à Venise; mais Candide ne prit pas seulement garde à ces
carnival in Venice; but Candide did not only pay attention to these

nouveaux venus. Il n'était occupé que d'aller trouver sa chère
newcomers. He was only busy going to find his dear

Cunégonde à Constantinople.
Cunegonde in Constantinople.

XXVII. VOYAGE DE CANDIDE À CONSTANTINOPLE.
XXVII. CANDID'S JOURNEY TO CONSTANTINOPLE.

Le fidèle Cacambo avait déjà obtenu du patron turc qui allait
The faithful Cacambo had already obtained from the Turkish boss who was going

reconduire le sultan Achmet à Constantinople qu'il recevrait Candide
escort Sultan Achmet back to Constantinople whom he would receive Candide

et Martin sur son bord. L'un et l'autre s'y rendirent après s'être
and Martin on board. Both went there after having

prosternés devant sa misérable Hautesse. Candide, chemin faisant,
prostrate before his miserable Highness. Candid, on the way,

disait à Martin: «Voilà pourtant six rois détrônés avec qui nous avons
said to Martin: "Yet here are six dethroned kings with whom we have

soupé! et encore dans ces six rois il y en a un à qui j'ai fait l'aumône.
soup! and again in these six kings there is one to whom I have given alms.

Peut-être y a-t-il beaucoup d'autres princes plus infortunés. Pour moi,
Perhaps there are many other more unfortunate princes. For me,

je n'ai perdu que cent moutons, et je vole dans les bras de Cunégonde.
I only lost a hundred sheep, and I am flying into Cunégonde's arms.

Mon cher Martin, encore une fois, Pangloss avait raison: tout est
My dear Martin, once again, Pangloss was right: everything is

bien.-Je le souhaite, dit Martin.-Mais, dit Candide, voilà
well. -I wish it, said Martin. -But, said Candide,

une aventure bien peu vraisemblable que nous avons eue à Venise. On
a very unlikely adventure that we had in Venice. We

n'avait jamais vu ni ouï conter que six rois détrônés soupassent ensemble
had never seen or heard that six dethroned kings supper together

au cabaret.-Cela n'est pas plus extraordinaire, dit Martin, que
at the cabaret. -It is no more extraordinary, said Martin,

la plupart des choses qui nous sont arrivées. Il est très commun que
most of the things that happened to us. It is very common that

des rois soient détrônés; et à l'égard de l'honneur que nous avons eu de
kings be dethroned; and with regard to the honor we had of

souper avec eux, c'est une bagatelle qui ne mérite pas notre attention.»
supper with them is a trifle that does not deserve our attention. ”

À peine Candide fut-il dans le vaisseau, qu'il sauta au cou de son
Scarcely was Candide in the ship when he jumped to his neck.

ancien valet, de son ami Cacambo. «Eh bien, lui dit-il, que fait
former valet, of his friend Cacambo. "Well," he said to her, "what does

Cunégonde? est-elle toujours un prodige de beauté? m'aime-t-elle
Cunegonde? is she still a wonder of beauty? does she love me

toujours? comment se porte-t-elle? Tu lui as, sans doute, acheté un
always? how is she doing? You probably bought him a

palais à Constantinople?
palace in Constantinople?

-Mon cher maître, répondit Cacambo, Cunégonde lave les
-My dear master, replied Cacambo, Cunégonde washes the

écuelles sur le bord de la Propontide, chez un prince qui a très peu
bowls on the edge of the Propontis, with a prince who has very little

d'écuelles; elle est esclave dans la maison d'un ancien souverain,
bowls; she is a slave in the house of a former ruler,

nommé Ragotsky, à qui le grand-turc donne trois écus par jour dans son
named Ragotsky, to whom the Grand Turk gives three crowns a day in his

asile; mais, ce qui est bien plus triste, c'est qu'elle a perdu sa beauté
asylum; but what is much sadder is that she has lost her beauty

et qu'elle est devenue horriblement laide.-Ah! belle ou laide,
and how horribly ugly. Ah! beautiful or ugly,

dit Candide, je suis honnête homme, et mon devoir est de l'aimer
said Candide, I am an honest man, and my duty is to love him

toujours. Mais comment peut-elle être réduite à un état si abject avec
always. But how can she be reduced to such an abject state with

les cinq ou six millions que tu avais emportés?-Bon, dit Cacambo,
the five or six million that you had taken? -Well, said Cacambo,

ne m'en a-t-il pas fallu donner deux au señor don Fernando d'Ibaraa, y
Didn't I have to give two to Señor don Fernando d'Ibaraa,

Figueora, y Mascarenes, y Lampourdos, y Souza, gouverneur de
Figueora, y Mascarenes, y Lampourdos, y Souza, governor of

Buenos-Ayres, pour avoir la permission de reprendre Mlle Cunégonde, et
Buenos-Ayres, for permission to take Mlle Cunégonde back, and

un pirate ne nous a-t-il pas bravement dépouillés de tout le reste? Ce
has not a pirate bravely stripped us of all the rest? This

pirate ne nous a-t-il pas menés au cap de Matapan, à Milo, à Nicarie, à
pirate led us to Cape Matapan, Milo, Nicaria,

Samos, à Petra, aux Dardanelles, à Marmora, à Scutari? Cunégonde et la
Samos, Petra, Dardanelles, Marmora, Scutari? Cunégonde and the

vieille servent chez ce prince dont je vous ai parlé, et moi je suis
old serve with this prince I told you about, and I am

esclave du sultan détrôné.-Que d'épouvantables calamités enchaînées
slave of the dethroned Sultan.-What terrible chained calamities

les unes aux autres! dit Candide. Mais, après tout, j'ai encore quelques
to each other! said Candide. But, after all, I still have a few

diamants; je délivrerai aisément Cunégonde. C'est bien dommage qu'elle
diamonds; I will easily free Cunégonde. It's a shame that she

soit devenue si laide!»
has become so ugly! "

Ensuite, se tournant vers Martin: «Qui pensez-vous, dit-il, qui soit
Then turning to Martin: "Who do you think," he said, "who is

le plus à plaindre, de l'empereur Achmet, de l'empereur Ivan, du roi
the most to be pitied, of the emperor Achmet, of the emperor Ivan, of the king

Charles-Édouard, ou de moi?-Je n'en sais rien, dit Martin; il
Charles-Édouard, or me? ”“ I don't know, ”said Martin; he

faudrait que je fusse dans vos cœurs pour le savoir.-Ah!
I would have to be in your hearts to know it.

dit Candide, si Pangloss était ici, il le saurait et nous
said Candide, if Pangloss were here, he would know it and we

l'apprendrait.-Je ne sais, dit Martin, avec quelles balances votre
would find out. -I do not know, said Martin, with what scales your

Pangloss aurait pu peser les infortunes des hommes et apprécier leurs
Pangloss could have weighed the misfortunes of men and appreciated their

douleurs. Tout ce que je présume, c'est qu'il y a des millions d'hommes
pains. All I guess is there are millions of men

sur la terre, cent fois plus à plaindre que le roi Charles-Édouard,
on earth, a hundred times more to be pitied than King Charles Edward,

l'empereur Ivan et le sultan Achmet.-Cela pourrait bien être,»
Emperor Ivan and Sultan Achmet.-It could well be, "

dit Candide.
said Candide.

On arriva en peu de jours sur le canal de la mer Noire. Candide
They arrived in a few days on the channel of the Black Sea. Candid

commença par racheter Cacambo fort cher; et, sans perdre de temps, il se
began by buying back very expensive Cacambo; and, without wasting time, he

jeta dans une galère, avec ses compagnons, pour aller sur le rivage de
threw in a galley, with his companions, to go to the shore of

la Propontide chercher Cunégonde, quelque laide qu'elle pût être.
the Propontis to seek Cunegonde, however ugly she might be.

Il y avait dans la chiourme deux forçats qui ramaient fort mal, et à
There were in the team two convicts who rowed very badly, and

qui le levante patron appliquait de temps ou temps quelques coups de
who the levante boss applied from time to time a few strokes

nerf de bœuf sur les épaules nues; Candide, par un mouvement naturel,
blackjack on bare shoulders; Candide, by a natural movement,

les regarda plus attentivement que les autres galériens et s'approcha
looked at them more attentively than the other convicts and approached

d'eux avec pitié. Quelques traits de leurs visages défigurés lui parurent
from them with pity. Some features of their disfigured faces appeared to him

avoir un peu de ressemblance avec Pangloss et avec ce malheureux
to have a little resemblance to Pangloss and to this unfortunate

jésuite, ce baron, ce frère de Mlle Cunégonde. Cette idée l'émut et
Jesuit, this baron, this brother of Mlle Cunégonde. This idea moved him and

l'attrista. Il les considéra encore plus attentivement. «En vérité,
saddened him. He considered them even more carefully. "In truth,

dit-il à Cacambo, si je n'avais pas vu pendre maître Pangloss, et si je
he said to Cacambo, if I had not seen Master Pangloss hanged, and if I

n'avais pas eu le malheur de tuer le baron, je croirais que ce sont eux
had not had the misfortune to kill the baron, I would believe that it is them

qui rament dans cette galère.»
who row in this galley. "

Au nom du baron et de Pangloss, les deux forçats poussèrent un grand
In the name of the Baron and Pangloss, the two convicts pushed

cri, s'arrêtèrent sur leur banc et laissèrent tomber leurs rames. Le
cry, stopped on their bench and let their oars fall. The

levante patron accourait sur eux, et les coups de nerf de bœuf
the rising boss would run up to them, and the blackjack

redoublaient. «Arrêtez! arrêtez! seigneur, s'écria Candide; je vous
redoubled. “Stop! stop! Lord, cried Candide; I you

donnerai tant d'argent que vous voudrez.-Quoi! c'est Candide,
will give as much money as you like. it's Candide,

disait l'un des forçats.-Quoi! c'est Candide, disait
said one of the convicts. it's Candide, said

l'autre.-Est-ce un songe? dit Candide; veillai-je? suis-je dans
the other.-Is it a dream? said Candide; did I wake up? am i in

cette galère? Est-ce là M. le baron, que j'ai tué? est-ce là maître
this hassle? Is this Monsieur le Baron, whom I killed? is that master

Pangloss, que j'ai vu pendre?-C'est nous-mêmes, c'est nous-mêmes,
Pangloss, whom I saw hanged? -It's ourselves, it's ourselves,

répondaient-ils.-Quoi! c'est là ce grand philosophe? disait
they replied. is that this great philosopher? said

Martin.-Eh! monsieur le levante patron, dit Candide, combien
Martin.-Hey! Monsieur le levante patron, said Candide, how many

voulez-vous d'argent pour la rançon de M. de Thunder-ten-tronckh, un
do you want money for the ransom of Mr. thunder-ten-tronckh, a

des premiers barons de l'empire, et de M. Pangloss, le plus profond
of the first barons of the empire, and of Mr. Pangloss, the most profound

métaphysicien d'Allemagne?-Chien de chrétien, répondit le levante
metaphysician from Germany? -Christian's dog, replied the Levante

patron, puisque ces deux chiens de forçats chrétiens sont des
boss, since these two Christian convict dogs are

barons et des métaphysiciens, ce qui est sans doute une grande dignité
barons and metaphysicians, which is undoubtedly a great

dans leur pays, tu m'en donneras cinquante mille sequins.-Vous
in their country you will give me fifty thousand sequins.

les aurez, monsieur; ramenez-moi comme un éclair à Constantinople, et
will have them, sir; bring me back like lightning to Constantinople, and

vous serez payé sur-le-champ. Mais non, menez-moi chez Mlle Cunégonde.»
you will be paid on the spot. But no, take me to Mlle Cunégonde. "

Le levante patron, sur la première offre de Candide, avait déjà tourné
The levante boss, on Candide's first offer, had already turned

la proue vers la ville, et il faisait ramer plus vile qu'un oiseau ne
bow towards the city, and he rowed swifter than a bird

fend les airs.
slices through the air.

Candide embrassa cent fois le baron et Pangloss.
Candide kissed the baron and Pangloss a hundred times.

«Et comment ne vous ai-je pas tué, mon cher baron? et mon cher
"And how did I not kill you, my dear baron?" and my dear

Pangloss, comment êtes-vous en vie, après avoir été pendu? et pourquoi
Pangloss, how are you alive after being hanged? and why

êtes-vous tous deux aux galères en Turquie?-Est-il bien vrai que
are you both in the galleys in Turkey? -Is it true that

ma chère sœur soit dans ce pays? disait le baron.-Oui, répondait
my dear sister be in this country? said the baron.

Cacambo.-Je revois donc mon cher Candide!» s'écriait Pangloss.
Cacambo. So I see my dear Candide again! " cried Pangloss.

Candide leur présentait Martin et Cacambo. Ils s'embrassaient tous;
Candide introduced them to Martin and Cacambo. They were all kissing;

ils parlaient tous à la fois. La galère volait; ils étaient déjà dans
they were all talking at the same time. The galley was flying; they were already in

le port. On fit venir un juif, à qui Candide vendit pour cinquante mille
the port. They brought in a Jew, to whom Candide sold for fifty thousand

sequins un diamant de la valeur de cent mille, et qui lui jura par
sequins a diamond worth a hundred thousand, and who swore by

Abraham qu'il n'en pouvait donner davantage. Il paya incontinent la
Abraham that he could not give more. He immediately paid the

rançon du baron et de Pangloss. Celui-ci se jeta aux pieds de son
ransom of the baron and Pangloss. The latter threw himself at the feet of his

libérateur et les baigna de larmes; l'autre le remercia par un signe de
liberator and bathed them in tears; the other thanked him with a sign of

tête et lui promit de lui rendre cet argent à la première occasion.
head and promised to return that money to him at the earliest opportunity.

«Mais est-il bien possible que ma sœur soit en Turquie?
"But is it possible that my sister is in Turkey?"

disait-il.-Rien n'est si possible, reprit Cacambo, puisqu'elle
he said. 'Nothing is so possible,' Cacambo continued,

écure la vaisselle chez un prince de Transylvanie.»
cleans the dishes for a prince of Transylvania. "

On fit aussitôt venir deux juifs; Candide vendit encore des
Two Jews were immediately summoned; Candide still sold

diamants, et ils repartirent tous dans une autre galère pour aller
diamonds, and they all set off again in another galley to go

délivrer Cunégonde.
deliver Cunégonde.

XXVIII. WHAT HAPPENED TO CANDIDE, CUNEGONDE, PANGLOSS, MARTIN, ETC.

XXVIII. CE QUI ARRIVA À CANDIDE, À CUNÉGONDE, À PANGLOSS, À MARTIN, ETC.

"Pardon, once again," said Candide to the baron, "sorry, my reverend

«Pardon, encore une fois, dit Candide au baron, pardon, mon révérend
father, for giving you such a great blow with the sword through the

père, de vous avoir donné un si grand coup d'épée au travers du
corps.-Let’s talk no more, ”said the baron; I was a little too lively,

corps.-N'en parlons plus, dit le baron; je fus un peu trop vif,
I admit it; but since you want to know by what chance you

je l'avoue; mais puisque vous voulez savoir par quel hasard vous
saw me in the galleys, I will tell you that after being cured of my

m'avez vu aux galères, je vous dirai qu'après avoir été guéri de ma
injury by the college apothecary brother, I was attacked and kidnapped

blessure par le frère apothicaire du collège, je fus attaqué et enlevé
by a Spanish party; I was put in prison in Buenos-Ayres in the

par un parti espagnol; on me mit en prison à Buenos-Ayres dans le
time my sister had just left. I asked to go back to Rome

temps que ma sœur venait d'en partir. Je demandai à retourner à Rome
with Father General. I was appointed to go and serve as chaplain to

auprès du Père général. Je fus nommé pour aller servir d'aumônier à
Constantinople to the French Ambassador.

Constantinople auprès de M. l'ambassadeur de France.

It was not eight days since I took office, when I

Il n'y avait pas huit jours que j'étais entré en fonction, quand je
In the evening I found a very well made young icoglan. It was strong

trouvai sur le soir un jeune icoglan très bien fait. Il faisait fort
hot: the young man wanted to bathe; I took this opportunity to myself

chaud: le jeune homme voulut se baigner; je pris cette occasion de me
bathe too. I did not know it was a capital crime for a

baigner aussi. Je ne savais pas que ce fût un crime capital pour un
Christian to be found naked with a young Muslim.

chrétien d'être trouvé tout nu avec un jeune musulman.

A cadi gave me a hundred blows with a stick under the soles of my feet

Un cadi me fit donner cent coups de bâton sous la plante des pieds
and condemned me to the galleys. I don't think we've done one more

et me condamna aux galères. Je ne crois pas qu'on ait fait une plus
horrible injustice. But I would like to know why my sister is

horrible injustice. Mais je voudrais bien savoir pourquoi ma sœur est
in the kitchen of a Transylvanian sovereign who took refuge with the Turks.

-Mais vous, mon cher Pangloss, dit Candide, comment se peut-il
-But you, my dear Pangloss, said Candide, how could it be

que je vous revoie?-Il est vrai, dit Pangloss, que vous m'avez vu
that I see you again? -It is true, said Pangloss, that you saw me

pendre; je devais naturellement être brûlé; mais vous vous souvenez
hang; I was naturally to be burnt; but you remember

qu'il plut à verse lorsqu'on allait me cuire: l'orage fut si violent
that it rained heavily when they were going to cook me: the storm was so violent

qu'on désespéra d'allumer le feu. Je fus pendu, parce qu'on ne put mieux
that they despaired of lighting the fire. I was hanged because we couldn't do better

faire; un chirurgien acheta mon corps, m'emporta chez lui et me
make; a surgeon bought my body, took me home and

disséqua. Il me fit d'abord une incision cruciale depuis le nombril
dissected. He first made a crucial incision from my navel

jusqu'à la clavicule.
up to the collarbone.

On ne pouvait pas avoir été plus mal pendu que je l'avais été.
You couldn't have been hanged worse than I had been.

L'exécuteur des hautes œuvres de la sainte inquisition, lequel était
The executor of the high works of the holy inquisition, who was

sous-diacre, brûlait à la vérité les gens à merveille, mais il n'était
sub-deacon, indeed burned people wonderfully, but he was

pas accoutumé à pendre. La corde était mouillée et glissa mal; elle fut
not used to hanging. The rope was wet and slipped badly; she was

mal nouée; enfin je respirais encore.
badly tied; finally I was still breathing.

L'incision cruciale me fit jeter un si grand cri, que mon chirurgien
The crucial incision made me cry out so loud, that my surgeon

tomba à la renverse; et croyant qu'il disséquait le diable, il s'enfuit
fell backwards; and believing he was dissecting the devil, he ran away

en mourant de peur et tomba encore sur l'escalier en fuyant. Sa femme
dying of fear and fell again on the stairs while fleeing. His wife

accourut au bruit, d'un cabinet voisin: elle me vit sur la table étendu
came running at the noise, from a neighboring cabinet: she saw me lying on the table

avec mon incision cruciale; elle eut encore plus peur que son mari,
with my crucial incision; she was even more afraid than her husband,

s'enfuit et tomba sur lui. Quand ils furent un peu revenus à eux,
fled and fell on him. When they came to themselves a little,

j'entendis la chirurgienne qui disait au chirurgien:
I heard the surgeon saying to the surgeon:

«Mon bon, de quoi vous avisez-vous aussi de disséquer un hérétique?
"My good, what do you also think of dissecting a heretic?"

ne savez-vous pas que le diable est toujours dans le corps de ces
don't you know the devil is still in the body of these

gens-là? je vais vite chercher un prêtre pour l'exorciser.»
people? I will quickly find a priest to exorcise him. "

Je frémis à ce propos, et je ramassai le peu de forces qui me
I shuddered at this, and I gathered the little strength that

restaient pour crier: «Avez pitié de moi!» Enfin le barbier portugais
stayed to shout: "Have mercy on me!" Finally the Portuguese barber

s'enhardit: il recousit ma peau; sa femme même eut soin de moi; je fus
emboldened: he sewed up my skin; his wife even took care of me; I was

sur pied au bout de quinze jours. Le barbier me trouva une condition et
on foot after two weeks. The barber found me a condition and

me fit laquais d'un chevalier de Malte qui allait à Venise; mais mon
made me lackey of a knight of Malta who was going to Venice; but my

maître n'ayant pas de quoi me payer, je me mis au service d'un marchand
master not having enough to pay me, I put myself at the service of a merchant

vénitien, et je le suivis à Constantinople.
Venetian, and I followed him to Constantinople.

Un jour il me prit fantaisie d'entrer dans une mosquée; il n'y avait
One day I took a fancy to enter a mosque; there was no

qu'un vieux iman et une jeune dévote très jolie qui disait ses
that an old iman and a very pretty young devotee who said his

patenôtres; sa gorge était toute découverte: elle avait entre ses deux
paternosters; her throat was completely uncovered: between her two

tétons un beau bouquet de tulipes, de roses, d'anémones, de renoncules,
nipples a beautiful bouquet of tulips, roses, anemones, ranunculus,

d'hyacinthes et d'oreilles d'ours: elle laissa tomber son bouquet; je le
hyacinths and bear ears: she dropped her bouquet; I the

ramassai, et je le lui remis avec un empressement très respectueux.
picked it up, and handed it to him with very respectful eagerness.

Je fus si longtemps à le lui remettre que l'iman se mit en colère, et
I was so long in giving it to him that the iman got angry, and

voyant que j'étais chrétien, il cria à l'aide.
seeing that I was a Christian, he cried for help.

On me mena chez le cadi, qui me fit donner cent coups de latte sous
I was taken to the cadi, who ordered me to give me a hundred strokes of the latte under

la plante des pieds et m'envoya aux galères. Je fus enchaîné précisément
the soles of my feet and sent me to the galleys. I was chained precisely

dans la même galère et au même banc que M. le baron.
in the same galley and on the same bench as M. le baron.

Il y avait dans cette galère quatre jeunes gens de Marseille, cinq
There were in this galley four young people from Marseille, five

prêtres napolitains et deux moines de Corfou, qui nous dirent que de
Neapolitan priests and two monks from Corfu, who told us that

pareilles aventures arrivaient tous les jours. M. le baron prétendait
such adventures happened every day. M. le baron claimed

qu'il avait essuyé une plus grande injustice que moi; je prétendais,
that he had suffered a greater injustice than I; I pretended,

moi, qu'il était beaucoup plus permis de remettre un bouquet sur la
me, that it was much more permissible to put a bouquet back on the

gorge d'une femme que d'être tout nu avec un icoglan. Nous disputions
a woman's throat than being completely naked with an icoglan. We argued

sans cesse, et nous recevions vingt coups de nerf de bœuf par jour,
ceaselessly, and we received twenty blackjack blows a day,

lorsque l'enchaînement des événements de cet univers vous a conduit
when the chain of events in this universe led you

dans notre galère, et que vous nous avez rachetés.
in our galley, and that you have redeemed us.

-Eh bien! mon cher Pangloss, lui dit Candide, quand vous avez
-Well! my dear Pangloss, said Candide to him, when you have

été pendu, disséqué, roué de coups, et que vous avez ramé aux galères,
been hanged, dissected, beaten, and rowed to the galleys,

avez-vous toujours pensé que tout allait le mieux du monde?
have you always thought everything was going the best in the world?

-Je suis toujours de mon premier sentiment, répondit Pangloss,
-I'm still my first feeling, replied Pangloss,

car enfin je suis philosophe; et il ne me convient pas de me dédire,
because after all I am a philosopher; and it does not suit me to backtrack,

Leibniz ne pouvant pas avoir tort, et l'harmonie préétablie étant
Leibniz cannot be wrong, and the pre-established harmony

d'ailleurs la plus belle chose du monde, aussi bien que le plein
besides the most beautiful thing in the world, as well as the full

et la matière subtile.»
and subtle matter. ”

XXIX. COMMENT CANDIDE RETROUVA CUNÉGONDE ET LA VIEILLE.
XXIX. HOW CANDIDE FOUND CUNEGONDE AND THE OLD WOMAN.

Pendant que Candide, le baron, Pangloss, Martin et Cacambo contaient
While Candide, the baron, Pangloss, Martin and Cacambo were telling

leurs aventures, qu'ils raisonnaient sur les événements contingents ou
their adventures, whether they reasoned about contingent events or

non contingents de cet univers, qu'ils disputaient sur les effets et les
non-contingent of this universe, which they disputed over the effects and

causes, sur le mal moral et sur le mal physique, sur la liberté et la
causes, on moral evil and physical evil, on freedom and

nécessité, sur les consolations que l'on peut éprouver lorsqu'on est
necessity, on the consolations that one can experience when

aux galères en Turquie, ils abordèrent sur le rivage de la Propontide,
in the galleys in Turkey, they landed on the shore of the Propontis,

à la maison du prince de Transylvanie. Les premiers objets qui se
at the house of the Prince of Transylvania. The first objects that

présentèrent furent Cunégonde et la vieille, qui étendaient des
presented were Cunegonde and the old woman, who were spreading

serviettes sur des ficelles pour les faire sécher.
towels on strings to dry them.

Le baron pâlit à cette vue. Le tendre amant Candide, en voyant sa
The baron turned pale at the sight. The tender lover Candide, seeing his

belle Cunégonde rembrunie, les veux éraillés, la gorge sèche, les joues
beautiful Cunégonde gloomy, want them scuffed, throat dry, cheeks

ridées, les bras rouges et écaillés, recula trois pas, saisi d'horreur,
wrinkled, arms red and scaled, took three steps back, horrified,

et avança ensuite par bon procédé. Elle embrassa Candide et son frère;
and then proceeded by good process. She embraced Candide and his brother;

on embrassa la vieille; Candide les racheta toutes deux.
they kissed the old woman; Candide bought them both.

Il y avait une petite métairie dans le voisinage; la vieille proposa à
There was a small farm in the neighborhood; the old woman proposed to

Candide de s'en accommoder, en attendant que toute la troupe eût une
Candide to put up with it, while waiting for the whole troop to have a

meilleure destinée. Cunégonde ne savait pas qu'elle était enlaidie;
better destiny. Cunegonde did not know that she was ugly;

personne ne l'en avait avertie: elle fit souvenir Candide de ses
no one had warned her: she reminded Candide of her

promesses avec un ton si absolu, que le bon Candide n'osa pas la
promises with such an absolute tone that the good Candide did not dare

refuser. Il signifia donc au baron qu'il allait se marier avec sa sœur.
refuse. He therefore informed the baron that he was going to marry his sister.

«Je ne souffrirai jamais, dit le baron, une telle bassesse de sa part
"I will never suffer," said the baron, "such baseness on his part

et une telle insolence de la vôtre; cette infamie ne me sera jamais
and such insolence of yours; this infamy will never be me

reprochée: les enfants de ma sœur ne pourraient entrer dans les
reproached: my sister's children could not enter the

chapitres d'Allemagne. Non, jamais ma sœur n'épousera qu'un
chapters from Germany. No, my sister will never marry one

baron de l'empire.»
baron of the empire. "

Cunégonde se jeta à ses pieds et les baigna de larmes; il fut
Cunegonde threw herself at his feet and bathed them in tears; he was

inflexible.
inflexible.

«Maître fou, lui dit Candide, je t'ai réchappé des galères, j'ai
"Mad master," Candide said to him, "I saved you from the galleys, I

payé ta rançon, j'ai payé celle de la sœur; elle lavait ici des écuelles;
paid your ransom, I paid that of the sister; she was washing bowls here;

elle est laide; j'ai la bonté d'en faire ma femme, et tu prétends
she is ugly; I am kind enough to make her my wife, and you claim

encore l'y opposer! je te retuerais si j'en croyais ma colère.
still oppose it! I would kill you if I believed my anger.

-Tu peux me tuer encore, dit le baron, mais tu n'épouseras
- You can kill me again, said the baron, but you will not marry

pas ma sœur de mon vivant.»
not my sister in my lifetime. ”

XXX. CONCLUSION

XXX. CONCLUSION

Candide, in the depths of his heart, had no desire to marry

Candide, dans le fond de son cœur, n'avait aucune envie d'épouser
Cunegonde; but the baron's extreme impertinence determined him to

Cunégonde; mais l'impertinence extrême du baron le déterminait à
to conclude the marriage, and Cunegonde urged him so strongly that he

conclure le mariage, et Cunégonde le pressait si vivement qu'il ne
could say no. He consulted Pangloss, Martin and the faithful Cacambo.

pouvait s'en dédire. Il consulta Pangloss, Martin et le fidéle Cacambo.
Pangloss wrote a fine memoir in which he proved that the baron had

Pangloss fit un beau mémoire par lequel il prouvait que le baron n'avait
no right over her sister, and that she could, according to all the laws of

nul droit sur sa sœur, et qu'elle pouvait, selon toutes les lois de
empire, marry Candide with the left hand. Martin concludes to throw the

l'empire, épouser Candide de la main gauche. Martin conclut à jeter le
baron in the sea. Cacambo decided that it should be returned to the Levante

baron dans la mer. Cacambo décida qu'il fallait le rendre au levante
boss and hand him over to the galleys, after which he would be sent to Rome at

patron et le remettre aux galères, après quoi on l'enverrait à Rome au
Father General by the first ship. The advice was found very good; the

Père général par le premier vaisseau. L'avis fut trouvé fort bon; la
old woman approved of it; nothing is said to his sister; the thing was executed

vieille l'approuva; on n'en dit rien à sa sœur; la chose fut exécutée
for some money, and we had the pleasure of catching a Jesuit and

pour quelque argent, et l'on eut le plaisir d'attraper un jésuite et de
punish the pride of a German baron.

punir l'orgueil d'un baron allemand.

It was only natural to imagine that after so many Candide disasters,

Il était tout naturel d'imaginer qu'après tant de désastres Candide,
married with his mistress and living with the philosopher Pangloss, the

marié avec sa maîtresse et vivant avec le philosophe Pangloss, le
philosopher Martin, the prudent Cacambo and the old woman, having moreover

philosophe Martin, le prudent Cacambo et la vieille, ayant d'ailleurs
brought back so many diamonds from the homeland of the ancient Incas, would lead

rapporté tant de diamants de la patrie des anciens Incas, mènerait
the most pleasant life in the world: but he was so cheated by the

la vie du monde la plus agréable: mais il fut tant friponné par les
Jews, that he had nothing left but his small farm; his wife

juifs, qu'il ne lui resta plus rien que sa petite métairie; sa femme
becoming uglier every day, became cantankerous and unbearable;

devenant tous les jours plus laide, devint acariâtre et insupportable;
the old woman was crippled and was even worse off than

la vieille était infirme et fut encore de plus mauvaise humeur que
Cunegonde. Cacambo, who worked in the garden and who was going to sell

Cunégonde. Cacambo, qui travaillait au jardin et qui allait vendre des
vegetables in Constantinople, was overworked and cursed his

légumes à Constantinople, était excédé de travail et maudissait sa
destiny. Pangloss was in despair not to shine in some

destinée. Pangloss était au désespoir de ne pas briller dans quelque
University of Germany. For Martin, he was firmly convinced

université d'Allemagne. Pour Martin, il était fermement persuadé
that we are equally bad everywhere; he took things patiently.

Candide, Martin et Pangloss disputaient quelquefois de métaphysique
Candide, Martin and Pangloss sometimes argued about metaphysics

et de morale. Un voyait souvent passer sous les fenêtres de la métairie
and morality. One often saw pass under the windows of the farm

des bateaux chargés d'effendis, de bachas, de cadis, qu'on envoyait
boats laden with effendis, bachas, cadis, which were sent

en exil à Lemnos, à Mitylène, à Erzeroum; on voyait venir d'autres
in exile at Lemnos, at Mitylene, at Erzerum; we saw others coming

cadis, d'autres bachas, d'autres effendis, qui prenaient la place des
cadis, other bachas, other effendis, who took the place of

expulsés et qui étaient expulsés à leur tour; on voyait des têtes
expelled and who were in turn expelled; we saw heads

proprement empaillées qu'on allait présenter à la sublime Porte. Ces
neatly stuffed, which we were going to present at the sublime Porte. These

spectacles faisaient redoubler les dissertations; et quand on ne
shows made dissertations redouble; and when we don't

disputait pas, l'ennui était si excessif que la vieille osa un jour leur
was not arguing, the boredom was so excessive that the old woman one day dared

dire: «Je voudrais savoir lequel est le pire, ou d'être violée cent fois
say: "I would like to know which one is the worst, or to be raped a hundred times

par des pirates nègres, d'avoir une fesse coupée, de passer par les
by Negro pirates, to have a cut buttock, to go through the

baguettes chez les Bulgares, d'être fouetté et pendu dans un auto-da-fé,
chopsticks among the Bulgarians, to be whipped and hanged in an auto-da-fé,

d'être disséqué, de ramer aux galères, d'éprouver enfin toutes les
to be dissected, to row in the galleys, to finally experience all the

misères par lesquelles nous avons tous passé, ou bien de rester ici à
miseries we've all been through, or stay here at

ne rien faire.-C'est une grande question,» dit Candide.
do nothing. That's a big question, ”said Candide.

Ce discours fit naître de nouvelles réflexions, et Martin surtout
This speech gave rise to new reflections, and Martin above all

conclut que l'homme était né pour vivre dans les convulsions de
concludes that man was born to live in convulsions of

l'inquiétude ou dans la léthargie de l'ennui. Candide n'en convenait
worry or in the lethargy of boredom. Candide did not agree

pas; mais il n'assurait rien. Pangloss avouait qu'il avait toujours
not; but he was insuring nothing. Pangloss confessed that he always had

horriblement souffert: mais ayant soutenu une fois que tout allait
horribly suffered: but having argued once everything was going

à merveille, il le soutenait toujours et n'en croyait rien.
wonderfully, he still supported him and didn't believe it.

Une chose acheva de confirmer Martin dans ses détestables principes,
One thing confirmed Martin in his detestable principles,

de faire hésiter plus que jamais Candide et d'embarrasser Pangloss.
to make Candide hesitate more than ever and to embarrass Pangloss.

C'est qu'ils virent un jour aborder dans leur métairie Paquette et le
It is that they saw one day approach in their smallholding Paquette and the

frère Giroflée, qui étaient dans la plus extrême misère; ils avaient
Brother Giroflée, who were in the most extreme poverty; they had

bien vite mangé leurs trois mille piastres, s'étaient quittés, s'étaient
very quickly ate their three thousand piastres, had parted, had

raccommodés, s'étaient brouillés, avaient été mis en prison, s'étaient
had mended, had quarreled, had been put in jail, had

enfuis, et enfin frère Giroflée s'était fait Turc. Paquette continuait
fled, and finally Brother Giroflée had become a Turk. Paquette continued

son métier partout et n'y gagnait plus rien.
his job everywhere and earned nothing.

«-Je l'avais bien prévu, dit Martin à Candide, que vos présents
"-I had foreseen it," said Martin to Candide, "that your presents

seraient bientôt dissipés et ne les rendraient que plus misérables.
would soon be dissipated and would only make them more miserable.

Vous avez regorgé de millions de piastres, vous et Cacambo, et vous
You have overwhelmed millions of piastres, you and Cacambo, and you

n'êtes pas plus heureux que frère Giroflée et Paquette.-Ah! ah!
you are no happier than Brother Giroflée and Paquette. Ah! ah!

dit Pangloss à Paquette, le ciel vous ramène donc ici parmi nous, ma
said Pangloss to Paquette, so heaven brings you back here among us, my

pauvre enfant! savez-vous bien que vous m'avez coûté le bout du nez,
poor child! do you know that you have cost me the end of my nose,

un œil et une oreille! Comme vous voilà faite! eh! qu'est-ce que ce
an eye and an ear! As you are done! eh! what does this

monde?» Cette nouvelle aventure les engagea à philosopher plus que
world?" This new adventure led them to philosophize more than

jamais.
never.

Il y avait dans le voisinage un derviche très fameux qui passait pour
There was in the neighborhood a very famous dervish who passed for

le meilleur philosophe de la Turquie; ils allèrent le consulter;
the best philosopher of Turkey; they went to consult him;

Pangloss porta la parole et lui dit:
Pangloss spoke and said to him:

«Maître, nous venons vous prier de nous dire pourquoi un aussi
"Master, we come to ask you to tell us why one too

étrange animal que l'homme a été formé.
strange animal that man was trained.

-De quoi te mêles-tu? lui dit le derviche; est-ce là ton
-What are you meddling with? said the dervish to him; is this your

affaire?-Mais, mon révérend père, dit Candide, il y a horriblement
affair? -But, my reverend father, said Candide, there are

de mal sur la terre.-Qu'importe, dit le derviche, qu'il y ait du
evil on earth. - What does it matter, said the dervish,

bien ou du mal? Quand Sa Hautesse envoie un vaisseau en Égypte,
good or bad? When His Highness sends a vessel to Egypt,

s'embarrasse-t-elle si les souris qui sont dans le vaisseau sont
Does she bother if the mice in the ship are

à leur aise ou non?-Que faut-il donc faire? dit Pangloss.-Te
at their ease or not? -What must be done? Pangloss said.

taire, dit le derviche.-Je me flattais, dit Pangloss, de raisonner
shut up, said the dervish. I flattered myself, said Pangloss,

un peu avec vous des effets et des causes, du meilleur des mondes
a little with you of effects and causes, in the best of all possible worlds

possibles, de l'origine du mal, de la nature de l'âme et de l'harmonie
possible, of the origin of evil, of the nature of the soul and of harmony

préétablie.» Le derviche, à ces mots, leur ferma la porte au nez.
pre-established. " The dervish, at these words, shut the door in their face.

Pendant cette conversation, la nouvelle s'était répandue qu'on
During this conversation, word had spread that

venait d'étrangler à Constantinople deux vizirs du banc et le mufti,
had just strangled in Constantinople two viziers of the bench and the mufti,

et qu'on avait empalé plusieurs de leurs amis. Cette catastrophe faisait
and that several of their friends had been impaled. This disaster was

partout un grand bruit pendant quelques heures. Pangloss, Candide et
everywhere a loud noise for a few hours. Pangloss, Candide and

Martin, en retournant à la petite métairie, rencontrèrent un bon
Martin, on returning to the small farm, met a good

vieillard qui prenait le frais à sa porte sous un berceau d'orangers.
an old man taking the cool at his door under a cradle of orange trees.

Pangloss, qui était aussi curieux que raisonneur, lui demanda comment
Pangloss, who was as curious as he was a reasoner, asked him how

se nommait le mufti qu'on venait d'étrangler.
was called the mufti who had just been strangled.

«Je n'en sais rien, répondit le bonhomme, et je n'ai jamais su le nom
"I don't know," replied the good man, "and I never knew the name

d'aucun mufti ni d'aucun vizir. J'ignore absolument l'aventure dont
no mufti or vizier. I absolutely ignore the adventure of which

vous me parlez; je présume qu'en général ceux qui se mêlent des affaires
you talk to me; I assume that in general those who meddle in business

publiques périssent quelquefois misérablement, et qu'ils le méritent;
public people sometimes perish miserably, and they deserve it;

mais je ne m'informe jamais de ce qu'on fait à Constantinople; je me
but I never find out what is happening in Constantinople; I myself

contente d'y envoyer vendre les fruits du jardin que je cultive.»
happy to send the fruits of the garden I cultivate there to sell. "

Ayant dit ces mots, il fit entrer les étrangers dans sa maison; ses
Having said these words, he brought the strangers into his house; his

deux filles et ses deux fils leur présentèrent plusieurs sortes de
two daughters and her two sons presented them with several kinds of

sorbets qu'ils faisaient eux-mêmes, du kaïmak piqué d'écorces de cédrat
sorbets that they made themselves, kaïmak spiced with citron peel

confit, des oranges, des citrons, des limons, des ananas, des pistaches,
candied, oranges, lemons, limes, pineapples, pistachios,

du café de Moka qui n'était point mêlé avec le mauvais café de Batavia
coffee from Moka which was not mixed with bad coffee from Batavia

et des îles. Après quoi les deux filles de ce bon musulman parfumèrent
and islands. After which the two daughters of this good Muslim perfumed

les barbes de Candide, de Pangloss et de Martin.
the beards of Candide, Pangloss and Martin.

«Vous devez avoir, dit Candide au Turc, une vaste et magnifique
"You must have," said Candide to the Turk, "a vast and magnificent

terre?-Je n'ai que vingt arpents, répondit le Turc; je les cultive
land? ”“ I have only twenty arpents, ”replied the Turk; I cultivate them

avec mes enfants; le travail éloigne de nous trois grands maux: l'ennui,
with my children; work takes away from us three great evils: boredom,

le vice et le besoin.»
vice and want. "

Candide, en retournant dans sa métairie, fit de profondes réflexions
Candide, on returning to his farm, made deep reflections

sur le discours du Turc. Il dit à Pangloss et à Martin: «Ce bon vieillard
on the Turk's speech. He said to Pangloss and Martin: "This good old man

me paraît s'être fait un sort bien préférable à celui des six rois avec
seems to me to have done a lot better than that of the six kings with

qui nous avons eu l'honneur de souper.-Les grandeurs, dit
who we had the honor of supper.-Grandeurs, says

Pangloss, sont fort dangereuses, selon le rapport de tous les
Pangloss, are very dangerous, according to the report of all

philosophes, car enfin Églon, roi des Moabites, fut assassiné par
philosophers, because finally Eglon, king of the Moabites, was assassinated by

Aod; Absalon fut pendu par les cheveux et percé de trois dards; le roi
Aod; Absalon was hanged by the hair and pierced with three darts; the king

Nadab, fils de Jéroboam, fut tué par Baasa; le roi Éla, par Zambri;
Nadab, son of Jeroboam, was slain by Baasa; King Elah, by Zambri;

Ochosias, par Jéhu; Athalie, par Joïada; les rois Joachim, Jéchonias,
Ochosias, by Jehu; Athalie, by Joïada; the kings Joachim, Jechonias,

Sédécias, furent esclaves. Vous savez comment périrent Crésus,
Zedekiah, were slaves. You know how Croesus perished,

Astyage, Darius, Denis de Syracuse, Pyrrhus, Persée, Annibal, Jugurtha,
Astyages, Darius, Denis of Syracuse, Pyrrhus, Perseus, Annibal, Jugurtha,

Arioviste, César, Pompée, Néron, Othon, Vitellius, Domitien, Richard II
Ariovist, Caesar, Pompey, Nero, Otho, Vitellius, Domitian, Richard II

d'Angleterre, Édouard II, Henri VI, Richard III, Marie Stuart, Charles
of England, Edward II, Henry VI, Richard III, Marie Stuart, Charles

ler, les trois Henri de France, l'empereur Henri IV? Vous
1st, the three Henri de France, the Emperor Henri IV? You

savez....-Je sais aussi, dit Candide, qu'il faut cultiver notre
know .... - I also know, said Candide, that we must cultivate our

jardin.-Vous avez raison, dit Pangloss, car quand l'homme fut
garden.You are right, said Pangloss, for when man was

mis dans le jardin d'Éden, il y fut mis ut operaretur eum, pour
put in the garden of Eden, he was put there ut operaretur eum, to

qu'il travaillât, ce qui prouve que l'homme n'est pas né pour le
that he worked, which proves that man was not born for the

repos.-Travaillons sans raisonner, dit Martin: c'est le seul
rest.-Let’s work without reasoning, ”said Martin:

moyen de rendre la vie supportable.»
way to make life bearable. ”

Toute la petite société entra dans ce louable dessein; chacun se
The whole of the little society entered into this laudable design; everyone is

mit à exercer ses talents. La petite terre rapporta beaucoup. Cunégonde
put to practice his talents. The small land brought in a lot. Cunegonde

était, à la vérité, bien laide; mais elle devint une excellente
was, in truth, very ugly; but she became an excellent

pâtissière; Paquette broda; la vieille eut soin du linge. Il n'y eut pas
pastry chef; Paquette embroidered; the old woman took care of the laundry. There was no

jusqu'à frère Giroflée qui ne rendit service; il fut un très bon
until Brother Giroflée who did not help; he was a very good

menuisier, et même devint honnête homme, et Pangloss disait
carpenter, and even became an honest man, and Pangloss said

quelquefois à Candide:
sometimes to Candide:

«Tous les événements sont enchaînés dans le meilleur des mondes
"All the events are linked in the best of all possible worlds

possible; car enfin, si vous n'aviez pas été chassé d'un beau château
possible; because after all, if you had not been chased out of a beautiful castle

à grands coups de pied dans le derrière pour l'amour de Mlle Cunégonde,
with great kicks in the butt for the love of Miss Cunégonde,

si vous n'aviez pas été mis à l'inquisition, si vous n'aviez pas couru
if you had not been put to the Inquisition, if you had not run

l'Amérique à pied, si vous n'aviez pas donné un bon coup d'épée au
America on foot, if you hadn't given the sword a good blow to the

baron, si vous n'aviez pas perdu tous vos moutons du bon pays
baron, if you had not lost all your sheep from the good country

d'Eldorado, vous ne mangeriez pas ici des cédrats confits et des
Eldorado, you wouldn't eat candied citron and

pistaches.-Cela et bien dit, répondit Candide, mais il faut
pistachios.-That and well said, replied Candide, but we must

cultiver note jardin.»
cultivate our garden. ”

FRENCH DICTIONARY

ABBREVIATIONS 
The following abbreviations have been used in the vocabulary: 
	adj. 	adjective 	
	adv. 	adverb 		 
	art. 	article 	
	c.	circa (about) 		
card. cardinal numeral 	
conj. 	conjunction 	
conj. pr. conjunctive pronoun 
def. 	definite 	
dem. demonstrative 	
disj. pro disjunctive pronoun 
f.     feminine substantive 
indef. indefinite 	
int. 	interrogative 	
interj.  interjection 	
l. 	line 
m. 	masculine substantive
m., f. 	masculine and feminine substantive 
ord. 	ordinal numeral 
p. 	page 
pl. 	plural 
poss. possessive 
pr. 	pronoun 
prep. 	preposition 
refl. 	reflexive 
ret. 	relative 
s.    substantive 
v. 	verb 

a, prep. to, at, in, on, by, from, of, for, with, until; - eux trois, between the three of them; - la, to the, in the style of; 
   - ce que, as; un hotel - moi, a house of mine. 
abaissement, m. lowering, humbling, abasement. 
abaisser, v. to lower. 
abandon, tn. abandon, abandonment. 
abandonner, u. to abandon, give up, leave. 
abatis, m. felled wood, big feet or hands. 
abat-jour, m. shade (of a lamp, etc.), visor. 
abattement, m. prostration. abattre, v. to fell, throw down; s' -, fall, fall prostrate; 
abattu, -e, cast down, prostrated, cut down. 
abbé, m. abbot, abbe (general title for Catholic priests). 
abdication, f. abdication. 
abdiquer, v. to abdicate, put aside. 
abhorrer, v. to abhor. 
abîme, m. abyss. 
abîmer, v. to plunge into an abyss, engulf, injure; s'-, sink. 
abois, m. pl. extremity, distress; aux -, at bay. 
abondance, f. abundance. 
abonder, v. to abound. 
abord, m. access, arrival, approach, landing; d'-, at first, first. 
aborder, v. to board, accost, approach, reach, take up. 
aboutir, v. to result, end. 
aboyer, v. to bark. 
abreuver, v. to give drink to, drench, fill, overwhelm. 
abréviation. f. abbreviation. 
abri, m. shelter; a l' - de, sheltered from, safe from. 
abriter, v. to shelter. 
absence, f. absence (in this and in the next five words b is pronounced as p.) 
absent, -e, adj. absent. 
absolu, -e, adj. absolute. 
absolument, adv. absolutely. 
absorber, v. to absorb. 
absoudre, v. to absolve, pardon. 
abuser, v. to abuse, take advantage; s' -, be mistaken, be deceived. 
abyssus abyssum (invocat), Deep calleth unto deep (Latin; Psalms, XLII, 7). 
académie, f. academy; l'Académie, the Academy (one of the five divisions of the French Institute). 
académique, adj. academic. 
acajou, m. mahogany. 
accabler, v. to overwhelm, crush. 
accent, m. accent, tone. 
accepter, v. to accept, receive. î
accès, m. access, attack, burst. 
accessible, adj. accessible. 
accessoire, m. accessory, detail, property (theater). 
accident, m. accident, incident. 
accommoder, v. to accommodate, dress (salad). 
accompagner, v. to accompany. 
accomplir, v. to accomplish, perform, fulfil, carry out, finish. 
accord, m. accord, agreement; d' -, agreed, in agreement. 
accorder, v. to accord, grant, give; s'-, accord, agree. 
accoster, v. to accost. 
accoter, v. to prop, lean. 
accourir, v. to run up, hasten up. 
accoutumer, v. to accustom; accoutumé, -e, accustomed, used. 
accroître, v. to increase; s'-, increase. 
accroupir (s'), v. to squat, crouch; accroupi, -e, adj. squatting, crouching. 
accueillir, v. to receive, greet, welcome. 
accumuler, v. to accumulate. 
accusateur, -trice, adj. and s. accusing, accuser. 
accusation, . accusation. 
accuser, v: to accuse, show, reveal. 
acharner, v. to enrage; acharné, -e, adj.infuriated, implacable. 
achat, m. purchase. 
acheminer, v. to forward; s'-, proceed, set out. 
acheter, v. to buy. 
achever, v. to complete, finish; - de convaincre, finally convince. 
acier, m. steel. 
Açores, f. pl. Azores. 
acquéreur, m. purchaser. 
acquerir, v. to acquire, gain. 
acquisition, f. acquisition, purchase. 
acquitter, v. to acquit, pay, settle with, get off; s'-, acquit oneself, pay one's debts. 
acte, m. act, deed, proceeding, document, certificate; de décès, death certificate. 
acteur, -trice, m., f. actor, actress. 
actif, -ive, adj. and m. active; m. assets; total -, total assets. 
action, f. action, stock, share, suit, agency, contract, execution; titres dont l'action ne pouvait eire exercée que par moi, titles which could be  
    executed or made the subject of legal procedure only by me. 
activité, f. activity. 
actuel, -le, adj. actual, present. Adam, Adam. 
addition, f. addition, bill. 
Adélaide, Adelaide. 
adhérent, m. follower. 
adhésion, f. adherence, approbation. 
adieu, adv. and m. good-by, farewell, adieu. 
adjoindre, u. to associate, give as an assistant. 
adjudication, f. adjudication, award, sale by auction. 
admettre, v. to admit, take in. 
administratif, -ive, adj. administrative. 
administration, f. administration, management. 
administrer, v. to administer, manage. 
admirable,. adj. admirable. 
admirablement, adv. admirably. 
admirateur, -trice, m., f. admirer. 
admiratif, -ive, adj. of or expressing admiration; point -, exclamation point. 
admiration, f. admiration. 
admirer, v. to admire. 
admission, f. admission. adolescent, -e, adj. adolescent. 
adonner (s'), v. to apply or devote oneself, give oneself over, be addicted, take (to); adonné, -e, adj. given up to. 
adopter, v. to adopt. 
adorable, adj. adorable. 
adorateur, m. adorer. 
adoration, f. adoration. 
adorer, v. to adore. 
adosser, v. to put the back against, lean or rest against, place against. 
adoucir, v. to sweeten, soften. 
adresse, f. address, skill. 
adresser, v. to address; s'-, address oneself or to oneself, address, apply. 
adroit, -e, adj. adroit, shrewd, clever. 
adroitement, adv. adroitly. 
adversaire, m. adversary, opponent. 
aérien, -ne, adj. airy, in the air aerial 
affaiblir, v. to enfeeble, weaken. 
affaire, f. affaire, matter, case, business transaction; pl. affairs, business; avoir - il, to have dealings with, have to reckon with; homme d'affaires,  
      agent; quelle belle - que de, what a fme thing to. 
affairé, -e, adj. busy. 
affaisser, v. to sink; affaissé, -e, collapsed. 
affecter, v. to affect, assume. affection, f. 
affection, disease. 
affectionner, v. to be fond of, be partial to. 
affectueux, -euse, adj. affectionate. 
affermir, v. to strengthen; s'-, become strong, fortify oneself. 
affiche, f. hand-bill, poster. 
afficher, v. to post (up), show, proclaim. 
affirmer, v. to affirm, state. 
affliger, v. to afflict. 
affluer, v. to flow ( to). 
affreux, -euse, adj. frightful, dreadful, 
affronter, v. to face, brave. 
afin (de or que), conj. in order to, in order that. 
agacer, v. to provoke, irritate; mes dents s'agacent, my teeth get on edge. 
ge, m. age; en - de, of the age to; quel - avez-vous, how old are you? 
âgé, -e, adj. aged, old; - de soixante ans, sixty years old; moins -, younger. 
agence, f·agency. 
agent, m: agent; - de police, police agent, policeman. 
agir, v. to act; s'- de, be a question of. 
agitation, f. agitation, commotion, emotion, stir, excitement. 
agiter, v. to agitate, stir, shake, wave, move, disturb; s'-, be agitated, stir, move; rue (vie) agitée, busy street (life) . 
agneau, m. lamb. 
agrandir, v. to enlarge, increase. agreable, adj. agreeable. 
agréablement, adv. agreeably, pleasingly, in a pleasing manner. 
agréer, v. to accept; agréez, etc., yours truly. 
agressif, -ive, adj. agressive. 
ah, interj, ah! ha! 
aide, f. aid; - de camp, 1/t. aide-de-camp. 
aider, v. to aid, help, assist. 
aigle, m. eagle (bird); f. eagle (standard). 
aigre, adj. sharp, harsh, rough. 
aigu, -e, adj. acute, sharp, shrill. 
aiguillonner, v. to goad, excite (ui pronounced as in lui). 
aile, f. wing; les ailes de ses cheveux, the locks of his hair. 
ailleurs, adv. elsewhere; d'-, besides, moreover. 
aimable, adj. kind, agreeable, pleasant. 
aimer, v. to love, like; mieux, prefer; - beaucoup, like very much, like; aimant, -e, loving, 
    in love. 
ainé, -e, adj. and s. elder, eldest, senior. 
ainsi, adv. and conj. thus, so, in this manner, like that; - que, just as; il en est    
   -, such is the case. 
air, m. air, look, appearance, manner; avoir 1'-, to look; d'un - stupide, stupidly. 
aise, f. ease; à son -, à 1'-, at one's ease; mal à 1'-, ill at ease. 
aisance, f. ease, easy circumstances. 
ajourner, v. to adjourn, put off. ajouter, v. to add. 
alarmer, v. to alarm. 
albinos, adj. and s. albino (s pronounced). 
alchimiste, m. alchemist. 
alcôve, f. alcove. 
alentour, adv. about, around about. 
Alexandre, Alexander; Batailles d'-, Battles of Alexander the Great (a series of paintings by Lebrun in 
    the Louvre representing the battles of this Macedonian king in the fourth century B.C.). 
aliter, v. to confine to bed; s'-, take to one's bed. 
allée, f. going, passage, walk, path, driveway. 
allégorie.j. allegory. 
alléguer, v. to allege, cite, urge, mention. 
Allemagne, f. Germany. allemand, -e, adj. and s. German (written Allemand whens.). 
aller, .v. to go, go on or along, suit, act; s'en -, go away or along, go; allons!, come!, there nowl, I 
   declare!; allez!, va!, go along!, cornel, get out!, that's sure!, etc.; -- et venir, walk to and fro; 
   comment vous va, how are you?, how goes it?; ca va, that goes, taken (of a bet); va pour, I'm for; la 
   tache ne va pas sans, the task is not without; le nombre allait croissant, the number continued to 
   increase. 
alliance, f. alliance, union. 
allier, v. to ally, combine, connect; allié, m. ally, partner. 
allocution, f. speech. 
allonger, v. to lengthen. 
allouer, v. to allow, give. 
allumer, v. to light, kindle. 
allure, f. bearing, manner, gait, behavior; elle se pretait a'1'- onduleuse de son bonheur, she let herself 
   float on her wave of happiness. 
allusion, f. allusion. 
alors, adv, then. 
Alpes, f. , pl. Alps. 
alsacien, -ne, adj. and s, Alsatian (written Alsacien when s.; s pronounced as z). 
altération, f. alteration (usually from good to bad), faltering, emotion (shown by the voice, etc.), 
altéré, -e, adj. thirsty (this is etymologically the participle of the following verb used in a special sense). 
altérer, v. to alter, mar, unbalance (reason). 
alternativement, adv. alternately. 
amalgamer, v. to amalgamate; s'-, combine. 
amant, -e, m., f. lover, sweetheart. 
amas, m. pile. 
amasser, v. to amass, pile up, accumulate, save up. 
amateur, m. amateur, artlover. 
ambassadeur, m. ambassador. 
ambitieux, -euse, adj. and s. ambitious, ambitious person, (in this and the next word ti is 
    pronounced as ci). 
ambition, f. ambition. ambulance, f. 
ambulance, fieldhospital. 
âme, f. soul, heart, spirit, mind, nature. 
amen, interj. amen (pronounced as in Latin). 
amener, v. to lead, bring forward or on. 
aménité,   f. amenity. 
amer, -ere, adj. bitter. 
américain, -e, adj. American. Amerique.j. America. 
amertume, f. bitterness. 
ami, -e, adj. and s. friendly, friend, sweetheart; mon-, my friend, my dear. 
amiable, adj. conciliatory; a 1'-, amicably, without contest, by private contract. 
amical, -e, adj. friendly. 
amiral, m. admiral. 
amitié, f. friendship. 
amonceler, v. to pile up; s'-, be piled up, pile up. 
amorce, f. bait. 
amour, m. love; f., pl. love affair, love; Amour, Cupid. 
amoureux, -euse, adj. and s. in love, of love, lover, sweetheart (to be distinguished from the lower 
    word amant). 
amour-propre, m. self-respect, self-esteem, pride (in one's work, etc.). 
amphibie, adj. amphibious. ample, adj. ample, full. 
amuser, v. to amuse; s'-, amuse oneself, be amused, have a good time. 
an, m. year. 
analogie, f. analogy. analogue, adj. analogous. 
analyse, f. analysis. 
analyser, v. to analyze, study. 
analytique, adj. analytical. Anastasie, Anastasia. anatomie, f. anatomy. 
ancêtre, m. ancestor (more frequent in pl.). 
ancien, -ne, adj. and s. ancient, former, of former times, old, old man (familiar in last sense). 
anéantir, v. to annihilate, destroy utterly. 
ange, m. angel. 
angélique, adj. angelic. 
anglais, adj. and s. English, Englishman (written Anglais when s.); m. creditor (familiar); cheval -, English 
    horse (of fine Arabian stock). 
angle, m. angle, corner. 
Angleterre,  f. England. 
angoisse, f. anguish, great 
anxiety. anguille, f. eel. 
animal, m. animal, creature, beast. 
animer, v. to animate, light up; s'-, become animated, light up. 
anneau, m. ring. 
année.j. year. 
annoncer, v. to announce, show. 
annuel, -le, adj. annual. 
annuellement, adv, annually. annuler, v. to annul. 
anodin, -e, adj. anodyne, inoffensive. 
anonyme, adj. anonymous. 
antédiluvien, -ne, adj. antediluvian. 
Anténor, Antenor (Balzac in giving this name sarcastically may have had in mind the Trojan Anterior, "wisest 
     of the elders," or the Athenian sculptor). 
antérieur, -e, adj. anterior, prior, former. 
antichambre, f. antechamber, anteroom. 
anticipation, f. anticipation. 
anticiper, v, to anticipate; sur, spend or call in advance. 
antipathie, f. antipathy. 
antiphrase, f. antiphrasis (word used in a contradictory sense). 
antique, adj. antique, ancient, old-fashioned, 
antiquit,f, f. antiquity, long standing. 
antre, m. den. Anvers, Antwerp. 
anxiété, f. anxiety. 
apaiser, v. to appease, calm, soothe. 
apanage, m. appanage, lot, characteristic. 
apathie, f. apathy. 
apercevoir, v. to perceive, notice, see; s'- (de), perceive, etc. 
aplatir, v. to flatten, brush flat (hair). 
apoplexie, f. apoplexy. 
apostille, f. marginal note (to support a petition, etc.). 
apôtre, m. apostle. 
apparaitre, v. to appear. 
appareil, m. apparatus, system. 
appareiller, v. to match. 
apparence, f. appearance; en -, in appearance, apparently; de peu d'-, unostentatious. 
apparent, -e, adj. apparent. 
apparition, f. apparition, appearance. 
appartement, m. apartment. 
appartenir, v. to belong. appel, m. call, appeal. 
appeler, v. to call; s'-, be named; en - il, appeal to. 
appendre, v. to hang (on). 
appesantir, v. to make heavy or more oppressive. 
appétit, m. appetite. 
applaudir, v. to applaud; s'(de), congratulate oneself for. 
applicable, adj. applicable. 
appliquer, v. to apply, give (a blow). 
appointements, m. pl. salary. 
apporter, v. to bring, bring in. 
apposer, v. to put (to), affix, place. 
apposition, f. affixing. 
appréciation, f. appreciation.
apprécier, v. to appreciate, estimate, judge the value of, value. 
appréhender, v. to apprehend. apprendre, v. to learn, learn of, teach, inform about, tell, hear of, show; 
   apprenez que, let me tell you that. 
apprenti, -e, m., f. apprentice. 
apprêt, m. preparation. 
apprêter, u, to prepare, get ready. 
approbatif, -ive, adj. approving. 
approbation, f. approbation. 
approche, f. approach. 
approcher, v. to approach s'(de), approach. 
approprier, v. to appropriate, suit, tidy up; se l' -, appropriate it to one's own use. 
approuver, v. to approve. 
appui, m. support, sill; point d'-, point of support, fulcrum. 
appuyer, v. to support, lean, rest, back; s'-, lean, rest; appuyé, -e, leaned, leaning, supported. 
après, prep. and adv. after, afterwards; d'-, according to, from; - que, conj. after. 
après-midi, f. (or 11t.), after noon. 
aquarelle, f. water-colors (qu pronounced as kw). 
arabe, adj. and s. Arabic, Arabian, Arab. (written Arabe when s.); m. skinflint, usurer. 
arabesque, f. arabesque, tracery. 
araignée, f. spider. 
arbitre, m.. arbitrator, arbiter, umpire. 
arbre, m. tree. 
arc, m. bow, arch (c pronounced). 
arcade f. arcade, arch. 
arche, f. ark, arch (of a bridge). 
archéologue, m. archaeologist (ch pronounced as k). ardent, -e, adj. 
ardent, glowing. 
ardeur, f. ardor, fervor. 
ardoise, f. slate. 
argent, m. silver, money, argent (white in heraldry). 
argenterie, f. silverware, silver. 
argot, m.. slang. 
argumentation, f. argumentation, reasoning. 
Argus, m. Argus (fabulous Greek with a hundred eyes, charged by Juno to watch over 10; killed by Mercury, 
    his eyes were spread on the peacock's tail), spy (s pronounced). 
aristocratie, f. aristocracy (ti pronounced as ci). aristocratique, adj. aristocratic. 
arme, f. arm, weapon; portez arme!, carry arms! 
armée, f. army; la Grande Armée, the Grand Army of Napoleon 1. 
armer, v. to arm, fit. 
armoire, f. cupboard, press, closet. 
armorier, v. to emblazon, put a coat of arms on (a carriage, etc.). 
arpent, m. acre. 
arracher, v. to snatch, tear off, pull out, draw, wring (from); _ des larmes, cause tears to flow. 
arranger, v. to arrange, put in order; s'-, be arranged, manage. 
arrêt, m. stop, pause, decision, sentence (of a higher court). 
arrêter, v. to stop, arrest, decide, draw up; s"-', stop, rest (of the eyes). 
arrière, adv. back; en -, back, back wards; en - de, behind. 
arriéré, m. arrears, back-pay. 
arrière-pensée, f. mental reservation, thought not expressed. 
arrivage, m. arrival (of goods, ctc.) ; avis d'-, bill of lading, invoice. 
arrivée, f. arrival. 
arriver, v. to arrive, happen, occur, come, come to the point; arrivant, 1/t. new arrival. 
arrondir, v. to round, round out, add to. 
arrondissement, m. district, ward, arrondissement (subdivision of a department). 
arsenal, m. arsenal. 
art, m. art. 
Arthez, village in southwestern France. 
article, m. article, clause. 
artifice, m. artifice, contrivance, trick. 
artificiel, -Ie, adj. artificial. 
artificieux, -euse, adj. crafty. 
artillerie, f. artillery. 
artisan, m. artisan. 
artiste, m., f. artist; adjectively: artistic, artist-like. 
artistement, adv. artistically, tastefully, skilfully. 
as, m. ace (s pronounced). 
Asie, f. Asia. 
aspect, m. aspect, appearance, sight (pronounced as pe).
asperge, f. asparagus, stalk of asparagus. 
asperger, v. to sprinkle. 
asphyxier, v. to asphyxiate, suffocate: s'-, commit suicide by suffocation. 
aspiration, f. aspiration, inspiration, breathing. 
aspirer, v. to inhale. 
assassin, m: assassin, murderer. 
assassinat, m. assassination, murder. 
assaut, m. assault. 
assemblée.  f. assembly, party. 
asseoir, v. to seat, set, settle; s'-, sit, be seated, sit down. 
assertion, f. assertion. 
assez, adv. enough, sufficient, sufficiently, rather. 
assidu, -e, adj. assiduous. 
assiette, f. plate. 
assigner, v. to assign, summon. 
assister, v. to be present, attend, witness. 
associé, -e, m., f. associate, partner. 
assommer, v. to knock down, bore to death. 
assomption, f. assumption; l' Assomption, name of a Parisian church (on the rue St. Honore, near the rue 
   Cambon). 
assortir, v. to match. 
assoupir, v. to make drowsy, lull; 
assoupi, -e, drowsy. 
assurance, f. assurance. 
assurer, v. to assure; s'- de, be sure of. 
astral, -e, adj. astral (applied to a lamp which casts a light below without shadows caused by any support). 
astronomie, f. astronomy. 
astuce, f. astuteness, craftiness. 
astucieux, -euse, adj. astute. 
atelier, m. workshop, studio. 
atermoiement, m. delay (in payment), payment by instalments. 
athée, m. atheist. 
atmosphère.  f. atmosphere. 
atour, m. attire, fmery (usually in pl.). 
âtre, m. hearth, fireplace. atroce, ad}. atrocious. 
attachement, m. attachment, affection. 
attacher, v. to attach, fasten; s'-, attach oneself or to oneself, be or become attached, stick; attachant, 
    -e, adj. attaching, engaging. 
attaque, f. attack. 
attaquer, v. to attack, strike. 
attarder, v. to delay; attarde, -e, delayed, belated. atteindre, v. to attain, reach, attack, seize. 
atteinte, f. reach, blow, harm. 
attenant, -e, adj. adjoining. attendre, v. to await, wait for or upon, wait, expect; s' - A, 
    expect; - que, wait for or until; en attendant, in the meantime; attendu que, conj, 
    seeing that, in view of the fact that, whereas; attendu, prep. in consideration of. 
attendrir, v. to move, affect, touch; attendri, -e, adj. softened, tender. 
attendrissement, m. compassion, tenderness. 
attente, f. waiting, wait, strap (for holding epaulette). 
attentif, -ive, adj. attentive. attention, f. attention. 
attentivement, adv. attentively. 
atténuer,v. to attenuate, soften. 
attester, v. to attest, bear witness to, certify. 
attirer, v. to attract, draw, bring. 
attitude, f. attitude, expression. 
attraction. f. attraction. 
attrait, m. attraction, charm. 
attraper, u, to catch. 
attrayant, -e, adj. attractive. 
attribuer, 11. to attribute, assign, bequeath; s'-, take for oneself, claim. 
attrister, v. to sadden. 
au (aux) = it le (it les ). 
auberge, f. inn, tavern. 
aubert, m. money (slang). 
Aubusson, town in the department of Creuse noted for its rugs. 
aucun, -e, adj. and pro no, none, any. 
audace,  f. audacity. 
audience, f. hearing, audience, court. 
augmentation, f. increase. augmenter, v. to increase, augment. 
auguste, adj. august. 
Augustine, Augustine. 
aujourd'hui, adv. to-day. 
aumône. f. alms, charity. 
aunage, m. alnage, ell-measure. 
anne, f. ell (about 47 inches in France, varies in different countries), yardstick. 
auparavant, adv, before, previously. 
auprès (de), prep. near, with, to, in comparison with, from. 
auquel, (auxquels, etc.) = il. lequel (A lesquels, etc.). 
aurore, f. dawn, golden yellow. 
aussi, adv. and conj. also, so, as, therefore; - ••• que, as ••• as. 
aussitôt, adv. straightway, at once; - que, as soon as. 
autant, adv, as much, as many, so many, as well; d'- plus (moins), so much the more (less); 
    - de gagne, so much gained. 
autel, m. altar. 
auteur, m. author. 
authenticité, f. authenticity. 
authentique, adj. authentic, incontestable. 
automne, m. autumn. 
autoriser, v. to authorize. autour, ado, and prep. (with de), around. 
autre, adj. other, else; vous autres, you people, the rest of you; vous autres avoues, you lawyers. 
autrefois, adv, formerly, former times. 
autrement, adv. otherwise. 
Autriche, f. Austria. 
autrichien, -ne, adj. and s. Austrian (written Autrichien whens.). 
auvent, m. penthouse, awning. 
avalanche, f. avalanche. 
avaler, v. to swallow. 
avance, f. advance, money advanced; d'- (A 1'- or par -), in advance. avancement, m. advancement, 
     promotion. 
avancer, v. to advance, push forward; s'-, advance, go forward. 
avanie, f. insult, affront. 
avant, prep., adv. and m. before, forward part, front; de, before; en -, forward, in front; plus -, further; - 
     que, conj, before. 
avantage, m. advantage; avoir 1'- de vous voir, to have the pleasure of seeing you. 
avantageusement, adv. advantageously. 
avantageux, -euse, adj. advantageous, becoming. 
avant-hier, adv. the day before yesterday. 
avare, adj. and s, avaricious, miserly, sparing, miser. 
avarice, f. avarice. 
avarier, v. to damage, spoil. avec, prep. with (following noun should often be translated adverbially: - 
      expression, expressively, etc.). 
avenant, -e, adj. prepossessing, engaging. 
avenir, m. future. 
aventure, f. adventure; a 1'-, at hazard. 
aventurer (s'), v. to risk oneself, venture. 
aventureux, -euse, adj. adventurous, risky. 
avenue, f. avenue, driveway. aversion, f. aversion. 
avertir, v. to warn, give notice, advise. 
aveu, m. avowal, confession. 
aveuglément, adv. blindly. avide, adj. greedy, voracious, eager. 
avidement,	adv. greedily, eagerly. 
avidité, f. avidity, eagerness, covetousness. 
avis, m. opinion, notice, notification, advice. 
aviser, v. to apprise, see about; s'-, take into one's head. 
avocat, m. lawyer, attorney, barrister. 
avoir, v. to have, get, be (age, etc.), take (care), show (attention, etc.); -- faim, peur, soif, froid, be 
     hungry, afraid, thirsty, cold; il y a, there is, there are, ago, for (of time);  qu'avez-vousy, what is the 
     matter with you?; - beau (with infinitive), in vain (when eu occurs in the forms of this verb, it is   
      pronounced as u.), 
avoisiner, v. to border on, be contiguous to. 
avoué, m. attorney, solicitor, lawyer (who does not plead; in the latter case avocat is used). 
avouer, v. to acknowledge, confess. 
axiome, m. axiom, adage, saying. 
ayant cause, m. assign. 
azur, -e, adj. and m. azure, sky-blue. 
babil m. chatter (l is not liquid)
babiller v. to prattle, chatter. (liquid l)
bacchanale, f. bacchanalian revel (ch is pronounced as k)
badaud m. idler, gaper, gazer.
Baden, Baden (German grand duchy on the Rhine; in it is the town of Baden or Badin-Badin, a well-
    known watering place.
badigeon, m. wash (for giving plaster color of stone) whitewash.
badinage, m. joking, banter, playfullness.
badiner, v. to jest, toy. 
bagatelle, f. trifle. 
bagne, m. penitentiary (for convicts condemned to hard labor, suppressed in 1870; since then these 
    convicts have been deported). 
bah, inter], ah!, pshaw! 
baigner, v. to bathe; se-, bathe. 
baignoire, f. bath-tub. 
bailli, m: bailiff. 
bain, m. bath. 
baiser, v. to kiss; m. kiss. 
baisse, f. fall, recline, decline (in price, etc.). 
baisser, v. to lower. 
bal, m. ball (dance). 
balance, f. scale, scales, balance (also in pl.). 
balancer, v. to balance. 
balbutier, v. to stammer (ti pronounced as ci). 
balle, f. ball, bullet, bale. 
ballet, m. ballet. 
ballot, m. bale. 
banal, -e, adj. hackneyed, commonplace, banal. 
banc, m. bench, seat (c not pronounced). 
bandeau, m. bandage, hair-ribbon, fillet. 
banque, f. bank; la Banque, the Hank of France. 
banqueroute, f. bankruptcy. 
banquette, f. bench (usually upholstered) . 
banquier, m. banker. 
bâoum, inter], boom! 
baptême, m. baptism, christening (p not pronounced). 
baraque, f. booth, shack. barbare, adj. barbarous, barbaric. 
barbe, f. beard, lappet (of a cap), vegetable growth caused by moisture; faire la -, to shave. 
barbouillée, f. mess; se moquer de la -', to talk nonsense, not care what anyone thinks. 
Barchou de Penhoen, a Breton baron, officer and minor author of rather heavy works on philosophy, 
   etc. (1801-1855). 
barioler, v. to variegate, color diversely, streak. 
baron, -ne, m., f. baron, baroness. 
barre, f. bar, tiller, rudder. barreau, m. bar. 
barrière, f. barrier, city wall, fence. 
bas, m. stocking. 
bas, -se, adj., adv, and m. low, in a low tone, lower side, base, bottom; en -, below, downstairs; à , down, 
      down with, off; dire tout -, to say in an undertone; mettre à -, lay low; du haut en -, from (the) top to 
      (the) bottom. 
bascule, f. scales, see-sa w; faire faire la - à, to make a see-saw of. 
Bas-de-Cuir, Leather-Stocking (the hero of Cooper's novels, which have been popular in France because of the 
     descriptions of Indian life, the dramatic adventures of Indians and frontiersmen and the primitive characters), 
base, f. basis. 
basoche, f. basoche (name given to the association of law-clerks in the Middle Ages, noted especially for its 
    theatrical performances, such as farces, soties and moralities; the word is now used familiarly for all 
    connected with the law, that is, for lawyers, bailiffs, etc.). 
basque, f. tail (of a coat). 
basse-cour, f. chicken-yard. 
bassesse, f. baseness, servility, servile action. 
bassinoire, f. warming-pan. bataille, f. battle. 
bataillon, m. battalion; chef de-, major. 
Batavia, Batavia (capital of Java). 
Bath, Bath (English watering-place in Somerset). 
bâtiment, m. building, vessel. 
bâtir, v. to build. 
bâton, m. stick, staff, bar, cross-piece, baton. 
battement, m. beating. 
batterie, f. battery. 
battre, v. to beat, beat down, shuffle (cards); se -, fight; - la campagne, scour the country, talk at random. 
baume, m. balm. 
bayard, -e, adj. and s. talkative, chatterbox. 
bavarois, -e, adj. and s. Bavarian (written Bavarois when s.). 
bazar, m. bazaar. 
béant, -e, adj. gaping, wide open. 
beau (bel before vowels), belle, adj. beautiful. fair, handsome, fine; m. beauty (in art, etc.) ; belle, f. beauty 
     (woman). 
beaucoup, adv. much, many,' very much, a good deal, very well. 
beau-frère, m. brother-in-law. 
beau-père, m. father-in-law. 
beauté, f. beauty. 
beaux-arts, m. pl. fine arts. 
bègue, adj. and s. stammering, stammerer. 
bégueulisme, m. prudery, priggishness. 
belge, adj. and s. Belgian (written Belge when s.). 
bélitre, m. blackguard, scoundrel. 
belle-mère.f. mother-in-law. 
belles-lettres, f. pl. literature, letters (especially poetry, oratory, grammar, etc.). 
belle-sœur, f. sister-in-law. 
belligérant, -e, adj. belligerent. 
bénéfice, m. profit, advantage. 
bénéficier, v. to make a profit (on). 
bene sit (Latin), let it be well, very good. 
berceau, m. cradle. bercer, v. to rock, lull. 
berger, -ère, m., f. shepherd, shepherdess; f. easy-chair. 
berlik berlok = " tish and likewise tush." 
Berlin, Berlin (last syllable nasal in French). 
besicles, f. pl. spectacles (old word for heavy spectacles, now used humorously). besogne, f. work, business. 
besoin, m. need, necessity; avoir - de, to need, must. 
bestiaux, bétail (bestiaux, pl.), m. cattle. 
bête, f. and adj. beast, animal, foolish, silly, stupid. 
bêtise, f. nonsense, silly thing, stupidity. 
beurrer, v. to spread (with butter, etc.). 
Bicêtre, a southern suburb of Paris containing an asylum for old or insane men. 
bicétrien, m. inmate of the Bicétre asylum. 
biche, f. hind. bicoque, f. hovel. 
bien, adv. and m. well, very, quite, many, much, hilly, thoroughly, certainly, comfortable, all right, 
     indeed; --- du (etc.), much; - des, many; m. good, goods, property, possession; voulezvous -, will you please; 
     tenez - la rampe, keep a good hold on the banister; - que, conj. although. 
bienfaisance, f. beneficence, charity. 
bienfaisant, -e, adj. beneficent, bountiful. 
bienfait, m. benefit, favor. bienfaiteur, -trice, m., f. benefactor, benefactress. 
bientôt, adv. soon. 
bienveillance, f. good will, friendliness, kindliness. 
bienveillant, -e, adj. friendly, kindly, benevolent. 
bigamie, f. bigamy. 
bijou, m. jewel, darling. 
bile, f. bile, spleen, annoyance. 
billet, m. note, promissory note, ticket; - doux, love-letter; faire des billets, to sign promissory notes. 
bissextile, adj. bissextile; année -, leap-year. 
bivac, m. bivouac (now usually written bivouac). 
bivaquer, v. to bivouac (now usually written bivouaquer). 
bizarre, adj. bizarre, odd, strange. 
bizarrement, 	adv. 	oddly, strangely. 
bizarrerie, f. whimsicality, strangeness, oddity, caprice. 
blafard, -e, adj. wan. 
blaguer, v. to make fun of, tease. 
blanc, blanche, adj and m. white; blank; dire --- et noir, to call and white, go from one extreme to 
    another; en -. in blank, without the name of the creditor (of a note). 
blanchâtre, adj. whitish. 
blancheur, f. whiteness, white. 
blanchir, v. to whiten, make white, wash. 
blanchisseuse, f. washerwoman, laundress; - en fin, laundress of fine linen. 
blasé, -e, adj. uninterested in anything, blasé. 
blason, m. coat of arms. 
blème, adj. pale, wan. 
blesser, v. to wound, hurt; blessant, -e, adj. offensive. 
blessure, f. wound. 
bleu, -e, adj. blue; - de roi, roval (dark) blue (also called Prussian blue). 
bleuâtre, adj. bluish. 
blond, -e, adj. and s. blond, fair, light. 
bluet, m. blue-bottle (flower). 
boa, m. boa. 
Bocarme (Ida de, née du Chasteler), countess and friend of Balzac; he dedicated to her le Colonel Chabert. 
Boheme, f. Bohemia; verre de -, Bohemian glass. 
boire, v. to drink. 
bois, m. wood, piece of wood. 
boiserie, f. wainscoting. 
boite, f. box. 
bombé, -e, adj. bulging, convex, hunchbacked. 
bon, -ne, adj. and s. good, kind; bonne forme, good form; trouver - que, to allow; -, m. bond, order, draft, check; bonne, f. maid, servant. 
Bonaparte, see Napoleon. bonapartiste, m. Bonapartist. 
bonasse, adj. soft (applied to persons), good-natured, silly, simple. 
bonheur, m. happiness, good fortune. 
bonhomie, f. good-nature. 
bonhomme, m. good-natured or worthy old fellow, old fellow, fellow, worthy man. 
bonjour, m . good day, good morning. 
bonnement, adz). simply. Bonne-Nouvelle (Ie boulevard), one of the Parisian Grand Boulevards, 
     west of the Porte St. Denis. 
bonnet, In. bonnet, cap, nightcap. 
bonsoir, m. good evening (sometimes used in slang as " goodnight" in English). 
bonte, f. goodness, kindness, soundness, validity. 
bord, m. edge, border, bank, shore, brim, side. 
Bordeaux, important city and port on the river Garonne. 
border, v. to border, hem, tuck in (sheets). 
bordereau, In. account, note, memorandum. 
bordure, f. border, frame. borgne, adj. one-eyed. 
borne, f. limit, bound, milestone, stone post (at the corner of a house, etc.), stepping-stone, horse block. 
bossuer, v. to dent, bruise. boston, m. Boston (card game). 
botte, f. boot, bundle. 
boucaut, m. cask (for non-liquids). 
bouche, f. mouth. 
bouchée, f. mou thful. 
boucher, v. to stop up, cork. 
Boucherat (rue), there is no street of this name at present in Paris. 
bouchon, m. stopper, cork, tavern. 
boucle. f. buckle, curl. 
bouder, v. to pout, be sulky with. 
bouderie, f. pouting, sulking. boudoir, m. boudoir. 
boue, f. mud, filth, mire. 
boueux, -euse, adj. muddy. 
bouffi, -e, adj. puffed up, puffy, 
bloated. 
bouffonnerie, f. buffoonery, joke. 
bouger, v. to move, budge. 
bougie, f. wax candle. 
bouillonner, v. to bubble, gush out. 
boulanger, m. baker. 
boule, f. ball, pate. 
bouleau, m. birch. 
boulet, m. cannon-ball, ball. 
boulette, f. small ball, pellet. 
boulevard, m. boulevard. 
bouleverser, v. to upset, over-throw. 
Boulogne (bois de), finest of the Parisian parks lying just west of the city. 
bouquet, m. bouquet. 
bourde, f. fib, bluff. 
Bourdonnais (rue des), street near the Pont Neuf on the right bank of the Seine. 
bourdonnement, In. buzzing, hum. 
bourgeois, -e, adj. and s. bourgeois, member of the middle class, citizen, civilian; petit -, member 
    of the lower middle class. 
bourgeoisie, f. citizens of the middle class, middle class citizenship.
bourreau, m. executioner. 
bourreler, v. to torment. 
bourrelet, m. pad. 
bourrer, v. to cram, stuff. 
bourriche, f. hamper. 
bourse, f. purse; la Bourse, the Stock-Exchange. 
boussole, f. compass. 
bout, m. end, bit; - du pied, tip of the foot, toe. 
bouteille, f. bottle. 
boutique, f. shop. 
bouton, m. button. 
boutonner, v. to button. 
boutonnière, f. button-hole. 
bracelet, m. bracelet. 
brahme, m. Brahmin (usually written Brahmane). 
braise, f. embers, live coals. 
branche, f. branch. 
brandir, v. to brandish. 
branle, m. swinging. 
bras, m. arm. 
brasier, m. brazier, fire of redhot coals, fiery furnace. 
brasser, v. to brew, hatch, carryon (on a large scale). 
brasseur, m. brewer. 
brave, adj. and s. brave, worthy, fine, good, brave man, fine fellow; un - garçon, un - homme, 
    a fine fellow, a good man. 
bravement, adv. bravely, worthily, smartly. 
brebis, f. sheep. 
brèche, f. breach. 
bref, -eve, adj. and adv. brief, short, curt, in short. 
breloque, f. bauble, trinket, watch-charm. 
Brésil, m. Brazil (I pronounced). 
bretelle, f. brace, suspender. 
breton, -ne, adj. and s. of Brittany, Breton (written Breton when s.). 
Brie, f. Brie (district east of Paris, noted for its cheese). 
brievement, adv. briefly. 
brigadier, m. corporal, police sergeant. 
briller, v. to shine; brillant, -e, adj. brilliant, shining, showy, magnificent. 
brimborion,m. gewgaw, bauble. 
brin, m. blade, sprig. brique, f. brick. 
briser, v. to break, shatter, burst open; se -, be broken. 
brocanter, v. to buy and sell second-hand. 
brocanteur, m: second-hand dealer, dealer in curiosities. 
brocard, m. taunt. 
broder, v. to embroider. bronze, m. bronze. 
bronzer, v. to bronze; le coeur se bronze, the heart turns to bronze or iron. 
brosse, f. brush. 
brosser, v. to brush. 
brouhaha, m: uproar. 
brouillard, m. fog, mist. 
brouiller, v. to mix (up), confuse; se --, fall out (with). 
brouter, v. to brouse on, nibble. 
broutille, f. twig, trifle, odds and ends. 
brrr, inter], expresses the same feeling as in English (dread, cold, distaste, etc.). 
bruit, m. noise, report. 
brûle-gueule, m. short pipe. 
brûler, v. to burn; brulant, -e, adj. burning, scorching. 
Brullon, used in the phrase: laisser ses couleurs chez -, not purchase any colors at all. 
brun, --e, adj. brown, dark. 
brusque, adj. blunt, abrupt, brusk. 
brusquement, adu. bruskly, rudely, quickly, 
brusquerie, f. abruptness, sharpness. 
brutal, -e, adj. brutal, surly, unmannerly. 
brutalement, adv. brutally, roughly. 
Brutus (Lucius Junius), leader of the revolution which expelled the Tarquins from Rome and 
     established the  Republic; his sons having conspired to bring back the Tarquins, Brutus, 
     who had become Consul, condemned them to death (died 508 B.C.). 
bruyant, -e, adj. noisy. 
bûche, f. log. 
budget, m. budget. 
Buenos-Ayres, Buenos Aires (capital of the Argentine Republic). 
buffet, m. sideboard. 
buis, m. box-wood, box (often distributed by the Catholic Church on Palm-Sunday). 
bulletin, m. bulletin. 
bureau, m. desk, office, bureau. 
burlesque, adj. burlesque, ludicrous. 
buste, m. bust, chest. 
but, m. goal, target, aim, object. 
c' (ç'), see ce. 
ça, see cela. 
çà, adv. and interj. here, now!, come now!; - et là, here and there. 
cabane, f. cabin, hut. 
cabaret, m. tavern, bar. 
cabinet, m. office, study, closet, 
cabinet, small room. cable, m. cable. 
cabrer (se), v. to rear. 
cabriolet, m. cabriolet (covered vehicle, usually with two wheels), gig, cab. 
cachemire, m. cashmere, cashmere shawl. 
cacher, v. to conceal, hide. 
cacheter, v. to seal. 
cachette, f. hiding-place. cachot, m. dungeon. 
cadavéreux, -euse, adj. cadaverous. 
cadavre, m. corpse, dead body. 
cadeau, m. present, gift. 
cadet, -te, adj. and s, younger, youngest, junior, younger brother or sister. 
cadre, m. frame, staff, list of officers. 
café, m. coffee café. 
cage, f. cage. 
cahier, m. copy-book, exercise-book, paper book. 
caillou, m. pebble. 
caisse, f. case, chest, box, till, cashier's oflice; secret de Ia -, combination of the safe. 
calcul, m. calculation (final 1 pronounced). 
calculer, u. to calculate. 
Calcutta, city of eastern India. 
calèche, f. open carriage, barouche. 
calice, m. chalice, cup, calyx. 
câlinerie, f. cajolery. 
calleux, -euse, adj. callous, horny. 
calme, adj. and m. calm, quiet, calmness, tranquillity. 
calmer, v. to calm, quiet; se-, become calm, quiet down. 
calomnie, f. calumny, slander. 
calomnier, v. to calumniate, slander. 
calus, m. callus. 
camarade, m., f. comrade, chum. 
Camille, Camilla, Camille (liquid 1). 
camp, m. camp (p not pronounced). 
campagne, f. country, country place, campaign. 
camus, -e, adj. flat-nosed. 
Canada, m. Canada. 
canal, m. canal. 
canape, m. sofa. 
canard, m. duck. 
cancer, m. cancer (r pronounced). 
candélabre, m. candelabrum, large branched candle-stick. 
candeur, f. candor. 
canif, m. penknife. 
canne, f. cane. 
cannelure, f. fluting, groove. 
cannetille, f. wire-ribbon, twisted gold thread (for embroidery). 
cannibale, m. cannibal. 
canon, m. cannon, gun-barrel. 
capable, adj. capable. 
capacite, f. capacity, capability. 
cape, f. cape, hood; rire sous -, to laugh in one's sleeve.
capharnaüm, m. room in which everything is helter-skelter, junk-room.
capitaine, m. captain; - de vaisseau, captain (navy). 
capitaine, m. captain; - de vaisseau, captain (navy). 
capital, -e, adj. and m. capital, chief, principal; les capitaux, the capital (financial). 
capitaliser, v. to capitalize. capitaliste, m. capitalist. 
capote, f. large cloak with hood, soldier's overcoat, bonnet. 
caprice, m. caprice, whim. 
capricieux, -euse, adj. capricious. 
capsule, f. capsule, cap, covering. 
capucin, m. Capuchin friar;  - de cartes, row of cards (folded to stand upright, the entire row falling when the end  
   card is pushed against the one next to it). 
car conj. for. 
carabin, m. light cavalryman (old in this sense), medical student, saw-bones. 
Caracalla, Roman emperor, notorious for his crimes (reigned 211-217). 
caractère, m. character, disposition, kind. 
caractériser, v. to characterize. 
caractéristique, adj. characteristic. 
carcasse, f. carcass. 
caresse, f. caress. 
caresser, v. to caress, fawn (upon); caressant, -e, adj. caressing, loving, sweet. 
caricature, f. caricature. 
Carlsbad, watering-place in Bohemia. 
Carlsruhe, capital of the Grand Duchy of Baden. 
carnaval, m. carnival. 
carnet, m. note-book; -d'échéances, bill-book. 
carotte, f. carrot. 
carphologie, f. carphology (a delirious picking at the bedclothes, considered a fatal symptom). 
carré, -e, adj. and m. square. 
carreau, m. flooring-tile, floor (of tiles, etc.), pane (of glass, ctc.), square or check on cloth. 
carrick, m. box-coat, overcoat (with capes). 
carrière.  f. career, quarry. 
carrosse, m. coach. 
carrossier, m. coach-maker. 
carte.   f. card, map. 
cartel, m. challenge. 
carton, m. card-board, pasteboard box, portfolio. 
cas, m. case, event
cascade, f. cascade, waterfall, fall. 
casier, m. set of pigeon-holes. 
casquette, f. cap. 
cassation, f. annulment, repeal, appeal (of a court). 
casser, m. to break, break down; bras cassés, with nerveless arms. 
cassure, f. break, crack. 
castor, m. beaver. 
casuiste, m. casuist (theologian who attempts to solve problems of the conscience). 
catalepsie, f. catalepsy. 
catastrophe, f. catastrophe. 
catégorie.  f. category. 
catholique, adj. and s. Catholic. 
cauchemar, m. nightmare. cause, f. cause, reason, suit, case; à (pour) - de, because of; mettre en -, to involve. 
causer, v. to cause, be the cause of, produce, chat. 
causerie, f. chat, chatting. 
causeuse, f. sofa for two persons. 
cautionnement, m. bail, security. 
cavalerie, f. cavalry. 
cavalier, m. rider, horseman, partner, trooper; simple-, trooper; cavalier, -ère, adj. cavalier, free. 
cave. f. cellar. 
ce, dem. pr. this, that, it; -_ qui, '- que, which, what (with noun in predicate often = he, she, etc.). 
ce (cet before vowels), cette (ces, pl.), dem. adj. pr. this, that. 
ceci, dem. pr. this, this thing. 
céder, v. to cede, yield, turn over. 
cèdre, m. cedar. 
ceinture, f. belt, waist. 
cela, dem. pr. that, that thing (sometimes used for persons familiarly or contemptuously: that fellow, he, etc.); 
    abbreviated: ça. 
Celadon, hero of d'Urfé's pastoral novel, l'Astrée (early seventeenth century), stands for the typical pastoral lover, 
        constant, timid and languorous. 
célébration.  v. celebration. 
célèbre, adj. celebrated. 
célébrer, v. to celebrate, extol. 
célébrité, f. celebrity, fame. 
céleste, adj. celestial, heavenly. 
celle, see celui.
cellule, f. cell. 
celui, celle (ceux, celles, pl.), dem. pr. this, that, this one, etc.; - -ci, - -là, the latter, the former, this one, 
    that one; - qui, he who, etc. 
cendre, f. ash, ashes, cinders. 
cendré, -e, adj. ash-colored. 
Cendrillon, Cinderella, title of a number of plays and operas based on Perrault's fairy story; the story is probably of 
     Oriental origin. 
censé, -e, adj. considered. 
censeur, m. censor, critic. 
cent, card. one hundred; pour --, per cent. 
centaine, f. about one hundred, hundred. 
centième, ord . hundredth. 
centime, m. centime (fifth of a cent). 
centre, m. center. 
cependant, adv. and conj. however, yet, meantime. 
cercle, m. circle. 
cerf, m. stag, deer (f. pronounced). 
cerise, I cherry. 
certain, -e, adj. certain. certainement, adv. certainly. 
certes, adv. certainly. 
certitude. f. certainty. 
cervelle, f. brains, brain, head; sé brûler la -, to blow one's brains out. 
Cesar, Caesar. 
cesse, f. ceasing, cessation   sans -, incessantly. 
cesser, v. to cease, stop. 
ceux, see celui. 
chacun, -e, pr. each, each one. 
chagrin, m. grief, vexation. 
chagriner, v. to grieve. 
chaîne, f. chain; mettre à la --,  to put in chains. ,lJair,I flesh, meat. 
chaise, f. chair. 
chaland, m. customer. 
châle, m. shawl. 
chaleur,  f.  heat, warmth. 
chaleureusement, adv. warmly. 
chambranle, m. frame (of a door or window), mantelpiece. 
chambre, f. chamber, room; la Chambre haute, the Upper Chamber (Senate); les Chambres, the 
     two Chambers (of the Government). 
charnbrée, f. chamberful, soldiers' dormitory, mess. champ, m. field, ground; surIe- -, at once, 
      on the spot (p not pronounced). 
Champagne, f. Champagne (province). 
Champcenetz (le chevalier de), a witty editor of the ultraroyal paper, les Actes des A potres; he 
        was beheaded in the Revolution (1760 - 1794)· 
champêtre, adj. rural, country, farm. 
champignon, m. mushroom. 
Champs-Elysées (avenue des), finest of the Parisian avenues, running from the Place de la Concorde 
     to the Arc de Triomphe (there is no rue, of this name). 
chance, f. chance, luck, opportunity. 
chanceler, v. to totter, stagger, reel. 
chancellerie, f. chancellor's office, chancelry; grande --, office of the Great Seal; grande - de 
     la Légion d'honneur, office of the 
Grand Chancellor (Head) of the Legion of Honor. 
chandelle, f. tallow candle. 
change, m. exchange; lettre de -, bill of exchange, note. 
changement, m. change. 
changer, v. to change; 
changeant, -e, changing, changeable. 
chanson, f. song. 
chanter, v. to sing. 
chantre, m. singer (in the choir), precentor. 
chanvre, m. hemp. 
chaos, m. chaos (pronounced kao). 
chapeau, m. hat; - de paille d'Italie, Leghorn hat. 
chapelle, f. chapel; la barrière de la Chapelle, now called the boulevard de la Chapelle, one of 
      the exterior boulevards in Paris. 
chaperon, m. hood, coping, chaperon. 
chaque, adj. each. 
char, m. chariot. 
charbon, m. coal, charcoal, embers. 
Charenton, a western suburb of Paris, known for its insane asylum. 
charge, f. charge, load, commission, office or function or business (of a lawyer), caricature, joke; au 
     pas de -, at full speed, with a rush; exercer rna -, to practise my profession. 
charger, v. to charge, load, fill, commission, charge or emblazon (in heraldry); se -, take charge, 
     take upon oneself; chargé, -e, loaded, laden, full, commissioned, entrusted, in charge. 
charitable, adj. charitable. 
charitablement, adv. charitably. 
charité, f. charity. 
charlatanisme, m. charlatanism. 
Charles X, King of France (reigned 1824-1830). 
charme, m. charm, delight; en faire le -, to be the chief attraction. 
charmer, v. to charm; 
charmant, -e, adj. charming. charrette, f. cart. 
charte, f. charter. 
chasser, v. to chase, drive, drive away, hunt. 
chaste, adj. chaste. 
Chasteler (du), see Bocarmé.
chat, m. cat. 
châtain, -e, adj. chestnut, auburn. 
château, m. castle. 
Châtelet, name of two fortresses in old Paris: le Grand - (in the present square of this name) was 
     demolished in 1802, it was the seat of the criminal jurisdiction of Paris; Le Petit - was a prison 
     on the left bank of the Seine. 
chatière, f. cat's hole, small opening. 
chatoyer, v. to change or play from one color to another, be iridescent. 
chaud, -e, adj. warm, hot; pleurer à chaudes larmes, to weep bitterly. 
chauffer, v. to warm, heat, fill with fuel. 
chaufferette, f. foot-stove. 
chauffeur, m. stoker, chauffeur (name given during the Revolution to brigands who burned the 
        feet of their victims to force them to reveal the hiding-place of their money). 
chauffeuse, f. low chair (for the fireside). 
chaume, m. stubble, thatch. 
Chaussée-d'Antin (rue de la), street running north from the boulevard des Italiens. 
chausser, v. to put on shoes or stockings; - le bout de son pied dans, to run one's toe in, kick. 
chaussure, f. shoe, shoes (in general sense). 
chef, m. chief, head (archaic or humorous in the literal sense) , essential point (at law; f pronounced). 
chef-d'œuvre, m. master-piece (f silent). 
chemin, m. way, road; à moitié -, half way along. 
cheminée, f. chimney, fireplace, mantel, fireside. 
cheminer, v. to go on one's way, proceed, walk, trudge along. 
chemise, f. shirt, chemise. 
chêne, m. oak. 
chenet, m. andiron. 
chenu,-e, adj. hoary. 
cher, -ère, adj., adv. and s. dear, dearly; mon -, my dear fellow. 
chercher, v. to search, seek, look for, try. 
chèrement, ado, dearly, at a high price, expensively. 
chéri, -e, adj. and s. beloved, darling. 
chérir, v. to cherish, love dearly. 
chétif, -ive, adj. thin, puny, sickly, wretched. 
cheval, m. horse; à -, on horseback, get to work! 
chevalerie, f. chivalry; errante, knight-errantry. 
chevalet, m. easel; tableau de -, easel-picture. 
chevalier, m. chevalier, knight (of the Legion of Honor, etc.; in nobility the chevalier is next 
      below the baron). 
chevelure, f. head of hair, hair. 
chevet, m. head of a bed. 
cheveu, m. hair; pl. hair. 
chèvre, f. goat. 
chez, prep. at or to the house or home of, with, in, in the room of, etc.; hors de - moi, away from home. 
chicane, f. chicane, chicanery, quibbling. 
chicaner, v. to quibble or dispute (with). 
chien, -ne, m., f. dog; - de garde, watch-dog. 
chiendent, ni. conchgrass. 
chiffon, m. rag. 
chiffonner, v. to rumple. 
chiffre, m. figure, number. 
chiffrer, v. to number, mark with initials. 
Chine, f. China. 
chiné, -e, adj. of several colors. 
chinois, -e, adj. and s. Chinese, 
Chinaman (written Chinois when s.); m. queer duck, old goat. 
Chio, f. Chios (island in the Aegean Sea; pronounced kio). 
chirurgien, m. surgeon. 
chit, interj., hush! (more usually chut), 
Chlet, abbreviation of Châtelet. 
choc, m. shock (final c pronounced). 
chocnosoff, adj. fine, crackerjack (slang); kox-noffs et chocnosoffs, jimdandies and crackajacks. 
chocolat, m. chocolate. 
choisir, v. to choose; choisi, -e, carefully chosen, choice. 
choix, m. choice. 
choquer, v. to shock. 
chose, f. thing; autre, something or anything else; en toute -, in everything, in a nutshell, 
      everything considered; quelque -, something. 
chouan, nt. Chouan (Vendean Royalist during the Revolution). 
chouette, f. chough (bird); adjectively (familiar): fine, " dandy." 
chouit, interj., wow!, etc. 
chretien, -ne, adj. and s. Christian (ien pronounced as in bien). 
christianisme, m. Christianity. 
chuchotement, m. whispering, whisper. 
chute, f. fall. 
ci, adv. here (frequent as suffix: celui-  -, etc.); -- -dessous, below, hereafter; -dessus, 
     heretofore, above. 
cicatrice, f. scar. 
ciel, m. sky, heaven; O! --!, heavens! 
cigare, m. cigar. 
cil, m. eye-lash (l not liquid). 
cimetière, m. cemetery. 
cinabre, m. cinnabar, vermilion. 
cinq, card. five (q pronounced). 
cinquantaine, f. about fifty. 
cinquante, card. fifty. 
cinquieme, ord. fifth. 
cippe, m. cippus (half-column simulating a broken column), tombstone. 
circonstance, f. circumstance. 
circulaire, adj. and f. circular, circular letter. 
circuler, v. to circulate. 
cire, f. wax. 
cirer, v. to wax, polish. 
ciseler, v. to carve. 
citer, v. to cite. 
citoyen, -ne, m., f. citizen. 
citron, m. lemon. 
citrouille, f. pumpkin, fool. 
civil,-e, adj. civil, civilian. 
civilisation, f. civilization. 
clair, -e, adj. clear, lightcolored, bright; - de lune, moonlight; -. -obscur, semiobscurity; 
     adverbially: voir -, to see clearly. 
clairement, adv. clearly. 
clandestin, -e, adj. clandestine, secret. 
classe, f. class, school, all subject to military duty in a certain year. 
classement, m. classification. 
classique, adj. classic, typical. 
Claude, Claudius I, Roman Emperor (reigned 41-54). 
clause, f. clause. 
claustral, -e, adj. claustral, monastical. 
Claye, village about 15 miles east of Paris (pronounced cle). 
clef, f. key; donner la - des champs, to release (pronounced cle), 
clerc, m. clerk (especially of a lawyer; final c silent). 
clergé, m. clergy. 
clérical, -e, adj. clerical. 
client, -e, m. f. client. 
clientèle, f. clients, practice, business. 
cligner, v. to wink. 
climat, m. climate. 
clin, m. wink; en un - d'ceil, in the twinkling of an eye. 
cloaque, m. cloaca, sewer. 
cloche, f. bell (usually large). 
cloison, f. partition. 
cloître, m. cloister. 
cloporte, f. wood-louse. 
clore, v. to close (defective verb and little used); lettres closes, closed book. 
cloture, f. enclosure, closing. 
clou, m. nail. 
clouer, v. to nail, fix, fasten. 
coaguler, v. to coagulate; se --, coagulate. 
cocher, m. coachman. 
cochère, feminine adj., used in porte -, carriage entrance or gate. 
cochon, m. pig, hog. 
coco, m. cocoa, cocoa-nut; noix de -, cocoa-nut; je serais un joli -, I should be a nice fellow! 
code, m. code (the entire system of French law comprises eight codes; the Code or Code Napoleon was drawn up 
     at the command of Napoleon in 1804). 
coeur, m. heart; avoir sur le -, to have on the mind, hold back, resent;  - reposé, at leisure, undisturbed. 
coffrer, m. to lock up (familiar). 
Cogniard, sec Coignard (Balzac uses both forms). 
coiffure, f. head-dress, arrangement of the hair. 
Coignard (Pierre), notorious adventurer and thief; he was condemned to the galleys in 1801; he escaped from 
    Toulon and under the name of Count Pontis de SainteHelene rose to a prominent position in society and in the 
    army. He was finally discovered and sent back to prison, where he died (c. 1779-1831). 
coin, m. corner, stamp, side; marquer au - de, to mark or stamp with. 
colère, f. anger. 
colifichet, m. gewgaw, trumpery. 
collection, f. collection. 
collège, m. school. 
coller, v. to stick, glue, hold fast, flatten against. 
collet, m. collar. 
collier, m. necklace, collar. 
colline, f. hill. colombe, f. dove. 
Colombier (rue du), there is now no street of this name in Paris; the rue du Vieux-is near the church of St. Sulpice. 
colon, m. colonist, planter. 
colonel, m. colonel. 
colonial, -e, adj. colonial. 
colonne, f. column. 
colorer, v. to color; se -, become colored, flush. 
colossal, -e, adj. colossal, huge. 
combat, m. combat, fight, duel. 
combattre, v. to combat; combattu entre, struggling with. 
combien, adv, how much, how many, how. 
combiner, v. to combine, contrive, plot. 
comble, m. top, climax, highest pitch, support of a roof, roof; dans les combles, in the attic. 
comédie, f. comedy (sometimes used for theater); -> humaine, human comedy (corned y is here used in a broader sense, that 
     is, human life viewed as a play). 
comédien, -rie, ni., f. comedian, actor, actress. 
comestible, adj. and m. eatable, provisions (in pl.). 
comique, adj. comic. 
comite, m. committée. commande, f. order. commander, v. to command, he in command (of), order, give orders. 
comme, adv. and con], as, so, like, how, as if, as it were; Dieu sait -, God knows how! 
commencement, m. beginning. commencer, v. to commence, begin. 
comment, adv. and interj. how, what!, how is that?, what do you mean?, how is it that? 
commerçant, m. trader, merchant. 
commerce, m. commerce, business, trade; faire le -, to be in the business. 
commercial, -e, adj. commercial. 
commettre, v. to commit, do (a favor). 
Comminges, see comte. 
commis, m. clerk. 
commissaire, m. commissary (superior officer of French police), commissioner; -priseur, appraiser. 
commission, f. commission, committée, errand. 
commode, adj. convenient, comfortable; f. chest of drawers. commotion, f. commotion, shock. 
commun, -e, adj. common; être communs en biens, to hold property in common. 
communicatif, -ive, adj. communicative, contagious. 
communication, f. communication, access. 
communiquer, v. to communicate, be connected. 
compagnie, f. company, breeding. 
compagnon, m. companion. 
comparable, adj. comparable. 
comparaison, f. comparison. 
comparaitre, v. to appear (usually in court). 
comparer, v. to compare. 
compartirnent, m. compartment. 
compatissance, f. compassion. 
compenser, v. to compensate, make up for. 
complaire, v. to please; se a, take delight in. 
complaisamment, adv. complaisantly. 
complaisance, f. complaisance, complacency, kindness. 
complet, -ète, adj. and m. complete, suit of clothes. 
complètement, adv. completely. 
completer, v. to complete, make up (to the full amount). 
complication, f. complication. 
complice, m. f. accomplice. 
compliment, m. compliment. 
complimenter, v. to compliment. 
compliquer, v. to complicate. 
complot, m. plot. 
comploter, v. to plot. 
comporter, v. to allow, admit of, carry with, contain the idea of; se -, behave, act. 
composer, v. to compose. 
composition, f. composition. comprendre, v. to understand, 
comprise; (y) compris, including. 
compresse, f. compress, dressing. 
compromettre, v. to compromise, risk. 
comptabilité, f. hook-keeping (in this and in the next three words p is not pronounced). 
compte, ni, count, account, reckoning; le -- y sera, a balance will be struck; tenir - de, to take into consideration. 
compter, v. to count, reckon, include, count on, intend; (argent) comptant, cash. 
comptoir, m. counter, counting-house; assis dans un -, seated back of a counter. 
comte, m. count (title); Comte de Comminges, title of a novel of the back-stair type (Comminges was formerly 
      a county in southern France). 
comtesse, f. countess. 
concentrer, v. to concentrate. 
conception, f. conception. 
concerner, v. concern. 
concert, m. concert. 
concession, f. concession. concevable, adj. conceivable. 
concevoir, v. to conceive, feel (regret). 
concierge, m., f. concierge, door-keeper, porter, janitor. 
conciliation, f. conciliation, reconcilement. 
concilier, v. to conciliate, gain. 
concis, -e, adj. concise. 
conclure, v. to conclude, draw conclusions, make (bargain); concluant, -e, conclusive. 
conclusion, f. conclusion. 
concordat, m. concordat, bankrupt's certificate. 
condamnation, f. condemnation, judgment (in this and in the next word w is not pronounced). 
condamner, v. to condemn, sentence, wall up; condamné, m. one condemned, sentenced man. 
condition, f. condition. 
conditionner, v. to condition, make. 
conduire, v. to conduct, drive, take; se -, behave, act. 
conduite, f. conduct, direction, management. 
conference, f. conference, lecture. 
conférer, v. to confer. 
confesser, v. to confess. 
confiance, f. confidence; femme de --, confidential agent (woman). 
confidence, f. confidential remark, secret, confidence. 
confident, m. confidant. 
confier, v. to confide; se - à, confide oneself to, trust in; 
confiant, -e, confiding, confident. 
confiner, v. to confine. 
confins, m: pl. con tines, frontiers. 
confirmer, v. to confirm. 
confondre, v. to confound, confuse, blend, mingle; se -, be confounded, be confused, blend. 
conforme, adj. conformable, suitable, in conformity. 
conformité, f. conformity, resern blancc, confortable, adj. comfortable. 
confortablement, adv. comfortably. 
confrère, m. colleague. 
confus,-e, adj. confused. confusion, f. confusion. 
congé, m. leave. 
congrès, m. congress. 
conjecture, f. conjecture. 
conjugal, -e, adj. conjugal. 
conjurer, v. to conjure, pray urgently. 
connaissance, f. acquaintance, consciousness, knowledge; pl. attainments, everything one knows, knowledge; 
        en -- de cause, knowing what one is about, intelligently. 
connaître, v. to be or get acquainted with, know; seen, know about. 
conquérir, v. to conquer, gain, win. 
conquête, f. conquest. 
consacrer, v. to consecrate, devote, sanction, ratify. 
conscience, f. conscience, consciousness; en -, in truth, surely. 
consciencieux, -euse, adj. conscien tious. 
conscrit, m. conscript, recruit. 
conseil, m. counsel, council, advice; pl. advice. 
conseiller, v. to advise. 
conseiller, m. counselor, councilor, judge of an appellate court. 
consentir, v. to consent, agree (to). 
conséquence, f. consequence. 
conséquent (with par), con], consequently, therefore. 
conservation, f. conservation, preservation. 
conservatoire, m. conservatory; Conservatoire des arts et métiers, Museum of Arts and Trades (in 
      Paris on the rue St. Martin). 
conserver, v. to preserve, maintain, keep. 
considérable, adj. considerable, important. 
considérablement, adv. considerably. 
considération, f. consideration, esteem. 
considérer, v. to consider, esteem, look at. 
consigne, f. watch-word, orders, restriction; forcer la - (also in pl.), to break the orders, enter against orders. 
consigner, v. to consign, record, refuse, deposit; - à la porte, refuse admittance. 
consister, v. to consist. 
consolateur, -trice, adj. consoling. 
consolation, f. consolation. 
consoler, v. to console. 
consommation, f. drink (in a cafe). 
consommer, v. to consume consummate. 
conspiration, f. conspiracy. 
constamment, adv, constantly. 
constant, -e, adj. constant. 
constater, v. to verify, ascertain, settle. 
constituer, v. to constitute, settle (money on), establish. 
constitution, f. constitution, character. 
Constitutionnel (le), The Constitutional, a newspaper founded in 1815, liberal, Bonapar tist and against the 
    Bourbons. 
construire, v. to construct, build. 
consul, m. consul (France was governed by three Consuls from 1799 to 1804), judge (for commercial suits 
    under the ancien regime). 
consulat, m. consulate. 
consultatif, -ive, adj. consulting, consultative. 
consultation, f. consultation. 
consulter, v. to consult. 
consumer, v. to consume. 
contact, m. contact (ct pronounced). 
contagion, f. contagion. 
conte, m. short story, tale; à dorrnir debout, cock and bull story. 
contemplation, f. contemplation. 
contempler, v. to contemplate, survey, gaze at. 
contemporain, -e, adj. and s. contemporary, contemporaneous. 
contenance, f. capacity, look, bearing, countenance; par -, to appear at case or cover one's embarrassment. 
contenir, v. to contain, restrain, keep, hold. 
content, -e, adj. contented, happy, glad. 
contentement, m. contentment, look of satisfaction. 
contenter, v. to content, satisfy; se -, be contented, content oneself. 
contenu, m. contents. 
conter, v. to tell, tell of, recount, relate. 
contestation, f. contest, dispute. 
contester, v. to contest. 
contexture, f. contexture, interrelation. 
contigu, -ë, adj. contiguous. 
continu, -e, adj continuous. 
continuel, -le, adj. continual. 
continuer, v. to continue; se -, be continued. 
contour, m. contour, outline. 
contracter, v. to contract; contractant, -e, adj. and s, contracting, contracting parties, contractor. 
contradiction, f. contradiction. 
contradictoire, adj. contradictory. 
contradictoirement, adv. contradictorily, after hearing both parties. 
contrainte, f. constraint. 
contraire, adj. and m. contrary, opposite. 
contrarier, v. to contradict, provoke, vex, baffle. 
contrarieté, f. vexation, discontent. 
contraste, m. contrast. 
contraster, v. to contrast. 
contrat, m. contract. 
contre, prep. against, with; gageure - quelqu'un, bet with some one. 
contre-amiral, m. rear-admiral. 
contre-balancer, v. to counterbalance. 
contredanse, f. square dance, quadrille. 
contre-lettre, f. counter-letter, defeasance, counter-deed (secret or collateral deed modifying another deed). 
contre-sens, m. wrong meaning, mistake (usually written contresens; final s pronounced). 
contribuer, v. to contribute, aid. contribution, f. tax. 
convaincre, v. to convince, convict. 
convenable, 	adj. 	suitable, proper. 
convenablement, adv. suitably. 
convenir, v. to suit, agree, be fitting. 
convention, f. convention, agreement. 
conversation, f. conversation. 
convertir, v. to convert. 
conviction, f. conviction. 
convive, ni., f. table-companion, guest. 
convoi, m. convoy, escort, funeral (procession). 
convoiter, v. to covet. 
convulsif, -ive, adj. convulsive (characterized by sudden movements due to pain, emotion, etc.). 
convulsion, f. convulsion. 
coopérer, v. to cooperate. 
copie, f. copy. 
copier, v. to copy. 
copiste, m. copyist. 
coque, f. shell, bow of ribbon. 
coquet, -te, adj. coquettish, smart; coquette, f. coquette. 
coquetterie, f. coquetry. 
coquillage, m. shell, shell-fish. 
coquin, -e, m., f. rascal, rogue, scoundrel. 
corde, f. line, rope, cored. 
cordialement, adv. cordially. 
cordon, m. string, cord, line, rope; - rouge, red ribbon (of the Legion of Honor, etc.); tirer le -, to 
     pull the cord (done by the concierge in his room to open the main door). 
comet, m. cornucopia, cone. 
corniche, f. cornice. 
Cornwallis (Lord), British General, surrendered at York-town; from 1786 to 1793 he waged a 
    successful war in India against Tippoo Sahib (1738-1805). 
corporel, -le, adj. corporeal. 
corps, m. body; - de logis, main building, separate building; faire - avec, to form a part of. 
correction, f. correction. 
correctionnel, -le, adj. rela ti ve to misdemeanors. 
correspondance, f. correspondence. 
correspondre, v. to correspond, communicate. 
corridor, m. corridor. 
corriger, v. to correct; se-, correct oneself, reform. 
corroborer, v. to corroborate, strengthen. 
corrompre, v. to corrupt, bribe. 
corsaire, m. corsair, pirate, shark (person). 
cortège, m. procession. 
Cosaques, m. pl. Cossacks (a military people or number of tribes in southern and eastern Russia, 
     Siberia, etc., noted as light cavalrymen). 
cossu, -e, adj. podded, rich. 
costume, m. costume. 
côte, f. rib, slope, coast. 
côte, m. side, direction; de-, to or on one side, aside, sidewise; a - de lui, by his side. 
côtelette, f. cutlet, chop. 
coterie, f. coterie, circle, clique. coton, m. cotton. 
côtoyer, v. to go by the side of. 
cotte, f. peasant's skirt, skirt 
or apron worn by brewers, etc. 
cou, m. neck, throat. 
couche, f. couch, bed, layer, coat (of paint). 
coucher, v. to put to bed, lay out, lay, sleep; se -, go to bed, lie down, set; - en joue, aim at; 
      chambre a --, bedroom; couche, -e, lying down in bed, lying; m. setting, sunset. 
couchette, f. small bed, berth. coucou, m. cuckoo, one 'horse chaise. 
coude, m. elbow. 
coulage, m. leakage, dripping, casting. 
coulant, m: slide, movable ring (for closing a purse). 
couler, v. to flow, run, cast. couleur, f. color; sous d'odieuses couleurs, in an odious light. 
coulis, m. strained strong broth, gravy. 
coulisse, f. groove. 
coup, m. blow, stroke, shot, knock, tap, play; tout it -, all of a sudden, suddenly; d'ceil, glance, 
    sight; - de dent, bite; it -- sur, surely; donner un - de main, to lend a helping hand, help. 
coupable, adj. and s. culpable, guilty, culprit. 
coupé, m. coupe. 
couper, v. to cut, cut off. 
couple, f. couple (m. when objects not alike). 
couplet, m. verse, stanza. 
coupon, m. coupon, remnant. 
cour, f. court, yard, court-yard. 
courage, m. courage. 
courageusement, adv. courageously. 
courageux, -euse, adj. courageous. 
courant, m. current; - d'air, current of air, draught. 
courbe, f. and adj. curve, curved. 
courber, v. to curve, bend. 
courir, v. to run. 
couronne, f. crown, wreath. 
couronner, v. to crown, award a prize to. 
courroucer, v. to anger; courroucé,-e, adj. angry. 
courroux, m. anger. 
cours, m. course, path, stream. 
course, f. course,race, trip. court, --e, adj. short. 
courtisan, m. courtier; courtisane, f. prostitute. 
courtisanesque, adj. courtierlike. 
courtiser, v. to court. 
cousin, -e, ni., f. cousin, crony, friend. 
couteau, m. knife. 
coûter, t'. to cost, be costly, be painful. 
coûteux, -euse, adj. costly. 
coutume, f. custom, habit; de --, usually, usual. 
couture, f. sewing, seam. 
couvent, m. convent, monastery. 
couverture, f. cover, covering, blanket, coverlet. 
couvrir, v. to cover. 
cracher, v. to spit, come down with or cough up (money). 
craindre, v. to fear. 
crainte, f. fear, dread. 
craintif, -ive, adj. fearful, timorous, timid. 
crâne, m. skull, cranium. 
crâne, adj. bold, swaggering. 
crasseux, -euse, adj. dirty. 
cravache, f. riding-whip, crop. 
cravate, f. cravat. 
cravater, v. to put on or tie a cravat. 
crayon, m. pencil; épigrammes à coups de -, epigrammatic crayon drawings. 
créance, f. trust, bill, debt, claim. 
créancier, m. creditor. 
création. f. creation, production. 
creature. f. creature. credit, m. credit. 
créer, v. to create, make. 
crème.f. cream. 
créole, m., f. Creole. 
crêpe, m: crape, mourning-veil. 
crépu, -e, adj. frizzled, woolly, short and curly (hair). 
crépusculaire, adj. crepuscular; lueur -, twilight. 
creuser, v. to dig, hollow, hollow out, delve into, examine; creuse, -e, hollowed, hollow. creux, -euse, 
       adj. hollow, sunken. 
crevasser, v. to crack, chap; crevasse, -e, adj. cracked, yawning. 
crever, v. to burst open, burst, die (vulgar in last sense). 
cri, m. cry, shout, scream. 
crier, v. to cry, cry out, scream, call, creak, scratch (of a pen). 
Crillon (Louis de), famous soldier, called by Henri IV "le premier capitaine du monde" (1543-1615). 
crime, m. crime. 
criminel, --le, adj. and s, criminal. 
crin, m. hair (of horses, etc.). 
crise, f. crisis, attack, dangerous condition. 
cristal, m. crystal, cut glass. 
critique, f. criticism, critics; m. critic. 
critiquer, v. to criticize. 
croc-en-jambe, m. tripping; donner un .- à, to trip up. 
crochet, m. hook, fangs (in pl.). 
crochu, -e, adj. hooked, crooked. 
croire, v. to believe; vous vous croyez une fortune, you believe you have a fortune. 
croisée, f. window, casement, transept. 
croiser, v. to cross (old); se-, cross, become crossed; les bras croises, with folded arms. 
croître, v. to increase, grow. 
croix, f. cross; il avait eu la -, he had had the cross of the Legion of Honor conferred on him. 
croquis, m., sketch, rough draft, outline. 
crotter, v. to dirty, bespatter. 
croûte.j. crust, daub. 
croyance, f. belief, creed. 
cru, -e, adj. crude, raw. 
cruaute.f. cruelty. 
cruche, f. jug, pitcher. 
crucifix, m. crucifix. 
cruel, -le, adj. cruel. 
cruellement, adv. cruelly. 
cueillir, v. to gather. 
cuiller, f. spoon (r pronounced). 
cuir, m.leather, piece of leather. 
cuire, v. to cook; cuisant, -e, cooking, sweltering, painful, sharp; terre cuite, terracotta. 
cuisine, f. kitchen, cooking. 
cuisiner, v. to cook, get ready. 
cuisinier, -ére, m., f. cook. 
cuivre, m. copper. 
culotte, f. breeches. 
culotter, v. to put breeches on, cake a pipe. 
cultiver, v. to cultivate, raise, harvest. 
cupidité, f. cupidity. 
curer, v. to cleanse, clean (sewers, etc.). 
curieux, -euse, adj. curious. 
curiosité, f. curiosity. 
Curtius (le cabinet de), a former collection of wax figures, corresponding to the present Musée Grevin. 
Cuvier (Georges), 	French naturalist, father of comparative anatomy and palreontology (1769-1832). 
cylindre, m. cylinder, roller, roller-top; secrétaire it -, roller-top desk. 
cynique, adj. cynical. 
d, pronounced de or de. 
d', see de. 
dais, m. dais, canopy. 
dalle. f. flagstone, slab. 
Dalmatie, f. Dalmatia (district on the eastern shore of the Adriatic; ti pronounced as ci). 
damassé, -e, adj. damasked. 
dame, f. lady, dame (title). 
damner, v. to damn; l'âme damnée de, the tool of (pronounced dâné). 
dandy, m. dandy, ladies' man. 
dandysme, m. dandyism. 
danger, m. danger, risk. 
dangereux, -euse, adj. dangerous. 
dans, prep. in, into, at; courant - Paris, running about Paris. 
danse.j. dance. 
danser, v. to dance; ne jamais savoir sur quel pied -, be at one's wits' end. 
date, f. date. 
dauphin, -e, m., I dolphin, dauphin, dauphiness (eldest son of a French king, or his wife). 
davantage, adv. still more, more. 
David (Louis), leading painter of the Revolution and the First Empire; he belonged to the Classic 
    School and was opposed to the mannerism of the eighteenth century (1748-1825). 
de, prep. of, from, by, with, about, to, on, in, for, than, as, some (partitive), = English 
     possessive ('s); - ce que, because; il y a - l'enfant dans, there is something of the child in; - par, by. 
déballer, v. to unpack. 
débarquer, v. '10 disembark, land. 
débarrasser, v. to disembarrass, rid, free; se -, get rid. debat, m. debate, argument, dispute. 
débattre, v. to debate; se-, be debated, struggle, flicker. 
débauche, I debauch, debauchery. 
débit, m. sale, manner of speaking. 
débiteur, m. debtor. 
déboucher, v. to uncork, open, come out (into). 
debout, adv. upright, up, standing; se tenir (mettre) -, to stand upright, stand, keep standing. 
débris, m. debris, remains, wreckage, ruins, relic. 
début, m. beginning, start, first appearance, debut. debuter, v. to make one's first appearance, begin. 
Decamps (Alexandre-Gabriel), Parisian painter, noted for the strength of his pictures and their coloring (1803-1860). 
décembre, m. December. 
décemment, adv. decently (em pronounced as am). 
décence, I decency, propriety. 
décent, -e, adj. decent. 
décerner, v. to decree, a ward, bestow. 
décès, m. decease, death. 
décharné, -e, adj. emaciated, fleshless. 
déchéance.f. forfeiture. 
déchet, m. waste, loss. 
déchiffrer, v. to decipher. 
déchiqueter, v. to cut to pieces, slash. 
déchirer, v. to tear, rend,lacera te, destroy. 
déchu, -e, adj. fallen. 
décider, v. to decide, settle, bring on; se -, be decided, make up one's mind. 
décisif, -ive, adj. decisive. 
décision, I decision. 
déclaration, I declaration. 
déclarer, v. to declare, acknowledge. 
déclin, m. decline. 
décollation, I decollation (of John the Baptist), beheading. 
décolorer, v. to discolor; decoloré, -e, adj. discolored, colorless, faded, pale. 
décompte, m. deduction, disillusionment. 
déconcerter, v. to disconcert. 
décontenancer, v. to put out of countenance, abash. 
décorer, v. to 'decorate, embellish, confer a medal or order on. 
décorum, m. decorum (final syllable is not nasalized). 
découper, v. to cut off or out, bring out, cause to stand out. 
décourager, v. to discourage. 
découverte, I disco very. 
découvrir, v. to discover, uncover, disclose, see; se-, take off one's hat. 
décrépit, -e, adj. decrepit, dilapidated (t not pronounced). 
décret, m. decree. 
décrire, v. to describe, form (a line). 
décrocher, v. to unhook, take down. 
dédaigner, v. to disdain. 
dédaigneusement, adv. disdainfully. 
dédaigneux, -euse, adj. disdainful, scornful. 
dédain, m. disdain. 
dédal, m. labyrinth, maze. 
dedans, adv. and m; inside, within, in it, etc.; la -, in there, in it, etc. 
dédornmager, v. to indemnify. 
dédorer, v. to ungild; dédoré, -e, with the gilt lost. 
dédoubler, v. to divide into two. 
déduire, v. to deduct, enumerate, state. 
défaillir, v to grow weak, faint. 
défaire, v. to undo, untie; se -, get rid (of). 
défaut, m. fault, default, imperfection, defect, weak side, lack, mistake; mettre en -, to baffle; 
        prendre en -, catch in a mistake, find that one is wrong. 
défavorablement, adv. unfavorably. 
défection, I defection. 
défectuosité, I defect, imperfection. 
défendre, v. to defend, protect, forbid; se -- (de), defend oneself, resist, keep from having. 
défense, I defense, prohibition. 
défi, m. challenge. 
défiance, I dis trust. 
défier, v. to defy; se - de, distrust; défiant, -e, adj. distrustful. 
défigurer, v. to disfigure. 
définir, f. to define. 
définitif, -ive, adj. definitive, final. 
définition, f. definition. 
défriser, v. to uncurl, ruffle. 
défunt, -e, adj. and s. deceased, late, dead. 
dégager, v. to disengage, set free; degage, -e, disengaged, free, careless. 
dégel, m. thaw, thawing. 
dégommer, v. to take off the gum, throw out of a job, kill, "sting" (slang). 
dégout, m. disgust. 
dégoûter, v. to disgust; sede, become disgusted with, take a dislike to. 
dégradation, f. degradation, diminution. 
dégrader, v. to degrade, debase. 
dégre, m. degree, step. 
déguisement, m. disguise. 
déguiser, v. to disguise, conceal. 
dehors, adv. and m. outside, out, out of doors; au -, outside; en - de, outside. 
déjà, adv. already. 
déjeuner, v. to breakfast, lunch; m. breakfast, luncheon. 
delà, prep. and adv. beyond; au - de, beyond; au -, beyond, more. 
Delacroix (Eugène), french painter, chief of the Romantic School (1799-1863). 
délai, m. delay, postponement, period. 
délaisser, u. to forsake. 
délasser, v. to refresh; se-, refresh oneself, repose, rest. 
Delhi, province and city of northern India; the city was proclaimed capital of India in 191L 
délicat, -e, adj. delicate, of delicate feelings. 
délicatesse, f. delicacy, deftness, consideration, tact, reo fined feeling, considerate act. delices, f. pl. 
     delight, happiness, joys (less frequent in singular where it is m.). 
délicieux, -euse, adj. delicious, delightful. 
délié, -e, adj. untied, slender, thin, crafty. 
délier, v. to untie. 
délinquant, m. delinquent. 
délire, m. delirium, frenzy, rapture. 
délivrer, v. to-deliver, free. 
déluge, m. deluge. 
demain, adv. to-morrow. 
demande, f. request, question, demand. 
demander, v. to request, ask, ask for, require; se --, ask oneself, wonder. 
démarche, f. gait, act, procedure, step. 
démence, f. dementia, insanity. 
démentir, v. to contradict, belie, disprove. 
démeuble, -e, adj. unfurnished; bouche démeublée, toothless mouth. 
demeurer, v. to remain, live, stand, stop. 
demi, -e, adj. half (frequent prefix); a -, half way, half; sixheures et demie, half past six; its 
     gagnent un -, you get fifty per cent more for them. 
demi-cercle, m. semicircle. 
demi-jour, m. twilight. 
demoiselle, f. young lady, girl of noble birth or of the middle class (old in this sense), miss, unmarried 
       woman; - a marier, marriageable young lady; - de compagnie, paid companion. 
démolir, v. to demolish. 
démolition, f. demolition, tearing-down of buildings, old building material, rubbish (pl. in latter sense). 
démon, m. demon, devil. 
démontrer, v. to demonstrate, show. 
dénaturer, v. to change the nature of, alter. 
dénégation.j. denial. 
déni, m: denial, refusal. 
denier, m : farthing, penny; fort -, high interest (archaic in this sense). 
dénoncer, v. to denounce, betray. 
dénoter, v. to denote, betoken, indicate. 
dénoûment, m. denouement, solution, end (also written dénouement). 
denrée, f. produce, products (especially in pl.). 
dent, f. tooth; mettre sur les dents, to tire out, knock out. 
dentelle, f. lace. 
dénuer, v. to strip; denue, -e, adj. stripped, destitute, void. 
dépailler, v. to take away the straw; chaise dépaillée, chair with the seat gone. 
départ, m. departure. 
département, m. department (one of the 86 subdivisions of French territory). 
dépasser, v. to pass beyond, overtop, surpass. 
dépeindre, v. to depict, portray, describe. 
dépendre, v. to depend. 
dépens, m. pl. expense (s silent). depense, f. expense, expenditure. 
dépenser, v. to spend. 
dépensier, -ere, adj. extravagant. 
déperir, v. to decline, wither away, run down. 
dépiter, v. to vex; se -, be vexed, be nettled. 
déplacer, v. to displace, shift; etre déplacé, be out of place. 
déplaire, v. to displease. 
déplaisir, m. displeasure. 
déplier, v. to unfold, open. 
déplorable, adj. deplorable, wretched. 
déployer, v. to unfold, display. 
déposer, v. to put down, lay aside, place, depose, deposit, testify, bear witness. 
dépositaire, m. depositary, trustee. 
dépot, m; deposit, warehouse, asylum; - de mendicité, poorhouse. 	. 
dépouille, f. skin (shed by an animal), spoils (pl. in latter sense). 
dépouiller, v. to strip, despoil. 
dépourvu, -e, adj. destitute, void, lacking. 
depuis, prep. from, since, for; -- que, conj. since. 
députe, m. deputy (one of the 597 members of the Chambre des Députés, french House of Representatives). 
déraisonner, v. to talk nonsense, rave. 
dérangement, tn, derangement, disorder. 
déranger, v. to derange, disturb, inconvenience, move. 
dernier, -ère, adj. last, final, latest. 
dernièrement,adv. recently. 
dérober, v. to steal, hide away from, screen, purloin; dérobé, -e, adj. stolen, private; escalier dérobé, private 
      staircase; à la dérobée, stealthily, furtively. 
déroger, v. to degrade oneself, lose dignity, stoop, yield. 
dérouler, v. to unroll, spread out, open. 
derrière, prep., adv. and m. behind, rear, back; par -, behind, from behind; patte de -, hind paw. 
des = de les, 
dès, prep. from, since, at, beginning with, as early as; que, conj. as soon as, when. 
désaccord, m. disagreement, variance. 
désagréable, adj. disagreeable. 
désagréablement, adv, disagreeably. 
désagrément, m: annoyance. 
désappointernent, m. disappointrnent. 
désarmer, v. to disarm. 
désastre, m. disaster. 
désastreux, -euse, adj. disastrous. 
descendre, v. to descend, go or come down, go down stairs, dismount, get out (of a carriage, etc.). 
description, f. description. 
désenchantement, m. disenchantment. 
désert, -e, adj. and m. deserted, desert. 
désespérer, v. to despair, make desperate, dishearten; désespére, -e, desperate, disheartened, in despair. 
désespoir, m. despair, desperation. 
déshabillé, m. undress, dishabille. 
déshonorer, v. t.o dishonor. 
désigner, v. t.o designat.e, point out, indicate. 
désir, m. desire, wish, eagerness. 
désirer, v. to desire, like, wish. 
désobéissance, f. disobedience. 
désœuvrement, m. want of occupation, idleness. 
désoler, v. to desolate, grieve; désolant, -e, adj. distressing, discouraging. 
désordre, m. disorder, irregularity, dissoluteness. 
désormais, ado, henceforth. 
despotique, adj. despotic. 
despotiquement, adv. despotically. 
despotisme, m. despotism. 
desquels = de lesquels. 
dessein, m. design, aim. 
dessert, m. dessert. 
dessin, m. drawing, design. 
dessinateur, 	m, 	designer, draughtsman. 
dessiner, v. to design, draw, outline, bring out; se -, be designed or outlined, appear. 
dessous, adv., prep. and m. below, under, down, lower side, bottom; au- - (de), below, beneath, 
    short of; avoir Ie -, to have the worst of it; la- -, beneath. 
dessus, adv., prep. and m. above, over, on, upon, over or on it, et.c., top; au- - de, above; par- --, 
         over, above; la--, thereupon. 
destination, f. destination, purpose. 
destinée.f. destiny, fat.e. 
destiner, v. to destine, intend. destruction, f. destruction. 
désunir, v. to disunite, separate. 
détacher, v. to detach, bring out; se -, st.and out. 
détail, m. detail, retail. 
détailler, v. to cut into parts, retail, detail; détaille, -e, adj. detailed, in detail. 
détendre, v. to unbend, slacken; se -, relax. 
détention, f. detention, confinement, imprisonment. 
détermination, f. determination, resolve. 
déterminer, v. to determine, settle, fix, cause; se - à, determine to. 
déterrer, u. to disinter, dig up. detestable, adj. detestable. detester, v. to detest. 
détoner, v. to detonate. 
détourner, v. to turn aside. 
détresse, f. dist.ress, need. 
détruire, v. to destroy. 
dette, f. debt. 
deuil, m. mourning; porter Ie - de, t.o be in mourning for. 
deux, card. two; tous (les) -, both; à nous -, between us, let us fight it out bet.ween ourselves. 
devant, prep., adv. and m. before, in front of, in front, front; au- - de, to meet; aller au- .- de, t.o meet 
      half way; par -, in front; patte de -, front paw. 
développer, v. to develop. 
devenir, v. to become; que devient-il?, what is becoming of him? 
Deveria (Eugène), Parisian historical painter (1805-1865). 
deviner, v. to divine, conjecture, guess, see through. 
De viris (illustribus urbis Romae), On the Celebrat.ed Men of Rome, Latin resume of Roman history 
       by Nepos (first century B.C.), published about. 1775 by Lhomond, a French classicist. 
deviser, v. to chat. 
dévoiler, v. t.o unveil, disclose. 
devoir, v. must, ought, to owe, be or have (necessity); dû, due, adj. due; m. duty; croire de son - de, think it one's duty to. 
dévolu, -e, adj. vest.ed, transferred, fallen (to), escheated, belonging. 
dévorer, v. to devour, eat. up, consume, absorb, swallow, put down, squander, cover. 
dévot, -e, adj. devout, religious. 
dévotion, f. devotion, devoutness. 
dévouement, m. devotion. devouer, v. to devote. 
dextérité, f. dexterity, adroitness. 
diable, m. devil; que -I, what the devil!, the devil take it!; que - ont-ils besoin de?, why the devil do they need to? 
diabolique, adj. diabolical. 
diadème, m. diadem. 
diagnostic, m. diagnostic (in this and in the next word g is pronounced). 
diagnostique, adj. diagnostic. 
diagonal, -e, adj. diagonal. 
diagonalement, adv. diagonally. 
diamant, m. diamond. 
diantre, interj. the deuce! dieter, v. to dictate. 
dictionnaire, m. dictionary. dicton, m. saying. 
Didon, Dido (Queen of Carthage, celebrated by Vergil in the Aeneid). 
Dieppe, small Norman city and watering-place on the English Channel. 
diète, f. diet. 
Dieu, m. God; (mon) -I, heavens!, why! etc. (rarely as strong as 'My God! '); grand (bon) - !, 
      great heavens!; le bon -, God. 
différence, f.difference. 
différent, -e, adj. different. 
difficile, adj. difficult. 
difficilement, adv, with difficulty. 
difficulté, f. difficulty. 
digérer, v. to digest, put up with. 
digne, adj. worthy, dignified. 
dignité, f. dignity. 
digression, f. digression. 
dilapidation, f. waste. 
dilater, v. to dilate, expand, cheer. 
dilatoire, adj. dilatory. 
dilemme, m. dilemma. 
diligence, f. diligence, demand or suit (in law). 
dimanche, m. Sunday. 
Dimanche (M.), character in Moliere's comedy Don Luan, type of timid creditor disarmed by 
    the blandishments of the debtor. 
dimension, f. dimension. 
diminuer, v. to diminish, lessen. 
dîner, v. to dine; m. dinner. 
diplomatie, [, diplomacy (ti pronounced as ci). 
diplomatique, adj. diplomatic. 
dire, v. to say, tell, call, speak; pour ainsi -, so to speak; - de, say it is; - que, say that, the idea 
       that!; c'est-à-, that is to say; proprement dit, properly so-called; m. pl. talk, gossip, words. 
directeur, m. director. 
direction, f. direction. 
diriger, v. to direct, aim, steer; se--, go (forward, etc.), be directed. 
disciple, m. disciple. 
discordant, -e, adj. discordant, out of harmony. 
discours, m. discourse, speech, remark. 
discret, -ète, adj. discreet. 
discrètement, adv. discreetly. 
discrétion, f. discretion. 
discussion,]. discussion. 
discuter, v. to discuss, argue, inquire into. 
disgracié, -e, adj. out of favor, in disgrace. 
disgracieux, -euse, adj. ungraceful, unpleasant. 
dlsparaître, v. to disappear. 
disparate, f. incongruity, dissimilarity. 
dispenser, v. to dispense, free, relieve; se - de, dispense with, free from, get out of. 
disperser, v. to disperse, scatter; se --, disperse. 
disposer, v. to dispose, arrange, make ready, incline; se-, be disposed, make ready. 
disposition, f. disposition, disposal, arrangement, attitude. 
disputer, v. to dispute; se -, dispute with one another (for), dispute for the mastery of. 
dissection, f. dissection; salle de -, dissecting-room. 
dissimuler, v. to dissimulate, hide, disguise, try to conceal. 
dissipateur, m. waster, spendthrift. 
dissipation, f. dissipation. 
dissiper, v. to dissipate, scatter. 
dissolution, f. dissolution, annulment. 
distance, f. distance, interval. 
distillerie, f. distillery. 
distinctement, adv; distinctly. 
distinction, f. distinction. 
distinguer, v. to distinguish, make out; distingue, -e, adj. distinguished. 
distraction, f. distraction, inattention, diversion, amusement. 
distraire, v. to distract, divert; distrait, -e, adj. inattentive, absorbed, héedless. 
distribution, f. distribution, arrangement. 
divers, -e, adj. diverse, different. 
diversion, f. diversion. 
dividende, m. dividend. 
divin, -e, adj. divine. 
diviser, 1'. to divide. 
division, f. division, discord. 
divorce, m . divorce. 
dix, card. ten (pronounced: dis; diz in liaison). 
dix-huit, card. eighteen. 
dixième, ord, tenth. 
dix-neuf, card. nineteen. 
dix-sept, card. seventeen. 
dizaine, f. about ten, half a score. 
docteur, m. doctor. doctrine,]. doctrine. 
dogue, m. mastiff. 
doigt, m. finger (gt not pronounced). 
doléance, f. grievance. 
domaine, m. domain, public domain. 
domestique, adj. and s. domestic, household, servant. 
domination, f. domination, supervision. 
dominer, v. to dominate, overlook, govern, predominate. 
dominicain, m. Dominican friar (the Dominicans were the instigators of the Inquisition). 
Dominiquin (le), Domenico Zarnpieri, Italian painter (r58r-r64r). 
domino, m. domino, dominoes. 
dommage, m. damage, pity. 
dompter, v. to tame, subdue (p not pronounced). 
don, m . gift. 
donation, f. gift, déed of gift. 
done, conj., adv, and inter], then, therefore, pray, do, just, now; dis -, say, come tell me, etc.; 
       allons -, come now!, well! (c silent except when done begins or ends a phrase or is before a vowel). 
donnée, f. notion, datum. 
donner, v. to give, cause, give an appearance (to), lend (energy to); se -, give or represent oneself, take; 
        sur, open on; - un coup d'œil, take a look; à qui Pon donne, who is said to have (an income). 
dont, rel. pro of which, whose, with (in, by, from, for) which, etc. 
dorer, v. to gild; doré, -e, gilded, golden, gilt. 
dormir, v. to sleep. 
dos, m. back (s not pronounced). 
dossier, m. back (of a seat), bundle of pa.pers, brief, documents relating to a lawsuit (0 pronounced as in dos). 
dot, f. dowry (t pronounced). dotation, f. endowment. 
doter, v. to endow, give a dowry to. 
double, adj. double. 
doubler, v. to double, line, upholster. 
doucement, adv, sweetly, gently, softly, quietly. 
douceur, f. gentleness, softness, sweetness, mildness; avec -, softly, gently. douer, v. to endow. 
douillette, f. quilted silk gown or long coat. 
douleur, f. pain, grief, sorrow, suffering. 
douloureusement, adj. painfully, in sorrow. 
douloureux, -euse, adj. painful. 
doute, m. doubt. 
douter, v. (object preceded by de), to doubt; se - (de), suspect. 
douteux, --euse, adj. doubtful, uncertain. 
doux, douce, adj. sweet, gentle, soft, mild. 
douzaine, f. dozen, about twelve. 
douze, card. twelve. 
Dow (Gérard), Dutch painter; his Femme hydropique is in the Louvre (1613-1675; pronounced 
      and at times written: Dou). 
drame, m. drama, tragedy. 
drap, m. cloth. 
draperie, f. drapery, clothingbusiness. 
drapier, m. draper; adjectively: marchand -, draper, clothier, cloth-merchant 
dresser, v. to erect, raise, straighten out, train, draw up, arrange; se --, draw oneself up, rise, straighten up. 
droit, -e, adj., adv, and m: straight, erect, right, upright, law, tax; se croire en - de, to believe that one 
      has the right to; droite, f. right hand. 
drolatique, adj. comical, amusing. 
drôle, adj. droll, ludicrous, comical, odd; m. rascal; c'est de droles de corps, they are a strange lot. 
Drolling (Martin), french genre painter (1752-1817); his son Michel was an historical painter (1786-1851). 
du = de le, 
dualisme, m. dualism (philosophy admitting two principles). 
Dubufe (Claude), French painter (1790-1864); his son Édouard (1820-1883) is known especially for his
       historical paintings and portraits ; the latter's son (Édouard, 1853-1909) was also noted as a painter. 
duc, m. duke. 
ducat, m . ducat (about $2.25). duchesse, f. duchess. 
duel, m. duel. 
dupe, f. dupe. 
duplicité, f. duplicity. 
Dupont (Jean, comte), mayor of the eighth arrondissement of Paris, made a count by Napoleon in 1807, 
      and later a peer by Louis XVIII (1736-1819). 
duquel (desquels, etc.) = de lequel (de lesquels, etc.), dur, -e, adj. hard, harsh. 
durant, prep. during. 
durée, f. duration. 
durer, v. to last. 
dureté, f. hardness; avec-, harshly. 
Duval-Lecamus, Pierre Duval Le Camus, prolific painter of the second order, a pupil of David (1790-1854). 
-e, abbreviation of ordinals: XVe = quinziema, etc. 
eau, f. water, luster (of diamonds); prendre 1'-, to leak. 
ébahi, -e, adj. aghast, amazed. 
ébaucher, u. to sketch, outline, make only part way or awkwardly. 
éblouir, v. to dazzle. 
ébouriffer, v. to disorder, disconcert. 
ébranler, v. to shake, shock, disturb. 
ébrecher, v. to notch, chip off. 
écart, m. step aside, digression, indiscretion. 
écarter, v. to turn aside, discard; s'-, turn aside, withdraw. 
ecclésiastique, adj. and m. ecclesiastic. 
écervelé, m. madcap. 
échafaud, m. scaffold. 
échange, m. exchange. 
échanger, v. to exchange. 
échapper, v. to escape; s'-, escape, come out. 
échauffer, v. to heat, inflame. 
échéance, f. falling due, maturity (of a bill). 
échec, m. check, loss (c pronounced). 
échelle, f. ladder. 
échevele, -e, adj. disheveled. 
échouer, v. to run aground, strand, fail. 
éclair, m. lightning, flash. 
éclaircissernent, m. explanation, clearing up. 
éclairer, v. to light, give light to, turn on the light for, enlighten. 
éclat, m. splinter, fragment, burst, explosion, flash, brilliance, splendor. 
éclater, v. to explode, burst, burst forth, break out, shine, flash out; - de rire, burst out laughing; se 
      mettre à -- d'un gros rire franc, begin to give vent to unrestrained laughter; éclatant, -e, shining, 
      brilliant, dazzling. 
éclipser, u, to eclipse. 
éclore, v. to hatch, come forth, blossom. 
école.j. school; faire - sur-, to make one blunder after another. 
écolier, m. school-boy. econduire, v. to show out, dismiss. 
éconorne, adj. economical. 
économie, f. economy, saving. 
économique, adj. economical. 
éconornlser, v. to economize, save. 
écorcher, v. to skin, flay. 
écouler, v. to run, flow out; s' -, run, elapse, pass by, be spent. 
écouter, v. to listen (to). 
écoutille, f. hatchway, hatch. 
écran, m. scréen (small). 
écraser, v. to crush, overwhelm. 
éerier (s'), v. to exclaim, cry. 
écrin, m. jewel-case. 
écrire, v. to write. 
écriture, f. writing, handwriting. 
écrivain, m. writer. 
écu, m. shield, crown (old coin worth 3 francs, also a coin worth 5 and more rarely 6 francs). 
écueil, m. réef. 
éculer, v. to wear down the héel of a shoe. 
écurie, f. stable. 
écusson, m. escutcheon, inescutcheou (small escutcheon charged on a larger one). edifice, m. edifice. 
Édouard, Edward. 
édredon, m. eiderdown coverlet. 
éducation, f. education, training. 
effacer, v. to efface, rub or blot out. 
effaroucher, v. to scare, startle. 
effectuer, v. to effect, execute. 
effet, m. effect, bill of exchange; pl. effects, goods, articles; en -, in reality, indéed. 
efforcer (s'), v. to strive. 
effort, m. effort. 
effrayer, v. to frighten; 
effrayant, -e, adj. frightful. 
effroi, m. fright, dismay. 
effrontement, adv, 	shamelessly. 
effroyable, adj. frightful. 
effusion, f. effusion. 
égal, -e, adj. and s. equal, all the same, even, uniform. 
également, ado, equally. 
égaler, v. to equal. 
égard, m. regard, consideration; eu - à, in consideration of. 
égayer, v. to enliven, amuse. 
église.j'. church. 
ego, m. ego (pronounced as in Latin). 
égoisme, m. egotism, selfishness.
égorger, v. to cut the throat of slaughter, kill. 
ego sum, I am (Latin); -papa, I am the Pope (saying attributed to Pope Sixtus V when he 
      threw aside his crutch, held himself erect and sang the Te Deum, after he heard that 
      he had been elected Pope (1585); there is also a pun on the word papa). 
égout, m. sewer. 
Égypte, f. Egypt. 
égyptien, -ne, adj. Egyptian (t pronounced as c). 
eh, interj. ah ha!, oh!; bien, well. 
élaborer, v. to work out. 
élancer, v. to throw; s'-, throw oneself, spring, dart, dash; elle s'élança au cou de son mari, she 
       threw her arms around her husband's neck. 
élasticité, f. elasticity. 
élection. f. election. 
électricité, f. electricity. 
électrique, adj. electric. 
élégance, f. elegance, style. 
élégant, -e, adj. and s, elegant stylish, fashionable, refined; man or woman of fashion. 
élément, m. element. 
élève, m., f. pupil. 
élever, v. to elevate, bring up, raise ; s'--, rise arise amount; s'- contre, rise to oppose, lift one's 
     voice against; élevé, -e, elevated tall, high, lofty, towering; eminent, superior, heroic sublime; 
     bien élevé, well-bred. 
Élias, Elias (Elia) is the New Testament and German form of Élie, Elijah. 
Élie, see Élias. 
élire, v. to elect, choose. 
élite, f. choice, pick. 
elle, conj. and disj:, pr. (feminine), she, it. 
elle-meme, see lui-meme.
éloge, m. praise, eulogy. 
éloigner, v. to remove; s'-,  go away, move away élolgné, -e, distant, far. 
éloquence, f. eloquence. 
éloquent, -e, adj. eloquent. 
éluder, v. to elude. 
émanation, f. emanation. 
émancipation, f. emancipation. 
embarquer, v. to embark, put on board a vessel; s'--, embark, venture, start engage (in). 	' 
embarras, m. embarrassment. 
embarrasser, v. to embarrass. 
embaumer, v. to embalm, perfume, smell sweet. 
embellir, v. to embellish. 
embellissement, m. embellishment, improvement. 
embouchure,  f. mouth (river), mouthpiece, manner of placmg a wind instrument in the mouth. 
embrasser, v. to embrace, kiss, seize. 
embrasure,  f. embrasure, window-recess. 
émérite, adj. emeritus, old, confirmed. 
émerveiller, v. to amaze; s'·_, be amazed, marvel at. 
émeute, f. riot 
émigrer, v. to emigrate  émigré -e, m.,  f. emigrant (especially the royalist emigrant who left France 
     during the French Revolution). 
éminemment, adj, eminently (pronounced cmincmmen t). 
émenence,  f. eminence, height, nsing ground, elevation. 
emmener, o, to lead or take away, carry off (pronounced ammener), 
émoluments, m. pl. emoluments, fees, salary (rare in singular). 
émotion f. emotion. 
emouvoir, v. to excite, move, fill with emotion; s'-, be moved, become excited. 
empaler, v. to empale. 
empaqueter, v. to pack up. 
emparer (s'), v. to take or gain possession. 
empâté, -e, adj. clammy, impasted (too thick with colors). 
empêcher, v. to hinder, prevent, keep from; il ne put s'- de, he could not help. 
empereur, m. emperor. 
emphase, f. emphasis. 
empiler, v. to pile up. 
empire, m. empire, sway, influence, dominion;  l'Empire, the Empire of Napoleon 1(1804-1815). 
emplâtre, m. plaster. 
emplir, v. to fill. 
employé, -e, m.,  f. employee, clerk. 
employer, v. to employ, use, take (time). 
empoisonner, v. to poison. 
emportement, m. transport. 
emporter, v. to carry off or away, take away, take; s'-, fly into a passion. 
empourpré, -e, adj. purple. 
empreindre, v. to imprint, impress, mark. 
empreinte, f. imprint, impression, mark. 
empressement, m. eagerness, alacrity. 
empresser (s'), v. to be eager, hasten. 
emprisonner, v. to imprison. emprunt, m. loan; nom de -, borrowed name. 
emprunter, v. to borrow. emprunteur, m. borrower. 
en, conj. pr. of it, of him, etc., some, with (of, by, from, etc.) it. 
en, prep. in, into, to, while, in the capacity of, as, like, by, at, for. 
encadrer, v. to frame. 
enceinte, f. enclosure, circuit, wall. 
enceinte, adj. pregnant. enchantement, m. enchantment. 
enchanter, v. to enchant, delight. 
enchanteur, -tresse, m., f. and adj. enchanter, enchantress, enchanting. 
enchérisseur, m. bidder; j'aurai des enchérisseurs, I shall have people bidding against me. 
encolure, f. neck and shoulders, appearance. 
encombrer, v. to obstruct, encumber, overload, crowd; encombrant, -e, adj. cumbersome, in the way. 
encore, adv. still, still more, more, again, yet, besides; un, another. 
encourager, v. to encourage. 
endenter, v. to provide with teeth, indent. 
endetter, v. to get into debt. 
endormir, v. to put to sleep; s'-, fall asleep. 
endosser, v. to put on. 
endosseur, m. endorser. 
endroit, m. place, right side (of cloth, etc.); a 1'-, right side up. 
enduire, u. to coat. 
endurer, v. to endure. 
énergie, f. energy. 
énergique, adj. energetic. 
enfance,  f. infancy, childhood; tomber en -, to fall into (second) childhood or dotage. 
enfant, m. f. child; - trouve, foundling; - de 1'hôpital (d'hôpital), foundling; les Enfants 
      trouvés, the Foundling Asylum. 
enfantillage, m. childishness. 
enfantin, -e, adj. infantile, childish, children's, child's. 
enfer, m. hell. 
enfermer, v. to shut up, enclose. 
enfin, adv. finally, at last, after all, in short. 
enflammer, v. to inflame; enflammé, -e, inflamed, flaming. 
enfler, v. to swell; enflé, -e, adj. swollen. 
enfoncer, v. to sink, drive in, plunge, thrust, break in or through, indent; se faire -, get 
     caught; enfoncé, -e, caught! 
enfouir, v. to bury, conceal. 
enfreindre, v. to infringe (upon), violate. 
enfuir (s'), v. to flee, take flight. 
enfumer, v. to fill or blacken with smoke. 
engagement, m. obligation, engagement. 
engager, v. to engage, enlist, urge; s'-, enlist, enter, go (into), bind oneself, pledge, pledge 
    one's property. 
engendrer, v. to engender, reproduce. 
engouement, m. fondness, infatuation. 
engourdir, v. to benumb, deaden; engourdi, -e, benumbed, deadened, torpid, drowsy. 
engourdissement, m. numbness, torpor. 
enhardir, v. to embolden, encourage (avoid liaison with n in this word). 
énigme, f. enigma, riddle. 
enivrement, m. intoxication (first syllable is nasal). 
enivrer, v. to intoxicate; s'-, become intoxicated (first syllable is nasal). 
enlaidir, v. to make ugly, disfigure. 
enlèvement, m. carrying off, taking off, capture. 
enlever, v. to take away, carry off, take off, remove, exhaust, raise, buy up. 
ennemi, m. enemy; adjectively: -, -e, hostile. 
ennui, m. ennui, tediousness, weariness (in this and in the next two words the first syllable 
     is nasal). 
ennuyer, v. to weary, bore, be boring. 
ennuyeux, -euse, adj. and s. tiresome, bore. 
énorme, adj. enormous, unusually large. 
enquête, f. inquest, inquiry, search. 
enraciner, v. to root. 
enrhumer, v. to give a cold (to). 
enrichir, v. to enrich. 
ensacher, v. to bag, stowaway in a sack. 
enseigne, f. sign, sign-board. 
enseignement, m. instruction, lesson. 
ensemble, adv. and m. together, whole, collection, ensemble; tout -, altogether, at the same 
    time, whole. 
ensevelir, v. to enshroud, bury. 
ensorceler, v. to bewitch. 
ensuite, adv. then, next, after-wards. 
entacher, v. to taint. 
entamer, v. to cut into, broach, begin use. 
entassement, m. accumulation. 
entendre, v. to hear, understand, mean, intend; s'-, understand one another, be understood, be 
     heard, get on; s'entend!, you understand; air entendu, knowing air. 
entente, f. understanding, agreement, meaning. 
enterrer, v. to bury. 
entêtement, m. obstinacy, stubbornness. 
entêter, v. to give a headache to, make vain; s'-, be obstinate, persist; entete, -e, obstinate or 
       stubborn person. 
enthousiasme, m. enthusiasm. 
enthousiasmer, v. to make enthusiastic; 	s'-, become enthusiastic. 
entier, -ère, adj. entire, whole; tout -, entirely, wholly, whole of. 
entiêrement, adv. entirely. 
entonner, v. to barrel up, strike up. 
entour (à l'), adv. round about; - de, around; entours, m. pl. environs, attendants. 
entourer, v. to surround. 
entraînement, m. allurement, attractive power, captivation, sway. 
entraîner, v. to drag, draw, draw along or on, entail. 
entre, prep. between, among, in; se ressembler - eux, to resemble one another; - ses 
     mains, in or into his hands; - nous, between ourselves, in confidence. 
entrecoupé, -e, adj. broken (voice). 
entrée. f. entrance, entry. 
entreprendre, v. to undertake. entreprise, f. enterprise, undertaking. 
entrer, v. to enter, come in .. 
entretenir, v. to keep up, take care of, support, maintain, entertain, talk. 
entretien, m. support, conversation, interview. 
entrevoir, v. to catch a glimpse of, see dimly. 
entr'ouvrir, v. to half-open, set ajar, open part way. 
énumération, f. enumeration. 
envahir, v. to invade. 
enveloppe, f. envelope. envelopper, v. to envelop, wrap up, wrap, surround. 
envers, prep. toward, for, to. 
envie, f. desire, longing, envy. 
envier, v. to envy, long for. 
environ, adv. about; aux (dans les) environs, in the neighborhood or vicinity. 
environner, v. to surround, attend. 
envoler (s'), v. to flyaway. envoyer, v. to send. 
épais, -se, adj. thick. 
épaisalr, v. to thicken; s'-, become thicker. 
épanchement, m. outpouring, effusion. 
épancher, v. to pour out. 
épanouir, v. to open, cheer, brighten; s'-, brighten up, cheer up, expand. 
épargner, v. to save, spare. 
éparpiller, v. to scatter. 
épars, -e, adj. scattered. 
épaule, f. shoulder. 
épaulette.  f. epaulette. 
épée, f. sword. 
épice, f. spice. 
épicier, -ère, m. f. groceryman, grocer, grocer's wife.
épier, v. to spy upon, watch (for). 
épigramme, f. epigram. 
épileptique, adj. epileptic. 
épineux, -euse, adj. thorny, knotty. 
épistolaire, adj. epistolary. 
épitaphe, f. epitaph. 
éploré, -e, adj. in tears. 
éponge f. sponge. 
époque, f. epoch, time. 
épouser, v. to marry, espouse. 
épousseter, v. to dust. 
épouvantable, adj. terrible, appalling. 
épouvanter, v. to terrify, appal. 
époux, -ouse, m., f. husband, wife (archaic); les (deux) -, husband and wife. 
éprendre (s'), v. to fall in love (with), be smitten;  épris, -e, in love. 
épreuve, f. trial, proof. 
éprouver, v. to experience, try, test, feel, suffer (an accident, etc.). 
épuiser, v. to exhaust. 
équinoxial, -e, adj. equinoctial. 
équipage, m. equipage, luxurious carriage, crew. 
équité, f. equity. 
equivaloir, v. to be equivalent. 
équivoque, adj. equivocal, doubtful, ambiguous, of doubtful origin. 
-er, see premier. 
ère, f. era. 
Ernest, Ernest (t pronounced). 
errer, v. to wander. 
erreur, f. error, mistake. 
escalier, m. staircase, stairway. 
escapade, f. escapade, prank. 
escarmouche, f. skirmish. 
esclandre, m slander; faire un -, to make a scene. 
esclave, m., f. slave. 
escompte, m. discount (in this and in the next two words p is not pronounced). 
escompter, v. to discount, cash. 
escompteur, m. discounter, money lender. 
espace, m. space, 
Espagne f. Spain. 
espagnol, -e, adj. and s. Spanish, Spaniard (written Espagnol whens.). 
espèce, f. species, sort, kind. 
esperance f. hope, expectation.
espérer, v. to hope; - en, place one's hopes in. 
espiègle, adj. frolicsome, roguish, mischievous. 
espionnage, m. espionage. 
espoir, m. hope. 
esprit, m. mind, wit, sense, brains, spirit. 
Esquimaux, m. Esquimau or Eskimo (Balzac uses Esquimaux in the singular, usually 
          it is then written Esquimau). 
esquisse f. sketch. essayer, v. to try. 
essentiel, -le, adj. essential (ti pronounced as ci). 
essuyer, v. to wipe, wipe away, endure. 
Estaing (Henri, comte d'), French admiral, distinguished himself in America and in India 
       against the British; he was beheaded in the Revolution (1729-1794). 
estampe, f. print, engraving. 
estimation, f. estimation, estimate, appraisement. 
estime f. esteem. 
estimer, v. to esteem, estimate, appraise. 
estomac, m. stomach (c not pronounced) . 
et, con]. and; - ... -, both . .. and. 
étable, f. stable, cattle-shed. 
établir, v. to establish, set up, set, settle, fix; s' -, be established, go into business for oneself. 
établissement, m. establishment, institution, foundation, shop. 
étage, m. flight of stairs, story, floor above the ground floor. 
étalage, m. goods exposed for sale, display. 
étaler, v. to set out, spread out, display, expose goods (for sale). 
étape, f. halting-place, stage, march. 
état, m. state, condition, social position, position, profession; homme d'Etat, statesman. 
etc., pronounced in French: étt cétéra. 
été, m. summer; - de la Saint Martin, Indian summer (Saint Martin was bishop of Tours in the 
    fifth century; his day is November 11). 
éteindre, v. to extinguish, obliterate, put out; s'-, die out, go out, fade away. 
étendre, v. to extend, stretch, stretch out, hang; s'-, extend. 
étendue, f. stretch, extent, breadth. 
éternel, -le, adj. eternal, everlasting. 
éther, m. ether (r pronounced). Etienne, Stephen. 
étinceler, v. to sparkle, glitter, etiquette, f. label, etiquette. 
étoffe f. stuff, fabric. 
étoile f. star. 
étonnement, m. astonisbment. 
étonner, v. to astonish, amaze; s'-, be astonished. 
étouffer, v. to stifle, muffle, smother, choke. 
étourderie, f. heedlessness, carelessness, blunder. 
étourdissement, m. dizziness. etrange, adj. strange. 
étranger, -ere, adj. and s. strange, foreign, stranger, foreigner, not a member, from the outside. 
étre, v. to be, go (in past tense with the idea of go and return, compare I have been to in English); 
     - à, belong to; en - à, reach the point of, come to; j'y suis, I am there, I have it, I understand; 
      mais je n'y suis pas, but I am not at home; nous y sommes, here we are, now we have it; y 
      êtes-vous, are you there?, do you get it?; il est, there is or are (rarer and more poetic than il 
      y a); n'est-ce pas?, isn't it?, don't you think so?, etc.; fût-ce, even though it were; il en était de, 
      it was the case with; j'ai été pour beaucoup dans le succès, much of the success was due to 
      me; m . being. 
étreinte, f. embrace. 
étroit, -e, adj. narrow, close. 
étroitesse, f. narrowness. 
étude, f. study, office, practice (of lawyers). 
étudier, v. to study. 
étymologie, f. etymology. 
Eugène, Eugene. 
Europe f. Europe. 
européen, -ne, adj. European (in the masculine en is pronounced as in bien). 
eux, disj. pr. they, them, themselves. 
eux-mêmes, pr. themselves. 
évader (s'), v. to escape, break loose. 
évaluation f. valuation. 
évaluer, v. to value, estimate. 
évanouir (s'), v. to faint, vanish; 
évanoui, -e, in a faint; tomber 
évanoui, to fall in a faint. 
évanouissement, m. swoon, fainting. 
éveiller, v. to awaken, arouse; s'-, awake, 
événement, m. event. 
éventail, m. fan. 
évêque, m. bishop. 
évidemment, adv. evidently (em pronounced as am). 
évidence, f. evidence. 
éviter, v. to avoid. 
évoquer, v. to call forth, evoke, raise up (spirits). 
exact, -e, adj. exact, accurate, strict (ct not usually pronounced). 
exactement, adv. exactly. 
exactitude, f. exactitude. 
exagération, f. exaggeration. 
exagérer, v. to exaggerate. 
exaltation, f. exaltation, glorification, enthusiasm, exhilaration. 
exalter, v. to exalt, excite. 
exam en, m. examination (en pronounced as in bien). 
examiner, v. to examine, scrutinize; - sl, look closely to see whether. 
excellence, f. excellence; Son Excellence, His Excellence, His Excellency 
       (title for ambassadors, ministers, etc.). 
excellent, -e, adj. excellent. 
excentrique, adj. excentric. 
exception, f. exception. 
exceptionnel, -le, adj. exceptional. 
excès, m. excess. 
excessif, -Ive, adj. excessive. 
excessivement, adv. excessively. 
exciper (with de), v. to allege an exception, allege (legal). 
exciter, v. to excite, arouse, rouse. 
exclamation, f. exclamation. 
exclusivement, adv. exclusively. 
excuse, f. excuse. 
excuser, v. to excuse; excusez, excuse me. 
exécuter, v. to execute, carry out, finish, 
exécuteur, m. executor. 
exécution, f. execution. 
exemplaire, adj. exemplary. 
exemple, m. example, parallel, copy; par -, indeed, really, for example. 
exercer, v. to exercise, practise, attend to, follow (habit). 
exercice, m. exercise. 
exhalaison, f. exhalation, reek. 
exhaler, v. to exhale. 
exhausser, v. to raise. 
exhéréder, v. to disinherit. 
exigence, f. exigency, demand. 
exiger, v. to exact, demand, require. 
exiler, v. to exile. 
existence, f. existence, standing, living, living income, life. 
exister, v. to exist. 
exorbitant, -e, adj. exorbitant. 
expansion, f. expansion, effusion, unreservedness, development. 
expédient, m. expedient. 
expédition, f. expedition, forwarding. 
expérience, f. experience, experiment. 
expier, v. to expiate, atone for. 
expiration, f. expiration. expirer, v. to expire, die, die away. 
explication, f. explanation. 
expliquer, v. to explain. 
exploit, m. exploit, writ. 
exploiter, v. to exploit. 
exposer, v. to expose, exhibit, hang (picture). 
exposition, f. exposition, exhibition. 
expressif, -ive, adj. expressive. 
expression, f. expression. exprimer, v. to express, press out. 
expropriation, f. dispossession. 
exquis, -e, adj. exquisite, 
extase, f. ecstasy. 
extatique, adj. ecstatic. 
extérieur, -e, adj. and m. exterior, outer, outside. 
extérieurement, adv, on the outside. 
extraire, v. to extract. 
extrait, m. extract, certificate. 
extraordinaire, adj, extraordinary. 
extravagant, -e, adj. extravagant, wild, strange. 
extravaser, v. to overflow (especially of the blood; applied by Balzac also to a hat). 
extreme, adj. extreme. 
Eylau, Prussian town where Napoleon won a decisive victory over the Prussians and the 
      Russians in 1807. 
fable, f. fable; la - de tout Paris, tq.e gossip of all Paris. 
Fabre d'Eglantine, dramatic poet, beheaded in the Revolution (1750-1794). 
fabrique, f. factory, manufacture, make, building (usually a church); faire voyager en -, to 
        familiarize with the business. 
fabriquer, v. to manufacture, make. 
fabuleux, -euse, adj, fabulous. 
façade, f. façade, face or front (of a house). 
face, f. face, front; en -, opposite; en - de, opposite; de -, from the front; changer de -, to 
        change appearance, change. 
fâcher, v. to anger; se -, get angry; 
fâché, -e, adj, angry, sorry. 
facile, adj. easy, easy-going. 
facilement, adv. easily. 
facilite, f. facility, ease; donner la - à, to facilitate; donner la - de, facilitate in. 
faciliter, v. to facilitate. 
façon, f. fashion, manner, way; sans -, unceremoniously. 
factice, adj. factitious, artificial. 
faction, f. faction, sentry duty; de (en) -, on guard. 
factionnaire, m. sentry, sentinel. 
facture, f. invoice. 
facultii, f. faculty, ability; laisser la -, to give the opportunity. 
fade, adj. insipid, dull. 
faible, adj. feeble, weak, faint, small (sum); elle le savait à, she knew he had a 
       weakness for; m. foible, weakness. 
faiblesse, f. feebleness, weakness; vous êtes d'une -, you certainly are weak. 
faillir, v. to fail, come near. 
faillite, f. bankruptcy, failure; faire -, to fail. 
faim, f. hunger. 
faineant, -e, adj. and s. idle, lazy fellow, do-nothing. 
faire, v. to do, make, form, build, perform, cause, produce, play the part of, make out, 
     portray, paint, carry on, bring it about (that), see (that anything is done), be (weather), 
    take (a step, a promenade), lay in (a supply), commit (an act), have (anything done), 
    pay (a visit, court, attention), give (pleasure, an insult, a lesson, pay, etc.), bid 
    (farewell), attend to (business), play (a joke, a game), say (when quoting), ask (a 
    question) , carryon ( trade), a ttend to (business); se -, be done, be made, be produced, 
    take place, become, be; entrer, show in; - venir, have sent for, send for; -, asseoir, seat, 
    ask to sit down; - le sourd (mort), pretend to be deaf (dead); - le diable pour, stir up the 
    deuce of a row in behalf of; partie de, take part in; -le Palais, "do" the Court House; 
     que --, what is to be done?; il était bien fait, he was of good appearance, he had a good 
    figure; fait conune vous êtes, dressed as you are; le mieux fait, with the best figure; m. 
     performance, style. 
faiseur, -euse, m., f. maker, dressmaker, composer; de caricatures, caricaturist. 
fait, m. fact, deed; au -, in fact, really; allez au -, come to the point; par le - de, by reason of; 
      en -- d'argent, in money matters. 
faite, m. top, pinnacle, ridge (of a roof). 
faiteau, m. top (of a chimney), ridge-tile, cap. 
falloir, v. to be necessary, need, must, should, have to; comme il faut, well bred; une femme 
     comme il faut, a lady; peu s'en faut, very near. 
fameux, -euse, adj. famous, grea t, precious (familiar). 
familiariser, v. to familiarize; se - avec, become familiar with. 
familiarité, f. familiarity. 
familier, -ère, adj. familiar. 
familièrement, adv. familiarly. 
famille f. family; on est en-, it is a family gathering. 
fanatique, adj. fanatic. 
fanatiser, v. to fanaticize. 
fanatisme, m. fanaticism. 
faner, v. to fade, wither; se-, fade. 
fange f. filth, mud. 
fantaisie f. fancy, whim; de-, imaginary. 
fantastique, adj. fantastic, imaginary, incredible, supernatural. 
farce, f. farce, joke; adjectively (popular style): funny. 
farceur, m. joker, humbug, imp, "jollier." 
farcir, v. to stuff. 
fard, m. paint (for the face), disguise. 
farder, v. to paint (the face). farouche, adj. wild, unsociable, shy, skittish. 
fashionable, adj. and s. fashionable, man or woman of fashion (pronounced fazionable). 
faste, m. pomp. 
fastes, m. pl. annals, records. 
fastidieux, -euse, adj. tedious. fastueusement, adv, pompously. 
fastueux, --euse, adj. ostentatious, showy, pompous. 
fat, m . fop, coxcomb (t pronounced). 
fatal, -e, adj. fatal. 
fatalement, adv. fatally. 
fatigue, f. fatigue, weariness, hard work. 
fatiguer, v. to weary, tire, be tiresome. 
faubourg, m. outskirt, suburb, faubourg (quarter between center and town limit); le noble,
      the Faubourg Saint Germain (Parisian quarter of the old aristocracy). 
faucher, v. to mow. 
faucon, m. falcon. 
faune, m . faun. 
faussaire, m. forger. 
fausser, v. to strain (the law), distort, warp; se -, break a promise, strain a point, not tell the truth. 
fausseté, f. falsity, imposture, duplicity. 
faute, f. fault, error, mistake; - de, for lack of. 
fauteuil, m. armchair. 
fauve, adj. fallow, fawn-colored, tawny; bete -, wild beast, deer. 
faux, fausse, adj. false, pretended, wrong, discordant, jarring, forced, artificial. 
faveur, f. favor; en - de, in favor of, for the sake of. 
favorable, adj. favorable. favorablement, adv. favorably. 
favori, -te, adj. favorite; m. pl. whiskers, side-whiskers. 
favoriser, v. to favor. 
fécond, -e, adj. prolific, fruitful, fertile. 
feindre, v. to fein, pretend. 
feld-maréchal, m. field-marshal. 
félicitation f. congratulation. 
félicité, f. felicity, supreme happiness. 
femelle, adj. female. 
féminin, -e, adj. feminine. 
femme, f. woman, wife; - de chambre, maid. 
fendre, v. to split, cleave, crack, open wide, squeeze through. 
fenêtre f. window. 
fente f. split, slit. 
fer, m. iron, brand, flatiron. 
fer-blanc, m.. tin. 
ferme, f. farm, farming out, lease. 
ferme, adj. and adv. firm, steady, firmly, steadily, hard; de pied -, resolutely. 
fermer, v. to close, shut; se-, close. 
fermeté f. firmness. fermier, m. farmer. 
féroce, adj. ferocious, wild. 
férocité f. ferocity. 
fertile, adj. fertile. 
férule, f. ferule, rod. 
ferveur, f. fervor. 
festonner, v. to scallop. 
fête, f. festival, holiday, party, entertainment. 
feu, m. fire, light; demander du -, to ask for a light; a petit -, by inches or slowly; au coin 
       de leur -, at their fireside. 
feu, -e, adj. late, deceased. 
feuille f. leaf. 
feuilleter, v. to turn the leaves of. 
feuilleton, m . feuilleton (part of a newspaper given to reviews, literary articles, stories, etc.). 
feuilletoniste, m. writer of feuilletons. 
février, m. February. 
fi, interj. fie!; - donc!, fie!, for shame! 
fiacre, m. cab (with four wheels). 
fibre f. fiber, heart strings. 
ficelle f. string, line. 
fictivement, adv. fictitiously. 
fidéicommis, m. enfeoffment in trust, trust (legacy made to a person who is to turn the property 
            over to another). 
fidèle, adj. faithful. 
fidélité f. fidelity. 
fiel, m. gall. 
fier, v. to trust; se - à, trust (to), rely on. 
fier, -ere, adj. proud, stout, bold, doughty; un - nigaud, a precious fool (r pronounced). 
fierté f. pride. 
fièvre, f. fever; avoir la -, to have a fever. 
figer, v. to congeal; se -, be congealed or coagulated. 
figure f. face, figure. 
figurer, v. to figure, represent; se -, imagine; figurezvous, just imagine. 
fil, m. thread, line, wire (l pronounced). 
filamenteux, 	-euse, adj. stringy, spindling. 
filer, v. to spin, file by, be off, run off, get away. 
filet, m. net, netting, string, filet. 
filial, -e, adj. filial. fiue f.daughter, girl (when used alone sometimes contemptuous); 
       vieille -, old maid. 
filon, m. vein (mineral). 
fils, m. son; - de famille, gentleman's son, fashionable young spendthrift (pronounced fis), 
filtrer, v. to filter. 
fin f. end, purpose. 
fin, -e, adj. fine, delicate, shrewd, sly. 
finance, f. finance; les Finances, the Treasury Department. 
financier, -ère, adj. financial. finasserie, f. craft, dodging. 
finesse, f. acuteness, shrewdness, fineness, clearness, cunning, delicacy. 
finir, v. to finish, end; - par (with infinitive), finally. 
fiole, f. vial. 
fioriture, f. ornamental note (music), grace note; répandre d'incroyables fioritures de 
       plaisirs, to run an incredible gamut of pleasure. 
fisc, m. public treasury. fixe, adj. fixed, appointed. 
fixement, adv.fixedly. 
fixer, v. to fix, settle. 
flagrant, -e, adj. flagrant. 
flamand, -e, adj. and s. Flemish, Fleming (written Flamand when s.). 
flambeau, m. torch, fancy candlestick. 
flamber, v. to flame, blaze; eue est bien flambante, she is spick anti span. 
flamboyer, v. to flame, glitter, glisten; flamboyant, -e, flamboyant, flaming. 
flamme f. flame. 
flanc, m. flank, side (c silent). 
flâner, v. to lounge, lie idle, stroll. 
flâneur, m. lounger, stroller. 
flatter, v. to flatter. 
flatterie, f. flattery. 
flatteur, -euse, adj. flattering. 
fléchir, v. to bend, move. 
flegme, m. phlegm, coolness. 
flétrir, v. to wither, tarnish, blast, fade, dim. 
flétrissure, f. brand, stigma. 
fleur, f. flower; - de lys, fleur-de-lis (bearing of the royal family of France). 
fleurdelyser, v. to cover with 
fleur-de-lis (now usually written fleurdeliser). 
fleurir, v. to flower, blossom, adorn with flowers, flourish; fleuri, -e, flowered, flowery, adorned. 
flot, m. wave, flood. 
flotter, u, to float, flutter, wave, waver. 
fluide, m. fluid. 
flûte, f. flute, French roll. 
flûté, -e, adj. fluty, soft. 
foi, f. faith; faire - en justice, to be accepted as creditable evidence in court. 
foie, m. liver. 
fois, f. time; une -, once; une bonne -, once for all; à la -, at the same time, at a time. 
folsonner, v. to swarm, abound. 
folie, f. madness, insanity, folly, prank; faire des folies, to do crazy things. 
foncé, -e, adj. dark. 
fonction f. function, duty. 
fonctionner, v. to work, run (of a machine). 
fond, m. bottom, back, end, background, ground or first coat (painting), depths, inside, heart. 
fondement, m. foundation. 
fonder, v. to found. 
fondre, v. to melt, blend, dissolve; - en larmes, burst into tears. 
fonds, m. stock, capital, funds, cash. 
fontaine, f. fountain, cistern, urn, tank. 
Fonteneue (Bernard le Bovier de), French writer and popularizer of science (1657 - 1757). 
forçat, m. convict. 
force, f. force, strength, weight (importance); à - de, by dint of, by much, because of; 
       au-dessus de leurs forces, beyond their means; avec -, with force, mightily, to a great 
       extent; les forces lui manquaient, his strength failed him; de - à, strong enough to. 
forcément, adv. forcibly. 
forcer, v. to force, break through or open, overwork. 
forêt f. forest. 
forfait, m. contract, forfeit, contingent fcc. forfait, m. crime. 
forger, v. to forge, fabricate. 
forme, f. form, figure, proportion, line, shape, manner; en - de, as; formes juridiques, forms 
         of judicial proceedings; 	formes pures, simple lines. 
former, v. to form. 
formidable, adj. formidable. 
formuler, v. to formulate. 
fort, -e, adj., adv, and s, strong, clever, hard, very, very much, extreme, heavy, loud, able, 
           large, great, strongly; se faire - de, to undertake. 
fortement, adv, strongly, firmly, very, much, deeply(devoted). 
fortuit, -e, adj. fortuitous, casual. 
fortune, f. fortune; homme à bonnes fortunes, successful gallant. 
fortuné, -e, adj. fortunate. 
fosse, f. grave, trench (in this and in the next two words o is pronounced ô). 
fossé, m. ditch, moat, drain. 
fossette f. dimple. 
fou, folie, adj. and s. mad, crazy, wild, capricious, crazy person, madman; un argent -, a 
        tremendous lot of money. 
foudre, f. flash (of lightning), thunderbolt; coup de -, thunderbolt. 
foudroyer, v. to strike with a bolt of lightning, strike down, overwhelm, wither, crush. 
fougère, f. fern. 
Fougères, Breton town 30 miles northeast of Rennes. 
fougue f. passion, fury. 
fougueux, -euse, adj. fiery, impetuous. 
fouiller, v. to dig, dig in, excavate, search, ransack; se -, search one's pockets. 
fouillouse, f. pocket, pocketbook (slang). 
fouine, f. beech-marten (whitethroated marten). 
foule, f. crowd, lot. 
fouler, v. to trample upon, tread, squeeze; - aux pieds, trample under foot. 
Fouquier- Tinville 	(Antoine-Quentin), public accuser in the Revolution; he worked to send 
             people to the guillotine where he himself lost his life (1746-1795). 
fourber, v. to cheat. 
fourmi f. ant. 
fourmiller, u. to swarm. fourneau, m. stove, range; économique, small coke or coal stove for 
         cooking. 
fournée f. ovenful, batch. 
fournir, v. to furnish, supply; fourni, -e, adj. thick, bushy, heavy (hair). 
fournisseur, m. supplier, tradesman. 
fourrage, m. fodder. 
foyer, m. hearth, fireplace, fireside, home, foyer. 
fragment, m. fragment, piece. 
fraîcheur, f. freshness, coolness, bloom, rosiness, luster. 
frais, fraîche, adj. fresh, cool, rosy, with a fresh complexion, recently made. 
frais, m. pl. expenses, expense, cost; marcher sur nouveaux -, to proceed anew, begin 
               business anew. 
franc, m. franc (about 19.5 cents; c not pronounced). 
franc, franche, adj. frank, honest, open (c not pronounced in masculine). 
francais, -e, adj. and s, French, Frenchman (written Francais when s.); les Francais, 
         sometimes used for le Theatre-Francais, 
France f. France. franchement, adv, frankly. 
franchir, v. to clear, pass over, pass, leap over. 
franchise, f. frankness. 
Francois, Francis. 
frapper, v. to strike, knock, tap, coin; - dans la main, grasp the hand. 
fraternel, -le, adj. fraternal. 
frégate f. frigate. 
frein, m. bridle, curb, bit, restraint. 
fréle, adj. frail, slender. 
frémir, v. to shudder, shake, quiver. 
frère, m. brother. 
fresque, J. fresco. 
frétillement, m. fluttering, twitching. 
fripon, m. rogue, rascal. 
friser, v. to curl. 
frisson, m. shiver, shudder; le - prend, I have the shivers. 
frissonnement, m. shivering, rustling. 
frissonner, v. to shiver, shudder, tremble. 
froid, -e, adj. and m. cold, chill. 
froidement, adv, coldly, coolly. froideur, f. coldness, coolness, chill. 
froisser, v. to rumple, offend, hurt, try (one's soul). 
frôlement, m. rustling. 
fromage, m. cheese. 
froncer, v. to wrinkle, contract, pucker, knit; - les sourcils (less frequently le sourcil), 
               frown, scowl. 
front, m. forehead, brow, face. 
frotter, v. to rub, polish. 
frotteur, -euse, m., f. floor-polisher; adjectively: propreté frotteuse, neatness due to 
            much polishing. 
fruit, m. fruit, result. 
fugitif, -ive, adj. and s, fugitive, fleeting. 
fuir, v. to flee; fuyant, -e, fleeing, fleeting. 
fuite f. flight. 
fumée f. smoke, fume. 
fumer, v. to smoke. 
fumeur, m: smoker. 
fumeux, -euse, adj. smoky. fumier, m. dung-heap, manure. 
funêbre, adj. funereal, mournful, death (bed). 
funeste, adj. fatal, baneful, disastrous, gloomy. 
fureter, v. to ferret, rummage, pry. 
fureur f. fury, rage. 
furie, f. fury; les Furies, the three avenging Furies of mythology. 
furtivement, adv. furtively. fusion f. fusion. 
futur,-e, adj. future; m. intended husband. 
gâcheur, m. mason's laborer, bungler, dauber. 
gage, m. pledge, security, wages (in pl.). 
gager, v. to wager. 
gageure, f. wager (pronounced gajure). 
gagnable, adj. gainable. 
gagner, v. to gain, win, get, earn. 
gai, -e, adj. gay, merry. 
gaiement, adv. gaily, merrily. 
gaieté, f. gaiety, jollity, glee, merriment. 
gaillard, -e, adj. and s, jolly, jovial, jolly fellow, lusty fellow, fine fellow. 
gain, m. gain, winning, winnings, earnings, profit, victory. 
galamment, adv. gallantly. gallant, -e, adj. and s. gallant, suiter, ladies' man. 
galanterie f. gallantry. 
galerie f. gallery, corridor. 
galérien, m. convict. 
galop, m. gallop. 
galoper, v. to gallop, run around. 
galvanisme, m. galvanism (application of electricity to animal tissue). 
gamin, -e, m. f. gamin, brat. 
gangrené, -e, adj. gangrened, currupted. 
ganse f. cord, string (hat). 
gant, m. glove. 
garantie f. security, guarantee. 
garantir, v. to guarantee, protect. 
garçon, m. boy, bachelor, fellow, waiter, attendant. 
garde, f. guard, watch, nurse; m. guardian, guard, keeper; prendre -, to take care; 
          prendre - à, pay attention to, look out for; monter sa -, mount his guard, do 
          guard duty; sur mes gardes, on my guard. 
garde-malade, m. f. nurse. 
garder, v. to guard, keep, preserve; se - de, take care not to. 
garde-vue, m. eye-shade. 
gardien, -ne, adj. and s. guardian, guard, keeper. 
garnir, v. to furnish, fit out, cover, adorn, garnish, trim, fill, fit, be scattered over. 
garniture f. trimming. 
garrotter, v. to garrote (strangle with a rope), bind. 
gastrique, adj. gastric. 
gâter, v. to spoil. 
gauche, adj. left, awkward; f. left hand. 
gazette f. newspaper. 
gazon, m. sward, grass, lawn. 
géant, -e, adj. and s. gigantic, giant.
gémir, v. to groan, moan. 
gérnissement, m. groan. 
gendarme, m. gendarme, military police officer. 
gendre, In. son-in-law. 
gêne, f. uneasiness, embarrassment, constraint, straightened circumstances, 
gêner, v. to embarrass, be in the way, inconvenience; ils sont gênes, they are embarrassed or short of cash. 
général, -e, adj. and m. general. generalement, adv, generally. 
génération f. generation. genereusement, ado, generously. 
généreux, -euse, adj. generous, noble. 
générosite f. generosity. 
génie, m. genius, spirit. 
genou, m. knee. 
genre, m. kind, sort, form, gender, nature, genre, genre painting. 
gens, In. pl. (preceding adjective takes feminine form) people, servants; jeunes-, young men, young people. 
gentil, -le, adj. nice, pleasant (liquid l). 
gentilhomme, m. nobleman, gentleman (l pronounced as y). 
Georges, George. 
Gérard, Gerard. 
gérer, v. to manage. 
Géricault (Théodore), French romantic painter (1791-1824). 
germe, m. germ. 
gésir, v. to lie (defective and archaic). 
geste, m. gesture. 
gifler, v. to slap the face, box the ears. 
gilet, m. waistcoat. 
gingeole, f. common name for jujube (medicinal fruit), binnacle (box for compass); la , abbreviation of 
       cadet la -, a long thin man. 
girandole, f. cluster (of diamonds for pendant earrings). 
Girodet-Trioson (name by which Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy is known), French painter (works: 
        Sleep of Endymion; the Flood, Burial of Atala, etc.; 1767-1824). 
glace f. ice, plate-glass, mirror. 
glacer, v. to ice, freeze, chill, make the blood run cold; glacé, -e, iced, icy. 
gland, In. acorn, tassel. 
glisser, v. to slide, slip, glide, be slippery; se -, slip, glide; glissant, -e, adj. slippery. 
globe, In. globe. 
gloire, f. glory; se faire une - de, to glory in. 
glorieux, -euse, adj. glorious, proud. 
glorifier, v. to glorify; se de, glory in, boast of. 
gober, v. to gulp down, bolt (food). 
goguenard, -e, adj. bantering, jeering, scoffing. 
Golconde, Golconda (former city of southern India; before its ruin in r687 the Sultan of the Deccan 
      had had cut and accumulated there an enormous number of diamonds). 
gond, m. hinge (usually of a blind or door). 
gonfler, v. to swell, swell out, puff out, fill. 
gosier, m. throat. 
gothique, adj. Gothic. 
gouffre, m. gulf, abyss. gourmander, v. to reprimand, scold. 
gousset, m. gusset, watch-pocket (in trousers), waistcoat pocket. 
goût, m. taste, style, fancy, liking. 
goûter, v. to taste, relish, enjoy. 
goutte f. drop, gout. 
gouvernement, m. government. gouvernemental, -e, adj. governmental. 
gouverner, v. to govern, rule, steer. 
grâce, f. grace, charm, favor, pardon, mercy; -- il, thanks to; de --, for mercy's sake; faire - a, 
           to excuse, let off; faire - de, spare; lui rendre vos bonnes graces, restore him to favor, be 
           friends with him again. 
gracieusement, adv. graciously, gracefully. 
gracieux, -euse, adj. gracious, graceful. 
grade, m. grade, rank. 
grain, m. grain; un - de folie, a bit of madness. grammaire f. grammar. 
grand, -e, adj. and. s. great, tall, large, grand, big, main, open (air), long (step), severe (pain), 
        exclusive (society), great man; grand'chose, much. 
grandement,	adv. greatly, highly. 
grandeur, f. greatness, height , size, grandeur. 
grandiose, adj. grand, majestic; son --, its majesty or grandeur. 
grandir, v. to grow tall, grow up, grow, make tall or great, enlarge, increase. 
grand'mere, f. grandmother. 
grand'messe f. high mass. 
grand-père.  m. grandfather. 
Graner (François- Marius), French painter, noted for his effects of light (1775-1849)· 
gras, -se, adj. fat, greasy, thick, dirty; il y a -, there's money in it (slang). 
gras-fondu, m. diarrhoea (of horses), unhealthy fat. 
grassouillet, -te, adj. plump. gratifier, v. to reward, favor. 
gratis, adv. gratis, for nothing (s pronounced). 
gratuit, -e, adj. free, for nothing. 
gratuitement, adv, gratuitously, gratis. 
grave, iul], grave, important, serious. 
gravement, adv. gravely. graver, v. to engrave, fix (in the memory). 
gravier, m. gravel. 
gravir, v. to climb. 
gravité, f. gravity, seriousness. 
gravure, f. engraving. 
gré, m. will, pleasure, liking; de - il à -, amicably, without contest, by private contract. 
grec, grecque, adj. and s. Greek (written Grec when s.). 
greffe, m. recording-office, clerk's office (in court). 
greffier, In. clerk (of the court), 
grêle, adj. slender, shrill. 
grêle, -e, adj. seamed by the small-pox, pock-marked. 
grelotter, v. to shiver. 
grenier, m. loft, garret, attic. 
grès, m. sandstone. 
Grès (rue des), there is no street of this name in Paris, though there is a Place des Grès southeast 
            of the cemetery of Pete Lachaise; the old rue des Gres is now called rue Cujas and is 
            south of the Sorbonne. 
grève, f. strand, beach, strike; Place de Grève, square in Paris, now called Place de l' Hôtel-de-Ville, 
           where executions formerly took place. 
Greuze (Jean-Baptiste), French painter, noted for his grace, pathos, ingenuousness and charm 
            (works: la Cruche cassée, l'Oiseai: mort, la Malédiction paternelle, etc.; 1725-1805). 
grief, m. wrong, grievance. 
Grieux (le chevalier des), lover of Manon Lescaut in Prévost's novel of that name (1731). 
griffe f. claw. 
griffonnage, m. scrawl, scribbling. 
grignon, ni, crust. 
gril, m. gridiron (liquid l). 
grillager, v. to grate, lattice. 
griller, v. to broil, roast, grate (a window). 
grimace, f. grimace, grin, wry or forbidding face. 
grimper, v. to climb. 
grincement, m. gnashing, grinding, grating. 
gris, -e, adj, and m. gray. 
grognard, -e, adj. and s, grumbling, grumbler, growler, old soldier (of Napoleon I). 
grogner, v. to grumble, grunt, growl. 
gronder, v. to scold, rumble, roar. 
gros, -se, adj. and s, big, thick, fat, stout, heavy, rough, mass, main body; grosse, f. large 
             handwriting, engrossed copy of a deed. 
Gros (Antoine-Jean, baron), French painter, forerunner of the Romantic School (one of his best 
              known works is le Champ de bataille d' Eylnu; 1771-1835). 
Groslay, village 8 miles north of Paris. 
grosseur f. bulk, size. 
grossier, -ère, adj. coarse, gross, vulgar, rough, clumsy. 
grossièrement, adv, grossly, coarsely, roughly. 
grossir, v. to enlarge, swell. 
grossoyer, v. to engross, copy. 
grossoyeur, . m. engrosser (of deeds, etc.). 
grotesque, adj. grotesque; m. pl. grotesque designs, grotesques. 
grotesquement, adj., grotesquely. 
Grotius (Hugo van Groot, called), Dutch writer on law and a diplomat (1583-1645). 
grouiller, v. to swarm, crawl, rumble. 
groupe, m.. group. 
gruger, v. to cat out of house and home, live on. 
Gruyère, Swiss village in the canton of Fribourg, noted for its cheese; fromage de -, Swiss cheese. 
guenille, f. rag; pl. rags, old clothes. 
guère, adv. scarcely; ne .. -, scarcely. 
Guérin 	(Pierre-Narcisse), French historical painter (one of his best known paintings is Dido and 
         Æneas; 1774-1833)· 
guérir, v. to cure. 
guérison f. cure. 
guérissable, adj. curable. 
guerre, f. war; ala - comme à la -, we must take things as they come. 
guerrier, -ère, adj. and s. of war, warlike, warrior. 
guetter, v. to watch, watch for. 
gueule, f. mouth (of animals), jaws. 
gueules, m. pl. gules (red in heraldry); porter de -, to bear gules. 
guider, v. to guide, drive. guigner, v. to squint at. 
Guillaume, William. 
guillotine, f. guillotine. 
guillotiner, v. to guillotine. gymnase, m. gymnasium; le 
Gymnase, one of the best Parisian theaters, chiefly for comedies. 
gymnote, m. electric eel (also - electrlque). 
habile, adj. clever, skillful. 
habilement, adv. cleverly, skillfully. 
habileté, f. skill, cleverness, cunning. 
habillement, m. clothing. 
habiller, v. to dress. 
habit, m. coat, dress-coat; pl. dress-coats, clothes. 
habitable, adj. habitable. 
habitant,m. inhabit ant. 
habitation, f. habitation, dwelling, house, stay. 
habiter, v. to live in, dwell, occupy. 
habitude f. habit. 
habituel, -le, adj. habitual, usual. 
habituellement, adv. habitually. habituer, v. to accustom, habituate. 
'hache f. ax. 
'hagard, -e, adj. haggard. 
'haie,.f. hedge; - vive, quick-set or growing hedge. 
'haillon, ni, rag, tatter. 'haine f. hatred, hate. 'hair, v. to hate. 
Haïti, Haiti (French buccaneers settled here in 1632 and the island came under French 
             control; its independence was proclaimed by the negro Toussaint Louverture in 
            1801; the French put down the revolution, but in 1804 the negroes aided by the 
            English again gained control. Since then there have been numerous revolutions. 
             The Spanish or Dominican part became independent in 1844). 
'hâler, v. to tan. 
'haleter, v. to pant. 
'halle f. market. 
hallucination, f. hallucination. 
'halte, f. halt; - là, stop! 
Hambourg, Hamburg (the most important of the German ports). 
'hanneton, m. May-bug. 
'hanter, v. to haunt. 
'haranguer, v. to harangue. 
'hardes f. pl. clothes. 
'hardi, -e, adj. bold. 
'hardiesse, f. boldness. 
'hareng, m. herring. 
harmonie, f. harmony; mettre en - avec, to make harmonize with. 
harmonier, v. to harrnonize ; s'-, harmonize (obsolescent, more usually harmoniser). 
harmoniser, v. to harmonize; s'-, harmonize. 
'harnacher, v. to harness. 
'hasard, m. hazard, chance, risk, fortune, stroke of fortune; à tout -, at all events. 
'hasarder, v. to risk. 
'Hastings (Warren, Lord), Governor of India; he was impeached of high crimes and misdemeanors 
        and acquitted after a celebrated trial (1732-1818). 
'hâte, f. haste, hurry; a la --, in haste. 
'hausse, f. rise. 
'hausser, v. to lift, raise, shrug. 
'haut, -e, adj., adv. and m. high, tall, loud, of the highest type, top, great (importance, honesty, etc.); 
         en - de, on (at the) top of, at the upper end of; voir de plus -, to see from a higher point. 
'hauteur, f. height; ala - de, at the height of, opposite, even with. 
'Havre (le), city and important port at the mouth of the Seine. 
'hé, interj. hoi, oh!, hello! 
hébété, -e, adj. stupefied, stupid. 
Heilsberg, town in East Prussia. 
'hein, inter], hey, what? 
hélas, inter]. alas (s pronounced). 
'Helder (rue du), street running north from the boulevard des Italiens. 
'héler, v. to hail, call. 
'Henri IV, Henry IV, the popular French king (reigned 1589-1610). 
herbe, f. grass, herb. 
Hercule, m. Hercules, strong man. 
hériter, v. to inherit (object preceded by de). 
héritier, -ère, m., f. heir, heiress. 
Hérodiade, Herodias (wife of Herod Antipas and mother of Salome, whom she made ask for 
        the head of John the Baptist). 
héroique, adj. heroic. 
hésitation, f. hesitation. 
hésiter, v. to hesitate. 
heure, f. hour, o'clock, time; de bonne -, early; de meilleure -, earlier; tout a 1'-, in a little while, 
          in a moment, just now, a moment ago. 
heureusement, adv. happily, fortunately. 
heureux, -euse, adj. happy, fortunate. 
'heurter, v. to strike againt, knock, run foul of. 
'heurtoir, m. knocker. 
'hideux, -euse, adj. hideous. 
hier, adv. yesterday; une duchesse d'-, one just made a duchess. 
hiéroglyphe, m. and adj. hieroglyph, hieroglyphic. 
Hippolyte, Hippolyte, Hippolytus; -, comte de Douglas, title of a novel of the backstair type 
       mentioned by Balzac. 
histoire, f. history, story; de blaguer, just to tease; peintre d'-, historical painter. 
historien, ni, historian. 
historique, adj. historical. historic. 
hiver, m. winter (r pronounced). 
'hocher, v. to shake. 
'hochet, m. rattle, toy. 
'hollandais, --e, adj. and s. Dutch, Dutchman, Dutch woman (written Hollandais when s.; in 
         compounds hollando- is used). 
'Hollande, f. Holland. 
hommage, m. homage, respects. 
homme, m. man; - -billet, human bank-bill or promissory note. 
honnête, adj. honest, honorable, decent, respectable. honneur, m. honor. 
honorable, adj. honorable, respectable. 
honorablement, adv. honorably. 
honoraire, m. fee. honorer, v. to honor. 
'honte, f. shame; avoir -, to be ashamed. 
'honteux, -euse, adj. ashamed, shameful. 
hôpital, m. hospital (usually for the poor). 
'hoquet, m. hiccough; dernier --, death rattle. 
horizontal, -e, adj. horizontal. horizontalement, adv, horizontally. 
horloge, f. clock. 
hormis, prep, except, except for, save. 
'Horn (Antoine-Joseph, comte de), an adventurer and assassin; he was born in Belgium in 
           1698 and was connected with some of the greatest families; executed in 1720. 
horreur, f. horror, horrible thing; avoir - de, to abhor; faire - a, make shudder. 
horrible, adj. horrible. 
horriblement, adv. horribly. 
'hors (usually with de), prep. out of, beyond, except for; - d'état, in no condition to; - ces deux 
     preceptes, beyond these two precepts. 
hospice, m. asylum, hospice. 
hôte, m. host, guest; hôtesse, f. hostess. 
hôtel, m. hotel, mansion, large private house; Hôtel-Dieu, a Parisian hospital for the poor. 
'houppelande, f. big coat. 
'Houtan (baron de la), a French traveler who visited and wrote on Canada in the early period of 
       its development (mentioned as a real person by Balzac, but unknown to the editor). 
Hughes (Victor), an error for Sir Edward Hughes, British admiral and opponent of the French 
       admiral Suffren in East Indian waters (c. 1720-1794)· 
'huguenot, m: Huguenot (t not pronounced). 
huile, f. oil. huiler, v. to oil. 
huileux, -euse, adj. oily. 
huissier, m. usher, door-keeper, process-server, bailiff, deputy sheriff. 
'huit, card. eight; - jours, a week. 
huître, f. oyster. 
humain, -e, adj. human, humane. 
humanite f. humanity. 
humble, adj.  humble. 
humblement, adv. humbly. 
'Humboldt (Baron Alexander von), German scientist and author; he traveled in and wrote on South 
        America, Mexico and Central Asia; his greatest work is Kosmos (1769-1859)· 
humeur, f. disposition, ill humor, humor. 
humide, adj. humid, damp, moist. 
humidité, f. humidity, dampness. 
humilité f. humility. 
hyacinthe, f. hyacinth. 
hydropique, adj, dropsical, suffering from the dropsy. 
hypocrite, adj. and s, hypocritical, hypocrite. 
hypothèque f. mortgage. 
hypothèse, f. hypothesis. 
i, letter i; il faut mettre les points sur les -, you must dot your i's or be very exact. 
i, popular pronunciation of il,ils. 
ici, adv. here, now; - -bas, here below. 
idéal, -e, adj. and m. ideal. 
idée, f. idea. 
identité, f. identity. 
idiotisme, m. idiom, idiocy. 
idolàtre, adj. and s. idolatrous, worshiper. 
idolàtrie, f. idolatry, worship. 
idole, f. idol. 
Iéna, Jena (town in SaxeWeimar, scene of the battle [1806 in which Napoleon defeated the Prussians). 
ignoble, adj. ignoble, base, mean, sordid. 
ignorance, f. ignorance. 
ignorer, v. to be ignorant of, not to know, be unaware of; ignorant, -e, adj. ignorant; ignoré, -e, ad/ unknown. 
il, ils, conj, pr. he, it, there, they. 
illégalité, f. illegality. 
illogique, adj. illogical. 
illumination, f. illumination. 
illuminer, v. to illuminate, light up. 
illusion, f. illusion. 
illustration, f. illustration, celebrity, fame. 
illustrer, v. to illustrate, make illustrious or famous. 
image, f. image, likeness, picture. 
imaginable, adj. imaginable. 
imaginaire, adj. imaginary. 
imagination, f. imagination. 
imaginer, v. to imagine, conceive; s'-, Imagine; imaginez-vous bien, just imagine or realize. 
imbécile, adj. and s. foolish, silly, imbecile. 
imitation f. imitation. 
imiter, v. to imitate. 
immédiat, -e, adj. immediate. 
immédiatement, adv. immediately. 
immémorial, -e, adj. immemorial. 
immense, adj. immense. 
immeuble, m. real estate, landed property. 
immobile, adj. quiet, motionless. 
immobilier, -ère, adj. of real estate, real. 
immobilité, f. immobility. 
immoral, -e, adj. immoral. 
immortaliser, v. to immortalize. 
immortalité, f. immortality. 
immortel, -le, adj. immortal. 
impair, -e, adj. uneven, odd. 
impardonable, adj. unpardonable. 
imparfaitement, adv. imperfectly. 
impassible, adj. impassible, unmoved. 
impassibilité, f. impassibility. 
impatience, f. impatience (ti in this and in the next two words is pronounced as ci). 
impatient, -e, adj. impatient. 
impatienter, v. to put out of patience, provoke. 
impénétrable, adj. impenetrable, inscrutable. 
imperceptible, adj. imperceptible. 
impérial, -e, adj. imperial; f. imperial (beard), top (of an omnibus). 
impérieusement, adv. imperiously. 
impérieux, -euse, adj. imperious, domineering, haughty. 
imperturbable, adj. imperturbable. 
impitoyable, adj. pitiless. 
implorer, v. to implore. 
impolitesse, f. impoliteness. 
importance, f. importance, size. 
important, -e, adj. important. 
importer, v. to import, bring in, matter. 
importun, -e, adj. importunate, troublesome. 
importuner, v. to importune, molest, bore. 
imposer, v. to impose, overawe, inflict (on). 
impossible, adj. impossible. 
impossibilité, f. impossibility. 
imposte, f. impost (horizontal support of an arch above a window or door), top of window-frame. 
imposteur, m. impostor. 
imprécation, f. imprecation, malediction. 
imprescriptible, adj. inalienable. 
impression, f. impression, sensation. 
impressionner, v. to impress. 
imprévu, -e, adj. unforeseen, unexpected. 
imprimer, v. to impress, imprint, print, give to. 
impropre, adj. improper, unsuitable. 
improprement, adv. improperly. 
impropriété, f. impropriety, unsuitableness. 
improvisateur, m. improvisator, speaker (impromptu). 
improvisation, f. improvisation. 
improviste (a 1'), adv. unawares, unexpectedly, suddenly. 
imprudence, f. imprudence. 
imprudent, -e, adj. imprudent. 
impuissant, -e, adj. impotent. 
impunément, adv. with impunity. 
inaccoutumé, -e, adj. unaccustomed. 
inachevé, -e, adj. unfinished. 
inactif, -ive, adj. inactive. 
inamovible, adj. irremovable (from office), permanent. 
inattendu, -e, adj. unexpected. 
incapable, adj. incapable. 
incarnat, -e, adj. and m. flesh-colored, carnation. 
incertain, -e, adj. uncertain. 
incertitude, f. uncertainty. inclination, f. inclination, liking, attachment. 
incliner, v. to incline, tilt, bow, nod; s'-, bow, lean. 
incohérence, f. incoherence, incongruity. 
incohérent, -e, adj. incoherent. 
incommoder, v. to disturb, annoy. 
incompatible, adj. incompatible. 
incomplet, -ete, adj. incomplete. 
incompréhensible, adj. incomprehensible. 
incompris, -e, adj. not understood, unappreciated. 
inconduite, f. misconduct. 
inconnu, -e, adj. and s. unknown, strange, stranger. 
inconstance, f. inconstancy. 
incontestable, adj. incontestable. 
incontestablement, adv. incontestably. 
incrédule, adj. and s. incredulous, unbeliever. 
incrédulité f. incredulity. 
incroyable, adj. incredible. 
incrustation, f. incrustation. 
incurie, f. carelessness. 
Inde, f. India; Indes, f. pl. 
Indies, India; les grandes Indes, the East Indies. 
indécis, -e, adj. undecided, vague. 
indécision, f. indecision. 
indéfinissable, adj. indefinable. 
indemnité, f. indemnity. 
indépendance, f. independence. 
indescriptible, adj. indescribable. 
indication, f. indication. 
indice, f. indication, probable evidence.
indicible, adj. unspeakable, unutterable, indescribable. 
indien, -ne, adj. and s. Indian (written Indien when s.). 
indienne, f. calico. 
indifférence, f. indifference. 
indifférent, -e, adj. indifferent, of no difference or importance. 
indigenee, f. indigence, poverty. 
indigent, -e, adj. indigent, destitute. 
indignation, f. indignation. 
indigner, v. to make indignant; s'-, become indignant; indigné, -e, indignant. 
indigo, m. indigo. 
indiquer, v. to indicate, show, point out, set (time). 
indisciplinable, adj. indisciplinable. 
indiscret, -ète, adj. indiscreet. 
indiscrétion, f. indiscretion, indiscreet remark. 
indispensable, adj. indispensable. 
indissoluble, adj. indissoluble. 
individu, m. individual. 
indûment, adv. unduly. 
industrie, f. industry, trade. 
industriel, -le, adj. and m. industrial, manufacturer. 
inébranlable, adj. unshakeable, immovable. 
inégal, -e, adj. unequal. 
inespéré, -e, adj. unhoped for, unexpected. 
inestimable, adj. invaluable. 
inévitable, adj. inevitable, unavoidable. 
inexorable,adj. inexorable. 
inexorablenfent, adv. inexorably. 
inexplicable, adj. inexplicable, unaccountable. 
inexprimable, adj. inexpressible, unutterable. 
inextinguible, adj. inextinguishable. 
infailliblement, adv. infallibly. 
infâme, adj. infamous, ignominious. 
inférieur, -e, adj. inferior, lower. 
infernal, -e, adj. infernal. 
infidèle, adj. unfaithful. 
infime, adj. extremely low. 
infini, -e, adj. infinite. 
infiniment, adv. infinitely. 
inflexible, adj. inflexible, rigid. 
inflexion, f. inflection. 
influence, f. influence. 
influencer, v. to influence. 
influer, v. to be of influence. 
information, f. inquiry. informe, adj. shapeless, unfinished. 
informer, v. to inform; s'-, inquire, learn. 
infortune, f. misfortune, adversity. 
infortuné, -e, adj. and s. unfortunate, unfortunate person. 
infructueux, -euse, adj. fruitless. 
ingambe, adj. nimble, active. 
ingénieux, -euse, adj. ingenious. 
ingenuite, f. openness, frankness, ingenuousness. 
ingrat, -e, adj. and s. ungrateful, ingrate. 
Ingres (Jean-Auguste-Dominique), French painter noted for the perfection of his drawing and the 
       purity of his lines (1780-1867). 
inimitable, adj. inimitable. 
initier, v. to initiate; s'-, become initiated, become acquainted (with); initie, -e, m., f. initiate, well 
            informed person (on secret matters; ti pronounced as ei). 
injure, f. insult, wrong. 
injuste, adj. unjust. 
inné, -e, adj. innate. 
innocemment, adv. innocently (em pronounced as am). 
innocence, f. innocence. 
innocent, -e, adj. innocent. 
innomé, adj. nameless. 
inoccupé, -e, adj. unoccupied. 
inoffensif, -ive, adj. inoffensive.
inonder, v. to flood. 
inouï, -e, adj. unheard of. 
in petto, adv. in petto, in one's heart, secretly (borrowed from the Italian = in the breast). 
inquiet, -ète, adj. anxious, uneasy, restless. 
inquiïter, v. to disturb, worry; s'-, be disturbed, be uneasy, fret, worry, bother (about). 
inquiïtude, f. disquietude, restlessness, anxiety. 
inquisitorial, -e, adj. inquisitorial. 
insaisissable, adj. indiscernible. 
insatiable, adj. insatiable (ti pronounced as ci). 
inscription, f. inscription; en faux, allegation of forgery. 
inscrire, v. to inscribe, enter (in a ledger). 
insecte, m. insect. 
insense, -e, adj. foolish, mad. 
insensibilitï, f. lack of feeling. 
insensible, adj. without feeling, indifferent, insensible. 
insensiblement, adv. insensibly, imperceptibly. 
insinuation, f. insinuation. 
insinuer, v. to insinuate. 
insipide, adj. insipid. 
insister, v. to insist. 
insouciamment, adv, carelessly. 
insouciance, f. unconcern, carelessness. 
insouciant, -e, adj. careless, heedless, indifferent. 
inspiration, f. inspiration. 
inspirer, v. to inspire, instil. 
installer, v. to install, place. 
instance, f. entreaty, insistence, urging, process of law, suit; tribunal de première -, lower court, 
       district or county court (one in each arrondissement); faire de telles instances, to urge so. 
instant, m: instant; a 1'-, on the instant, instantly, just. 
instinct, m. instinct (ct not pronounced) . 
instinctif, -ive, adj. instinctive. 
instinctivement, adv. instincti vely. 
instituer, v. to institute, appoint, establish, set up. 
institut, m. institute; l'Institut, the French Institute (made up of the five Academies). 
institution, f. institution. 
instruction, f. instruction. 
instruire, v. to instruct, inform, improve (the mind); instruit, -e, instructed, well-informed, well-educated. 
instrument, m. instrument. 
insu, m. ignorance; à 1'- de, without the knowledge of. 
insulter, v. to insult. 
insupportable, adj. insupportable. 
intgetgralement, adv. wholly, entirely. 
intellectuel, -le, adj. intellectual. 
intelligence, f. intelligence, understanding, comprehension, intellect, collusion; signes d'-, meaning signs. 
intelligent, -e, adj. intelligent. 
intelligible, adj. intelligible. 
intempgetrie f. inclemency. 
intendant, m. manager, steward, agent. 
intenter, v. to begin; - un procès, bring suit. 
intention, f. intention, purpose. 
interdire, v. to interdict, forbid, prohibit, dumbfound, amaze. 
intéresser, jl. to interest; en quoi vous intéressez-vous à lui, in what way are you interested in him; 
       intéressant, -e, adj. interesting. 
intérêt, m. interest. 
intérieur, -e, adj. and m. interior, inner, mental, inside. 
interminable, adj. interminable. 
interposer, v. to interpose; s'-, interpose. 
interprétation, f. interpretation. 
interpréter, v. to interpret. 
interrogateur, -trice, adj. interrogatory. 
interrogation, f. interrogation, questioning, question. 
interrogatoire, m. questioning, examination. 
interroger, v. to interrogate, question. 
interrompre, v. to interrupt; s'--, interrupt oneself, stop. 
interstice, m. interstice, opening, crevice. 
interval, m. interval. 
intervenir, v. to intervene. 
intervention, f. intervention. 
intime, adj. intimate, inner. 
intimement, adv. intimately, thoroughly. 
intirnider, v. to intimidate. 
intolérable, acf f. intolerable. 
intonation, f. intonation. intraduisible, adj. untranslatable. 
intrépidement, adv. intrepidly. 
intrépidité, f. intrepidity, fearlessness. 
intrigant, m. intriguer. 
intrigue, f. intrigue. 
intriguer, v. to puzzle, perplex, intrigue. 
introducteur, m. introducer. 
introduire, v. to introduce, put or show in; s'-, introduce oneself, get in, be received. 
intuition f. intuition. 
inusité, -e, adj. unused, unaccustomed, unusual. 
inutile, adj. useless, needless. 
invalide, m. old soldier (supported by the State because of age or wound); les Invalides 
       (or Hôtel des Invalides), Old Soldiers' Home in Paris (it was built in 1670 and 
       contains the tomb of Napoleon I). 
invariable, adj. invariable. 
invasion f. invasion. 
inventaire, m. inventory, valuation. 
inventer, v. to invent; - de, hit on the idea of. 
invention, f. invention. 
inverse, adj. iuverse. 
investigation, f. investigation. 
invisible, adj. invisible, not at home. 
invitation f. invitation. 
inviter, v. to invite. 
involontaire, adj. involuntary. 
involontairement, adv. involuntarily. 
ironie f. irony. 
ironique, adj. ironical. 
irrégularité, f. irregularity. 
irrégulier, -ère, adj. irregular. 
irréligion, f. irreligion. 
irréparablement, adv. irreparably. 
irréprochable, adj. irreproachable. 
irrésistible, adj. irresistible. 
irrésolu, -e, adj. irresolute. 
irrévocablement, adv. irrevocably. 
irritation f. irritation. 
irriter, u, to irritate; s'-, be irritated, be aroused. 
isoler, v. to isolate. 
issue, f. issue; escape, exit, result. 
Italie, f. Italy. 
italien, -ne, adj. and s. Italian (written Italien when s.). 
itinéraire, m. itinerary. 
ivre, adj. intoxicated, drunk. 
ivresse f. intoxication. 
j. pronounced ji or je. j', see je, 
jadis, adv. of old, in bygone days, in former times, formerly (s pronounced). 
jaillir, u. to burst forth or out, gush out, spurt, flash. 
jais, m. jet. 
jalouser, v. to envy. 
jalousie, f. jealousy, Venetian blind. 
jaloux, -ouse, adj. jealous, anxious. 
jamais, adv. never, ever; ne ... --, never; à -, forever. 
jambe, f. leg; sur ses jambes, standing. 
janvier, m. January (r silent). 
jardin, m. garden. 
jarretière, f. garter. 
jasmin, m. jasmine (its delicacy and fragrance make it a frequent subject for metaphor). 
jatte, f. bow!. 
jaunâtre, adj. yellowish. 
jaune, adj. yellow; - -carotte, carrot-yellow. 
jaunir, v. to yellow, become yellow. 
je, conj. pr. I. 
Jean, John. 
Jean-Baptiste, John the Baptist, also a frequent Christian name (p not pronounced; notice 
         also that two Christian names are hyphenated). 
Jean-Esther, John Esther (the French often combine a woman's name with that of a man). 
jet, m. jet, ray (t silent). 
jeter, v. to throw, cast, out, cast or give throw down or away, se -, throw oneself, at one 
       another, etc. 
jeu, m. game, gambling, play, action, movement, hand (at cards); table, de -, cardtable; 
        mettre en -, to bring into play. 
jeudi, m. Thursday. 
jeune, adj. young, recent, junior; - fille, girl; personne, young lady. 
jeunesse, f. youth. 
joaillier, m. jeweler. 
jockey, m. jockey, groom. 
joie, f. joy, merriment. 
joindre, v. to join, unite, clasp, connect, add; se - a, join. 
joli, -e, adj. pretty, good looking. 
joliment, adv. prettily, in fine style, mighty (familiar in last sense). 
jonc, m. rush, reed (c not pronounced). throw forth, utter; throw 
Joseph, Joseph. 
joue, f. cheek. 
jouer, v. to play, gamble, stake, cut (antics), simulate; se -, play, simulate; se - de, 
        make game of. 
joueur, m. player, gambler. 
joufflu,-e, adj. chubby-cheeked. 
jouir, v. to enjoy (object is preceded by de). 
jouissance, f. enjoyment, pleasure, delight. 
jour, In. day, daylight, daytime, light, opening; a open-work; se faire -, to make one's way. 
journal, m. newspaper. 
journée f. day. 
journellement, adv. daily. 
jovial, -e, adj. jovial, jolly. joyeusement, adv, joyfully, gaily. 
joyeux, -euse, adj. joyous, merry, cheerful. 
judas, m. traitor, small opening, peep-hole (s not pronounced). 
judiciaire, adj. judicial, legal. 
judiciairement, adv. judicially, in court. 
juge, m. judge; - de paix, justice of the peace. 
jugement, m. judgment, trial, sentence, decision of a lower court. 
juger, v. to judge, consider, try;- de, judge of, judge. 
juif, -ive, adj. ami s, Jewish, Jew, jewess. 
juillet, In. July. 
juin, In. June. 
Jules, Julius. 
jupon, In. petticoat. 
jurer, v. to swear. 
juridiction f. jurisdiction. juridique, adj. judicial. 
jurisprudence f. jurisprudence. 
juron, In. oath. 
jury, m. jury. 
jusque, prep. to, up to, as far as, until, even; jusqu'à, to, as far as, up to, until, 
       even; - -là, till there, till then, as far as that; jusqu'où, to what point, how 
     far; jusqu'à ce que, conj. until. 
juste, adj. and adv. just, exact, accurate, exactly. 
justement, adv, justly, exactly. 
justesse, f. accuracy, precision. 
justice, f, justice, law, courts; homme de -, judge, lawyer, man of law. 
justiciable, adj. justiciable, belonging to the jurisdiction of a certain court. 
justification, f. justification. justifier, v. to justify. 
juteux, -euse, adj. juicy. 
k, letter pronounced ka.
kiosque, m. kiosque (pavilion). 
kox-noff, adj. (slang, see chocnosoff). 
1', used before on for euphony. 
1', see le, la (art. or pr.). 
la, see le. 
là, adv. there, here (frequent as affix or suffix; when so used see word to which 
       it is added); de ---, from there, from this; par -, that way, by there. 
labeur, m. hard work, labor. 
laboratoire, ni, laboratory. 
lac, m . lake (c pronounced). 
lâche, adj. cowardly. 
lâcher, v. to loosen, let out, release, let go. 
lâcheté, f. cowardice, cowardly act. 
Lagingeole, see gingeole. 
laid, -e, adj. homely, ugly. 
laideur, f. homeliness, ugliness. 
laine f. wool. 
laisser, v. to let, leave, let alone; - aller, m. unrestraint, easy going nature. 
lait, In. milk. 
laiterie, f. dairy. 
laitier, -ère, m., f. milk-man, milk-woman. 
Lally (Thomas-Arthur de, baron de Tollendal), French general and governor of the 
     French possessions in India; he was beaten by the English .. unjustly accused of 
    cowardiee and treason, he was finally executed; his memory was rehabilitated 
    through the efforts of his son (1751-1830). 
lambeau, m. rag, shred; mettre en lambeaux, to tear in shreds. 
lame, f. strip, blade, wave. 
lampas, m. lampas (silk damask; ,pronounced). 
lampe, f. lamp; a la -, by lamplight. 
lancer, v. to dart, throw, hurl, let go, cast, cast or throw out, launch, start. 
langage, m. language. 
lange, m. piece of cloth (usually for wrapping a new-born child), strip (of 
     cloth), swaddling-clothes (infrequent in the singular). 
langue, f. tongue, language. 
langueur, f. languor. 
lanlaire, old refrain now restricted to such phrases as: va te faire -, go to 
     the deuce, etc. 
lapin, m. rabbit (used familiarly: lusty fellow, horse, etc.). 
laps, m. lapse, period (ps pronounced) . 
large, adj. and m. broad, wide, considerable, great, large, width, breadth. 
largement, adv. largely, liberallv. 
larme, I tear; larmes de sang, bitter tears. 
lascar, m. lascar (East Indian, sailor), fearless and shrewd person; le 
       vieux -!, the old pirate! (Balzac writes Lascar.) 
lasser, v. to weary; se _, grow weary. 
lassitude, f. lassitude, weariness. 
lateral, -e, adj. lateral, side, on the side. 
latin, -e, adj. and m. Latin. 
latitude, f. latitude. 
le, la (1', before vowels; les, pl.), def. art. the. 
le, la (les, pl.; lui, leur, indirect), conj, pr. him, her, it, so, them, to him, to 
       them, etc. 
LeBrun (Charles), French painter; his chief work is the Batailtes d'Alexandre 
       in the Louvre (1619-1690). 
lécher, v. to lick, give the finishing touches to. 
leçon f.lesson. 
lecture f. reading. 
legalisation, f. authentication. 
légalité, f. legality. 
légataire, m. legatee. 
léger, -ère, adj. light (weight), slight. 
légèrement, adv. lightly, slightly. 
légèreté, I lightness, levity, frivolity. 
légion f.legion; Légion d'honneur, Legion of Honor (Order established by Napoleon 
         Bonaparte in 1802 to reward merit). 
législateur, m. legislator. legislatif, -ive, adj. legislative. 
légiste, m.legist, lawyer. 
légitime, adj. legitimate. 
léguer, v. to bequeath. 
légume, m. vegetable. 
Lekain (Henri-Louis Cain, called), Parisian tragedian (1728-1778). 
lendemain, m. following day, next day; le - matin, the next morning. 
lent, -e, adj. slow. 
lentement, adv. slowly. 
lequel, laquelle (lesquels, lesquelles, pl.), rel. and int. pr. which, who, which?, who? 
Le Ragois (Claude, abbe), tutor in the French royal family and author of a popular but mediocre 
     work called Instruction sur I' histoire de France et sur l' histoire romaine published in 1684 
     about a year before his death. 
les, see le. 
lèse, word placed before nouns (usually feminine) to show that the idea expressed by the noun 
       has been violated; for example: - -majeste, treason; - -tabac, a word coined by Balzac in 
       imitation of - -majeste, 
lestement, adv. quickly, lightly. 
Lethière (Guillaume), French painter from Guadeloupe (1760-1832) 
lettre, f. letter; pl. letters, literature; mettre en toutes lettres, to write out in full. 
leur, conj. pr., see le; adj. their; le -, theirs. 
lever, v. to raise, revoke (orders), remove, obtain; se -, rise, arise, get up; m. rise, rising; 
      attendre son -, wait till he gets up; levé, -e, up. 
lever-Dieu, m. elevation of the Host. 
levier, m.lever. 
lèvre, f. lip. 
lézarde f. crevice. 
lézardé, -e, adj. full of cracks. 
liard, m. half-farthing (old copper coin worth 1/4 cent). 
liasse, f. bundle, roll (especially of papers). 
Liban (le), m. Lebanon (Syrian mountain-range) . 
libéral, -e, adj. and s. liberal. 
libérateur, -trice, m., f. liberator. 
libérer, v. to liberate, free; se - de, payoff (money). 
liberté, f. liberty. 
libertin, -e, adj. licentious. libraire, m. bookseller, stationer. 
libre, adj. free, clear. 
licencié, m. licentiate (grade between bachelor and doctor, giving right to teach, practise 
      law, etc.; roughly = master's degree). 
Liceney (la forêt de), forest mentioned by Balzac, probably imaginary. 
licitation, f. licitation (auction of real estate between joint owners). 
lien, m. bond, tie. 
lier, v. to bind, tie, tie up, put together. 
lieu, m. place, spot; avoir-, to take place; donner - a, cause; au - de, instead of; - commun, common-place. 
lieue, f. league (2 1/2 miles). 
lieutenant, m. lieutenant; -colonel, lieutenant-colonel. 
ligne, f. line (formerly used for 1/12 inch). 
limpide, adj. limpid, clear. 
linge, m. linen, cloth; pl. linen clothes. 
lion, m. lion. 
liqueur,f.liquor, cordial. 
liquidateur, m.liquidator. 
liquidation, f. liquidation, settlement. 
liquider, v. to liquidate. 
lire, v. to read. 
liséré, m. strip. 
lisse, adj. smooth, sleek, glossy. 
liste, f. list; - civile, civil 
list, expenses of the royal household. 
lit, m. bed; enfant d'un premier -, child by a first husband. 
lithographie, f. lithography, lithograph. 
lithographique, adj. 	lithographic. 
lithophanie, f. transparent ornamental porcelain. 
litige, m. litigation. 
littéraire, adj. literary. 
littérature.y. àterature. 
livide, adj. livid. 
livraison f. delivery. 
livre, m. book; grand- -, ledger, book of records. 
livre, f. pound, franc (especially in counting income). 
livrée, f. livery. 
livrer, v. to deliver, give over, give; se - a, devote or apply oneself to, give oneself over to. 
livret, m. little book, catalogue, guide. 
local, -e, adj. local; m. premises, room. 
locataire, m., f. tenant, lodger; principal-, tenant who rents an entire house in order to sublet 
    it entirely or in part. 
locution, f. locution. 
loge, f. lodge, porter's room, den, box (in a theater or for animals); seconde -, second tier box. 
logement, m. lodging, lodgings. 
loger, v. to lodge, stay; être logé, to be lodged, be living. 
logis, m. dwelling, house, lodge, lodging-house, lodgings, house or shelter for animals. 
loi, f. law; gens de -, people connected with the law, lawyers. 
loin, adv. and m. far away, far, distant, distance, a long way; de -, afar, at or from a 
      distance; de - en -, from place to place, from time to time. 
lointain, -e, adj. and m. distant, far away, distance. 
Londres, London. 
long, -ue, adj. and m. long, length; le - de, along; a la longue, in the long run. 
longtemps, adv. a long time, 
long, for a long time. 
longueur, f. length, prolixity; trainer en -, to drag along. 
longue-vue, f. small telescope. loque, f. rag, tatter. 
lord, m.lord (English title). 
lorgner, v. to squint at, look out of the corner of the eye (at), ogle, eye. 
lorgnon, m. eye-glasses (sometimes used for monocle). 
lors, adv. then, that time; pour -, then, thereupon; - de, at the time of. 
lorsque, conj. when. 
loterie, f.  lottery. 
louange, f. praise. 
louer, v. to praise, rent. 
Louis, Lewis; Louis XIV, known as Louis le Grand, most famous of the French kings 
       (reigned 1643-1715); Louis Dix-Huit (Louis XVIII), king of France (reigned 1814-1824, 
       with the exception of the hundred Days); Louis-Philippe, king of France (reigned 
      1830-1848) . 
louis, m. louis (gold piece = $4)· 
loup, m. wolf. 
loupe, f. reading-glass, magnifying-glass. 
loup-garou, m.. werewolf (in old superstition, a human being turned into a wolf while retaining 
       human intelligence) . 
lourd, -e, adj. heavy, dull, clumsy. 
lourdement, adv. heavily, clumsily. 
loutre, f. otter. 
Louviers, town on the lower Seine, with woolen mills. 
Louvre (le), m. the Louvre (formerly a royal residence in the center of Paris on the Seine; it was 
      begun in 1204 and frequently altered and enlarged until 1848; it now contains the finest art 
      gallery in the world, besides a number of government offices) . 
loyal, -e, adj. loyal. loyalement, adv. loyally, honestly. 
loyaute, f.loyalty. loyer, m. rent. 
lucarne, f. dormer-window. 
lucidite, f. lucidness, lucidity, clearness. 
lucratif, -ive, adj. lucrative. lueur f. gleam, light. 
lui, conj. pr., see le ; disj. pr. him, it, he, on his part, himself, itself; son . . . à -, his (emphatic). 
lui-meme, elle-meme (euxmemes, elles-memes, pl.), pr. himself, herself, itself, etc.; se dit en 
    elle-meme, said to herself. 
luire, v. to shine. 
luisant, m. shininess, gloss. 
lumière, f. light; ses lumières, his intelligence. 
lumineux, -euse, adj. luminous, of light. 
lunaire, adj. lunar. 
lundi, m. Monday; faire le -, to take Monday off (said of workmen). 
lune, f. moon, moonlight; -de miel, honeymoon. 
lunette, f. telescope; pl. spectacles. 
lustre, m. luster, chandelier. 
luthérien, -ne, adj. and s. Lutheran. 
lutte, f. struggle, wrestling, contest. 
lutter, v. to struggle, wrestle, contend, vie. 
luxe, m. luxury. 
Luxor, village on the upper Nile from which came the obelisk which now stands in the Place de 
      la Concorde (erected in 1836). 
lycéen, m . school-boy. 
lymphatique, adj. lymphatic (applied to pale, nerveless, soft people). 
lymphe f. lymph. 
lys, m. lily (s pronounced; now written lis). 
m, pronounced èm or me. 
M., abbreviation for Monsieur; m', see me. 
ma, see mon. 
machinalement, adv. mechanically. 
machine, f. machine, mechanism (for shifting scenery at a theater, etc.). 
machoire, f. jaw. 
madame (mesdames, pl.), f. Mrs., Madam; Madame, title given to the French king's daughters, 
          granddaughters and sisters-in-law. 
Madeleine (la), f. one of the principal and richest churches in Paris, having the form of a Greek 
       temple, built between 1764 and 1842; rue de la -, there is no street of this name in Paris; 
       the boulevard de la - begins at the church of this name (there arc also a passage and a gallery 
       of this name nearby). 
mademoiselle (mesdemoiselles, pl.) f. Miss, young lady. 
Madhaji-Sindiah, a king of the Sindhia dynasty who reigned over the Mahrattas in the r Sth century; 
       his capital was Gwalior, India. 
madone f. Madonna. 
madras, m. Madras neckerchief (s pronounced). 
Maffàers, village 15 miles north of Paris. 
magasin, m. warehouse, store, shop, wareroom, storehouse. 
magie f. magic. 
magique, adj. magic. 
magistrat, m. magistrate. 
magistrature, f. magistracy, Rench (legal). 
magnanimité, f. magnanimity. 
magnificence, f. magnificence, splendor. 
magnifique, adj. magnificent. magnifiquement, adv. magnificently. 
mahométan, -e, adj. and s. Mahometan, Mohammedan. 
Mahrattes, m. pl. Mahrattas (warlike people in Central India). 
mai, m. May. 
maigre, adj. thin, scanty, meager. 
maigrir, v. to grow thin. 
maille, f. mesh, aperture. 
maille, f. farthing; sans sou ni -, without a cent. 
main, f. hand. 
maint, -e, adj. many, many a. 
maintenant, adv, now. 
maintenir, v. to maintain, uphold, keep (up), hold. 
maire, m. mayor. 
mairie, f. mayor's house, townhall. 
mais, conj. but; - oui, why yes, surely, why (exclamatory); - entrez, why, come in. 
maison f. house, household. 
maître, m. master, teacher, chief, Squire or Mr. (title often given to lawyers); --autel, 
    high altar; adjectively: chief. 
maîtresse, f. mistress, sweetheart. 
maîtriser, v. to master. 
majesté, f. majesty (written Majesté when used as a title). 
majestueux, -euse, adj. majestic. 
majeur, --e, adj. and s. major, of age. 
majorité f. majority. 
mal, adv. and m. evil, wrong, ill, uncomfortable, in a bad way, sore, badly, wrongly, poorly, 
     harm, trouble, damage, hardship, malady; faire - à, to hurt; - de tête, headache. 
malachite, f. malachite (ch. pronounced as k). 
malade, adj. and s. ill, sick, sick man, patient. 
maladie, f. malady, illness. 
malédiction, f. malediction, curse. 
malencontreux, -euse, adj. unlucky. 
malfaiteur, m. malefactor, scoundrel. 
malgré, prep. in spite of. 
malheur, m. misfortune, accident, bad luck, unhappiness; n'ayez pas le - de, take care not to. 
malheureusement, adv. unfortunately. 
malheureux, -euse, adj. and s. unhappy, wretched, unfortunate, unlucky, wretch, 
      unfortunate person. 
malice, f. malice, mischievousness, prank, trick. 
malicieusement, adv. mischievously, spitefully, roguishly. 
malicieux, -euse, adj. mischievous, roguish, spiteful, malicious. 
malin, -igne, ad], and s. cunning, sly, shrewd, cunning person, rogue. 
maman f. mamma. 
manche f. sleeve. 
mandat, m. order (for money), commission. 
mander, v. to summon, send for, send (word) to. 
manger, v. to eat, cat up, squander. 
mange-tout, m. spendthrift. 
manie f. mania. 
manier, v. to handle, manage. 
manière, f. manner, way; de - a, so as to; de - que, in such a way that. 
manifester, v. to manifest, show. 
mannequin, m. manikin, dummy, lay-figure. 
mannequin, m. box-shaped basket. 
manreuvre, f. maneuver. 
manquer, v. to be lacking, be missing, lack, miss, come near, make a slip, fail; sa 
      vie était manquée, her life was a failure; - de parole, break one's word. 
mansarde, f. attic, garret, garret-window, Mansard window or roof. 
manteau, m. mantle, cloak, cape. 
manufacturier, -ére, adj. and s. manufacturing, manufacturer. 
maraicher, m. market-gardener. marbre, m. marble. 
marchand, -e, m., f. merchant, peddler. 
marchander, v. to bargain for, haggle over. 
marchandise, f. (also used in pl.) merchandise, wares, goods. 
marche, f. march, walk, walking, pace, gait, step, motion. 
marché, m. market, marketplace, bargain, purchase, sale; (a) bon -, cheap, cheaply; 
       a meilleur -, cheaper, more cheaply. 
marchepied, m. step. 
marcher, v. to march, go on, walk, go, proceed, step, work. 
mardi, m. Tuesday. 
mare f. pool. 
maréchal, m. marshal, blacksmith; - des logis, quarter-master, cavalry sergeant; - de 
      camp, former title of a brigadier general. 
Marengo, village in northern Italy where Napoleon defeated the Austrians in 1800 and 
       thereby gained control of northern Italy. 
Margency, village 10 miles north of Paris. 
mari, m. husband. 
mariage, m. marriage. 
Marie, Mary. 
marier, v. to marry, marry off; se -, get married, marry; se - a, blend with; se - avec, marry; 
marié, -e, m. f. bridegroom, bride. 
marine, f. marine, navy; officier de -, naval officer. 
marmite f. pot (cooking). 
marmot, m. brat, little boy. 
marmotter, v. to mutter, mumble. 
maroquin, m. Morocco-leather. 
marque, f. mark, track, trace, sign. 
marquer, v. to mark, show, indicate, score; encore un marqué, another point lost (at piquet, 
      where the loss is marked or indicated by a chip or counter). 
marquis, -e, m., f. marquis, marchioness. 
marron, m. large chestnut; adjectivcly: chestnut colored, maroon. 
mars, m. March (s pronounced). marsouin, m: porpoise. 
martial, -e, adj. martial (ti pronounced as ci). 
Martin (saint), Bishop of Tours; his day is Nov. 1 (died c. 396). 
martinet, m. cat-o'-nine-tails, hand-candle-stick. 
martyr, m. martyr; rue des Martyrs, street running from the rue Lamartine about 1 kilometer 
       north of the Opera. 
masculin, -e, adj. masculine, on the part of a man. 
masque, m. mask. 
massacre, m: massacre. 
masse, f. mass, hoard; entaken or acting together, en masse. 
massif, -ive, adj. massive, solid. 
massue, f. club. 
masure f. hovel. 
matelas, m. mattress. 
matériaux, m. pl. materials. 
matériel, -le, adj. material, concrete. 
maternel, -le, adj. maternal. 
maternité, f. maternity, motherhood. 
matière f. matter, subject. 
matin, m. morning; de grand (bon) -, very early. 
matinal, -e, adj. morning, early. 
matinée, f. morning. 
matrimonial, -e, adj. matrimonial. 
matrone, f. matron. 
maudire, v. to curse; maudit, -e, cursed. 
Maure, m . Moor. 
mauvais, -e, adj. and s. bad, wretched, evil, mean, vulgar, in bad condition, ill-famed, 
       dirty, poor. 
maxime f. maxim. 
maximum, m. maximum; le régime du Maximum, the fixing of maximum prices by 
        the Government. 
Mayenne, village and department in the old province of Maine (pronounced mo-ienet, 
me, conj. pr. me, to me. 
-me, abbreviation of numerals: 2 me, 3 me, 4 me, etc. (for deuxieme, etc.). 
mécanique, adj. and f. mechanical, machine. 
méchamment, adv. spitefully. 
méchanceté, f. malice, ill-will, meanness. 
méchant, -e, adj. naughty, mean, mischievous, bad, malicious, wicked, wretched. 
mèche, f. wick, lock (of hair). 
méconnaissable, adj. unrecognizable. 
méconnaitre, v. to fail to recognze. 
mécontent, -e, adj. dissatisfied. 
mécontenter, v. to discontent, displease. 
médecin, m. doctor, physician. 
médecine, f. medicine. 
médiateur, m. mediator. 
médiocre, adj. mediocre, only moderate, hardly average. 
médiocrement, adv, moderately. 
médiocrité, f. mediocrity. 
méditation f. meditation. 
Méduse, Medusa (a mythological character; her hair was turned into serpents by 
       Minerva; Perseus cut off her head and used it to petrify his enemies, the eyes 
       having been given that power by Minerva). 
Méduse (la), le Radecu de la Meduse, the most celebrated painting by Gericault in the 
     Louvre (the raft bearing the survivors of the ship la Meduse, which was wrecked on 
     the west coast of Africa in 1816). 
meilleur, -e, adj. better; le -, best. 
mélancolie, f. melancholy. 
mélancolique, adj. melancholy. 
mélange, m. mixture; bonheur sans -, unalloyed happiness. 
mêler, v. to mingle, mix, confuse; se - de, meddle with, mind, take a hand in, interfere in; 
      se - a (avec), mingle with, take part in. 
mélodie f. melody. 
mélodieux, -euse, adj. melodious. 
melon, m. melon, derby (hat), fool, silly face. 
membre, m. member, limb. meme, adj. and adv. same, self, very, even, itself, etc.; de (que), 
       in the same way (as); faire de -, to do the same thing; etre a - de, be in a position to. 
mémoire f. memory; m. memoir, account, statement, memorandum, bill, brief. 
mémorable, adj. memorable. 
menace f. threa t. 
menacer, v. to menace, threaten. 
ménage, m. housekeeping, household, family; femme de -, charwoman (woman who does odd 
      jobs by the day, etc.); liqueur de -, home-made cordial; tenir un -, to keep house. 
ménagement, m. consideration, discretion, moderation. 
ménager, v. to spare, be careful of, save, manage, reserve, make. 
ménager, -ère, adj. and s. thrifty, economical, of the household, of housekeeping, thrifty person, 
           housekeeper; eaux ménagères, kitchen drainage. 
mendiant, -e, m., f. beggar. 
mendicité, f. mendicity, beggary. 
mendier, v. to beg. 
mener, v. to lead, bring, drive, direct, take. 
mensonge, m. lie, lying, falsehood. 
mentalement, adv. mentally to oneself. 
mention, f. mention. 
mentionner, v. to mention. 
mentir, v. to lie. 
menton, m. chin. 
menu, -e, adj. and m. thin, small, trilling, bill of fare. menuiserie, f. cabinet-making, carpentry. 
Méphistophélès, Mephistopheles (personification of the devil, especially in Goethe's Faust, 
         where he seduces Margaret "parlant mariage"). 
méphitique, adj. mephitic (applied to air filled with decayed matter, etc.). 
mépris, m. contempt, scorn. 
mépriser, v. to despise. 
mer f. sea. 
mercantile, adj. mercantile. 
merci, f. mercy, thanks, thank you. 
mercredi, m. Wednesday. 
Mercure, Mercury (messenger of the gods and god of commerce, etc.), 
mercuriale, f. reprimand, lecture. 
mère f. mother. 
méridional, -e, adj. and s. southern, Southerner (written Méridional when s.). 
mérite, m. merit, worth; en faire le -, to give it distinction. 
mériter, v. to merit, deserve, earn. 
merveille, f. marvel; a -, marvelously. 
merveilleux, -euse, adj. marvelous, wonderful. 
mes, see mon. 
mésalliance, f. misalliance. mesquin, -e, adj. stingy, mean, vulgar, little. 
mesquinerie, f. niggardliness, stinginess, meanness, pettiness. 
Messaline, Messalina, wife of the Emperor Claudius; she was notorious for her vices 
      and was put to death in 48 A.D. 
messe, f. mass; livre de -, prayer-book. 
mesure, f. measure, proportion, moderation, precaution; sans -, immoderately; etre en -, 
        to be in a position to pay, have the money. 
mesurer, v. to measure. 
métal, m. metal. 
métallique, adj. metallic. 
métamorphoser, v. to metamorphose; se -, be metamorphosed. 
méticuleux, -euse, adj. meticulous, over-scrupulous. 
métier, m. trade, loom. 
mets, m. dish (of food), 
Metsu (Gabriel), Dutch painter (r630-r667; also written Metzu). 
mettre, v. to put, place, put on, set, take (time, care), display (audacity); se -, place (seat, 
         etc.) oneself; se - a (with infinitive), begin; se - en colere, get angry; dans, put in, 
         share (a secret) with; - en couleur, color; - en pieces, tear or dash to pieces; - a la 
         porte, put out of doors; - en lumiere, bring to ligh t; mis en costume de bal, in 
         evening clothes; - mal a Paise, make ill at ease; se - a la tete, get into one's head, persist. 
Metzu, see Metsu. 
meuble, m. piece of furniture, furniture; pl. furniture, household goods. 
meubler, v. to furnish. 
meurt-de-faim, m. starveling, pauper (same form in pl.). 
meurtrir, v. to bruise. 
meute, f. pack (of hounds, etc.). 
Michel-Ange, Michelangelo (Buonarroti), Italian painter, sculptor, architect and poet (among 
      his best known works arc: the dome of St. Peter's, the tomb of Julius à, Christ holding the 
      Cross, Moses, the paintings of the Sistine Chapel, etc.; 1475 - 1564; ch pronounced as k). 
midi, m. midday, noon, twelve o'clock, south. 
mie, f. soft part of bread. 
miel, m. honey. 
mien, -ne, poss. adj. pr.(usually with article), mine. 
Mieris (Franz van), Dutch painter (1635-1681; his son and his grandson were also noted 
       painters; usually written Mieris in French). 
mieux, adv. better, more, more comfortable; tant -, so much the better; le -, best. 
mignardement, adv. daintily, affectedly. 
mignon, -ne, adj. and s. darling, dainty, cunning. 
migraine, f. sick-headache. 
mil, card. one thousand (used only in dates of the Christian era, except in Pan mille; 
     l pronounced. 
milice, f. militia. 
milieu, m. middle, midst, middle ground, surroundings, milieu. 
militaire, adj. and m. military, soldier. 
mille, card. one thousand (in this and in the next two words l is not liquid). 
millier, m. about one thousand, thousand. 
million, m. million. 
minauderle, f. smirking, simpering. 
mince, adj. thin, slender. 
mine, f. mien, look, appearance. 
minéral, -e, adj. mineral. 
mineur, -e, adj. and s, minor, under age. 
minime, adj. very small, trifling. 
ministère, m. department (of a cabinet minister), building for the administration offices, 
       ministry, administration, cabinet, service. 
ministre, m. minister. 
minuit, m. midnight. 
minute, f. minute, draught. 
minutie, f. trifles, meticulous care (ti pronounced as ci). 
mioche, m. f. brat, youngster. 
Mirabeau (Honore-Gabriel), the most eminent orator of the French Revolution (1749 - 1791). 
miracle, m. miracle. 
miraculeux, -euse, adj. miraculous. 
mirer, u, to aim at, get one's eye on. 
miroir, m. mirror. 
mise, f. placing, outlay. 
misérable, adj. and s, miserable, wretched, wretch, knave. 
misère, f. misery, destitution, hardship. 
mission, f. mission. 
mitaine, f. mitten, mitt. mobile, adj. and m. movable, 
mobile, unsteady, variable, in motion, restless, motive power. 
mobilier, -ere, adj. and m. movable, personal, furniture. 
mobilité, f. mobility, inconstancy, versatility. 
mode, f. manner, style, fashion; it la -, in style, fashionable. 
modèle, m. model; homme, model man, automaton. 
moderne, adj. modern. 
modeste, adj. modest. 
modestement, adv. modestly. 
modestie, f. modesty. 
modicité, f. smallness, moderateness. 
modifier, v. to modify. 
modique, adj. moderate. 
moelleux, -euse, adj. soft (in this and in the next word oe is pronounced as oi in moi). 
moellon, m. ashlar (small stone often mixed with mortar for building). 
mœurs, f. pl. manners, habits, customs, morals (s pronounced). 
moi, conj, and disj. pr. me, to me, I, myself; le -, the ego; vieille connaissance it -, 
        old acquaintance of mine. 
moi-même, pr. myself, I myself. 
moindre, adj. less; le -, the least, slightest, smallest, most insignificant. 
moins, adv, less; le -, least; au -, at least; du -, at least; it - que or de, unless. 
mois, m. month. 
moisson, f. harvest. 
moitié, f. half; it --, half; etre pour la - dans, to be half the reason for; a - chemin de 
         l'avenue, half way along the driveway; sa terrible -, his terrible better half. 
moment, m. moment. 
mon, ma (mes, pl.), poss . adj. pr. my (to be omitted in translating phrases of 
         address: - pere, etc.). 
monarchie, f. monarchy. 
monastique, adj. monastic. 
monceau, m. pile, stack, heap. 
mondain, -e, adj. worldly, of society; dont l'élégance mondaine, whose fashionable 
         appearance (smartness). 
monde, m. world, people, crowd, society; tout le -. everybody; gens du -, society people; 
        dans le grand -, in society. 
monnaie, f. change. 
monomane, adj. and S. monomaniacal, monomaniac. 
monopole, m. monopoly. 
monosyllabe, m. monosyllable. 
monosyllabique, adj. monosyllabic. 
monotone, adj. monotonous. 
monseigneur, m. monseigneur (title given especially to the Dauphin). 
monsieur (messieurs, pl.), m. mister, sir, gentleman, the gentleman (proper name should 
              sometimes be supplied in translating); abbreviated: M., Mr. (pronounced mesieu). 
monstre, m. monster. 
monstrueux, -euse, adj. monstrous. 
monstruosité, f. monstrosity. 
montagne, f. mountain. montant, m. door-post, jamb, upright, amount. 
Mont-Blanc (rue du), former name of the rue de la Chaussee d' Antin. 
monter, v. to mount, go or come up, ascend, get in (a carriage, etc.), be in command of (a 
           vessel); - it cheval, ride; se it, amount to. 
Montheau (Marie de), friend of Balzac; he dedicated to her la Maison du chat qui pelote. 
Montmartre, name of a high quarter in the northern section of Paris, where many artists live; 
          cimetiere -, a cemetery in this quarter; rue -, Parisian street running northwest from 
          the Central Market. 
Montmorency, town and forest 11 miles north of Paris. 
montrer, v. to show, indicate, point out; se -, show oneself, appear; se - bien, appear well, 
          take a creditable part (in). 
monture, f. mount, setting. 
monument, m. monument, edifice. 
moquer, v. to mock; se -, make fun; se - de, make fun of, care nothing about. 
moquerie, f. mockery, jeer. moqueur, -euse, adj. mocking, satirical. 
moral, -e, adj. moral, mental; m. moral faculties; f. moral, ethics. 
moralité f. morals. 
morceau, m. morsel, bit, piece. 
mordicus, adv. obstinately, tenaciously (s pronounced). 
mordieu, interj. by heaven, etc. 
mordre, v. to bite; mordant, -e, biting, caustic, sarcastic. 
morgue, f. morgue, arrogance, pride. 
moribond, m. dying man. 
morne, adj. gloomy, mournful. 
mort, f. death; a la --, at death's door. 
Mortagne, village in Vendee, also a small town in Normandy. 
mortaise, f. mortise. 
mortel, -le, adj. and s. mortal. 
mortier, m. mortar. 
mortuaire, adj. mortuary. 
mot, m. word, saying, remark, message, line, solution; deux mots, a few words. 
motif, m. motive, reason. 
mou, molle, adj. soft, nerveless, flabby. 
moucheter, v. to spot, speckle. 
moucheture, f. spot. 
mouchoir, m, handkerchief. 
moudre, v. to grind; moulu, -e, ground; or moulu, painter's gold. 
moue, f. wry face, pout. 
mouiller, v. to wet; mouille, -e, wet. 
moule, m. mold. 
moulin, m. mill. 
mourir, v. to die, come to an end; se -, be dying; mourant, -e, adj. and s. dying, dying 
      man, etc.; mort -e, adj. and s, dead, dead man, etc. 
mousquetaire, m. musketeer. 
mousse, f. moss, foam. 
mousse, m. cabin-boy. 
mousseline, f. muslin. 
moustache, f. mustache. 
mouton, m. sheep, mutton. 
mouture, f. grinding, grist; tirer une seconde - du sac, to get a double profit. 
mouvement, m. movement, motion, impulse, sensation, fluctuation; se donner du -, to 
           bestir oneself. 
mouvoir, v. to move. 
moyen, -ne, adj. and m. aver, age, mean, medium, middle, means, resource, way; age, 
         middle ages. 
moyennant, prep. by means of, for, on condition of. 
muet, -te, adj. mute, silent. 
multiplier, v. to multiply, increase (one's influence, etc.). 
multitude, f. multitude. 
munir, v. to furnish, provide. 
mur, m. wall. 
muraille, f. wall, rampart. 
Murat (Joachim), French general; Napoleon's brother-in-law and King of Naples (1771-1815). 
Murillo (Bartolome Esteban), Spanish painter, his most noted work is the Conception (1618-1682). 
murmure, m. murmur, murmuring, ticking (of a clock). 
murmurer, v. to murmur. 
muscadin, m. dandy, ladies' man (especially at the time of the French Revolution). 
muscle, m. muscle. 
musculeux, -euse, adj. muscular. 
musée, m. museum. 
musique, f. music. 
mutiler, v. to mutilate. 
mutin, -e, adj. mutinous, self-willed, roguish. 
mutuel, -le, adj. mutual. 
mystère, m. mystery. mysterieux, -euse, adj. mysterious. 
n', see ne. 
nabab, m. nabob. 
nacre, f. mother-of-pearl. 
nager, v. to swim, float. 
naguère, adv, lately, but now, not long ago. 
naif, -ïve, adj. ingenuous, artless, naive. 
naissance, f. birth. 
naïtre, v. to be born, arise, dawn; né, -e, born, née; mal ne, of low origin. 
naïvement, adv. ingenuously, artlessly. 
naïveté, f. ingenuousness, artlessness, naïveté. 
nankin, m. nankeen (yellow cotton cloth). 
Napoléon, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France from 1804 to 1815. 
napoléon, m. napoleon (gold piece, worth 20 francs). 
narquois, -e, adj. mocking, sly, cunning. 
narrer, v. to narrate. 
national, -e, adj. national. 
natte, f. mat. 
nature, f. nature, kind. 
naturel, -le, adj. and m. natural, nature, disposition, naturalness. 
naturellement, adv. naturally. 
nauf, f. ship (this word is not given in the standard dictionaries of modern 
             French nor is it recognized by Godefroy; nef would be expected). 
naufrage, m. shipwreck, wreck. 
naval, -e, adj. naval. 
Navarin (rue de), street running from the rue des Martyrs to the south of the 
        boulevard de Clichy. 
navet, m. turnip. 
navigateur, m. navigator. 
navigation, f. navigation, voyage. 
naviguer, v. to sail. 
ne, adv. (usually with pas, point, etc.), not (frequently pleonastic). 
néanmoins, adv. nevertheless, notwithstanding. 
néant, m. nothingness, naught, nil. 
nécessaire, adj. necessary. 
nécessairement, adv. necessarily. 
nécessité, f. necessity. 
nécessiter, v. to necessitate, require. 
négatif, -ive, adj. negative. 
négligemment, adv. negligently, carelessly (em pronounced as am). 
négligence, f. negligence, neglect. 
négliger, v. to neglect. 
négoce, m. trade. 
négociant, m. merchant, trader. 
négoclation, f. negociation. 
nègre, m. negro. 
neige, f. snow. 
neigeux, -euse, adj. snowy. 
néophyte, m., f. neophyte, novice. 
nerf, m. nerve, sinew (f pronounced). 
Néron, Nero, Emperor of Rome from 54 to 68 A.D.; also the title of a tragedy by Racine. 
nerveux, -euse, adj. nervous. 
net, -te, adj. neat, clear (t pronounced). 
nettement, adv. clearly, plainly, sharply. 
nettoyer, v. to clean. neuf, card, nine. 
neuf, neuve, adj. new. 
Neuf (le Pont), oldest and most famous bridge in Paris; it was begun in 1578 and crosses 
          the Seine at the Ile de la Cite (usually written Pont-Neuf). 
neutre, adj. neuter, neutral. 
névralgie, f. neuralgia. 
nez, m. nose, face (latter meaning in certain phrases); fermer au -, to shut in the face; rire 
             au -- de, laugh in the face of; lever le -, raise one's face (pronounced ne), 
ni, conj, nor; -  -, neither ... nor. 
niais, -e, adj. and s. silly, simpleton. 
niaiserie, f. silliness, nonsense. 
nièce, f. niece. 
nier, v. to deny. 
nigaud, -e, adj. and s. silly, fool. 
noble, adj. and s, noble. noblement, adv. nobly. 
noblesse. j. nobility. 
noce, f. wedding; pl. wedding. 
nocturne, adj. nocturnal, of the night. 
Noé, Noah. 
nœud, m. knot, difficulty, point. 
noir, -e, adj. black, gloomy, dark. 
noircir, v. to blacken. noix, f. nut. 
nom, m. name. 
nombre, m. number (quantity). 
nombreux, -euse, adj. numerous. 
nommer, v. to name, appoint, call; se -, be named, give one's namc; elle se nomme autrement, 
        she has a different name; nommé, -e, adj. (end s. named, one called. 
non, adj. no, not; - pas, not, not at all; also used as a prefix: - -exécution, nonexecution, etc.; 
        - -seulement, not only. 
nord, m. north (d not pronounccd). 
normand, -e, adj. and s. Norman (written Normand when s.). 
nos, see notre. 
notable, adj. notable. 
notablement, adv. notably, remarkably. 
notaire, m. notary. note, f . notc, bill. 
notoriété, f. notoriety; acte de -, act sworn to before a notary by which witnesses testify to 
        their knowledge of a fact, affidavit. 
notre (nos, pl., poss. adj. pr. our. 
notre, poss. adj. pr. ours (usually with article); est-il des nôtres, is he one of us? 
nouer, v. to knot, tie, form, bind. 
nouriceure, incorrect for nourrisseur. 
nourrir, v. to nourish, nurse, support, feed. 
nourrisseur, m. cattle-raiser, dairyman. 
nous, conj, and disj. pr. we, us, to us. 
nous-mêmes, pr. we ourselves, ourselves. 
nouveau (nouvel bcfore vowels), -elle, adj. new, other; de-, anew, again; porter à -, to open 
        a new account; nouvelle (s), f. news, piece of news, story (longer than the conte and 
        shorter than the roman). 
nouveauté, f. newness, novelty; magasin de nouveautas, dry-goods shop. 
nouvellement, adv. newly, recently. 
novembre, m. November. 
Noverre 	(Jean-Georges), wcll-known French dancer (1727-1810). 
novice, adj. novice, inexperienced. 
noyer, v. to drown. 
Noyon, town in the department of Oise. 
nu, -e, adj. naked, bare; à -, bare, exposed, openly. 
nuage, m. cloud. 
nuance, f. tint, shade. 
nudité, f. nudity, nakedness, bareness. 
nuée, f. thick cloud, swarm. 
nuire, v. to injure, be harmful. nuit, f . night. 
nuitamment, adv. by night, in the night. 
nul, -le, adj. and pr. no, no one, null, void, amounting to nothing. 
nullement, adv. in no wise, by no means. 
numéro, m. number (applied to a single number). 
numéroter, v. to number. 
nuque, f. nape (of the neck). 
nymphe, f. nymph. 
O, interj. O!
obéir, v. to obey. 
obéissance. f. obedience. 
obélisque, m. obelisk. 
objection, f. objection. 
objet, m. object. 
obligation, f . obligation. 
obligeance, f. obligingness. 
obliger, v. to oblige, force; 
obligé, m. person obliged, obligor, debtor. 
oblique, adj. oblique, indirect, slanting, sidelong. 
oblong, -ue, adj. oblong. 
obole, f. obole (smallest of Greek coins), mite, farthing. 
obscur, -e, adj. obscure, dark. 
obscurément, adj, obscurely. 
obseurité, f. obscurity, darkness. 
observateur, -trice, adj. and s. observing, observer, close observer (in this and in the next 
      two words b is pronounced as p). 
observation, f. observation. observer, v. to observe, watch, look at, notice; faire -, remind, 
      bring to one's notice. 
obstacle, m. obstacle. 
obstiné, -e, adj. obstinate, persistent, constant (work). 
obstinément, adv. obstinately. 
obtenir, v. to obtain, gain, get, bring about; - de moi d'aller, obtain my promise to go (b 
         pronounced as pl. 
obusier, m. howitzer. 
occasion, f. occasion, opportunity. 
occasionner, v. to occasion, cause. 
occiput, m. occiput, back of the head (t pronounced). occupation, f. occu pa tion. 
oecuper, v. to occupy, keep busy, occupy one's thoughts; s'-, occupy oneself, be occupied, busy 
     oneself, occupy one's thoughts, attend, look (after). 
occurrence, 	f. 	occurrence, 
emergency. ocean, til. ocean. octobre, til. October. odeur, f. odor, smell. 
odieux, -euse, adj. odious; m. odium. 
odorat, m. sense of smell. 
Odiot (Jean-Baptiste-Claude), noted goldsmith (1763-1850). ceil (yeux, pl.), m. eye, glance. 
oeillade, f. ogling, significant glance. 
reuf, m. egg (j pronounced in the singular, but not in the plural). 
reuvre, f . work. 
offenser, ~'. to offend, hurt, insult, be offensive to. offensif, -ive, ad}. 
offensive. office, m. office, service; saint -, inquisition. 
officiel, -le, adj. official. officier, m. officer. 
officieux, -euse, adj. unofficial, obliging. 
offre, f. offer. 
offrir, v. to offer, present; s'-, be offered, be presented. ogre, m. ogre. 
oh, intcrj. oh! 
oiseau, In. bird; 1'- de mon 
horloge, the cuckoo in my clock. 
oisif, -ive, adj. idle, unoccupied. olivier, m. olive tree. 
ombrage, m. shade. 
ombre, f . shade, shadow. omission, f . omission. 
on, indej. pr. one, people, they, you, we (accompanying verb may often be translated as a passive).
oncle, m. uncle. 
onctueux, -euse, adj. unctuous, earnest. 
onde, f . wave, billow. ondulation, f. undulation, wave. 
onduleux, -euse, adj. undulating. 
onereux, -euse, adj. burdensome, onerous. 
onomatopée, f. onomatopœia. The formation of words in imitation of sounds; a figure of speech in 
       which the sound of a word is imitative of the sound of the thing which the word represents; as, 
       the buzz of bees; the hiss of a goose; the crackle of fire.
onze, card. eleven (elision no longer allowed before this word). 
onzierne, ord. eleventh. opera, m. opera. operation. f. operation.
operer, v. to operate, effect, beat (a retreat). 
opinion, f. opinion. 
opposer, v. to oppose, contrast, place against, bring up against; s'- a, oppose, stand in the way of; 
       oppose, ~e, adj. opposite. 
opposition, f. opposition, contrast. 
optimiste, m. optimist. opulence, f . opulence. or, conj. now, but. 
or, m. gold, or (gold in heraldry); un homme de I'age d'-, an extremely virtuous man. 
oracle, m. oracle. orage, m. storm. 
orageux, -euse, adj. stormy. 
orateur, m. orator. 
oratoire, adj. oratorical. ordinaire, adj. ordinary, usual; 
d'-, a 1'-, ordinarily. ordinairement, adj, ordinarily. ordonnance, f. ordinance, regulation, decree, orderly. 
ordonner, v. to order, direct, prescribe. 
ordre, m. order, orderliness. 
oreille, f. ear, flap or strap (of knee-breeches); dire a 1'- de, to say in a low tone to. 
oreiller, m. pillow. 
organe, m. organ (of the body). organisation, f. organization, organism. 
orgie, f. orgy. 
orgueil, m. pride. orgueilleusemeut, adj. proudly. 
orgueilleux, -euse, adj. proud. 
originaire, adj. native, originally from. 
original, -e, adj. and m. original, queer, queer fellow. originalite, f. originality, eccentricity. 
origine, f. origin. 
Orleans, city 75 miles south of Paris; canal d'-·, canal connecting the Loire and the Loing. 
Orléans (le duc d'), title of Louis-Philippe before he became king. 
orme, m. elm. 
ornement, m. ornament, decoration. 
orner, v. to ornament, adorn. orniere, f. rut. 
orphelin, m. orphan. 
orthographe, f. orthography, spelling. 
os, m. bone (s pronounced in the singular, but not in the plural). 
oser, v. to dare. 
ossements, m. pl. bones (of the dead; rare in the singular). 
osseux, -euse, adj. bony. 
Oter, v. to remove, rid, take off or away. 
otium cum dignitate, ease with dignity (from Cicero, De Oratore, I, I, I). 
ottomane, f. ottoman, sofa. 
ou, conj. or; - ... -, either ... or. 
ou, adj, where, in or into which, when; d'-, whence, from where, out of which, from which; par -?, 
      which way?, by which? 
oublier, v. to forget. 
ouf, interj, oh!, ah! (usually expresses relief); sans dire -, without saying a word. oui, adj, yes. 
ourdir, u. to warp, weave, hatch (a plot). 
ours, m. bear; prenez mon (said when urging some one to take something one wishes to get rid of), 
     take this white elephant off my hands, etc. (s pronounced). 
outre, prep. and adv. beyond, beside; en -, in addition, besides. 
outrer, v. to exaggerate, overwork; outre, -e, adj. exaggerated, excessive. ouverture, f . opening. 
ouvrage, m. work, work of art; un - de femme, a piece of needlework; a l'-!, get to work! 
ouvrer, v. to work (on linen). ouvrir, v. to open, lay open, open the door; s'-, open; ouvert, -e, open. 
ovation, f. ovation. 
oxygene,m.oxygen. 
p, pronounced pé or pe. 
pacant, m. dolt, clod-hopper (familiar). 
pacifique, adj. pacific, peaceful. 
pacte, m. compact. page, f. page. 
paten, -ne, adj. and s. pagan, heathen. 
paille, f. straw, flaw; mettre sur la -, to reduce to beggary. 
pailleté, -e, adj. spangled. 
pain, m. bread, loaf; - a cacheter, wafer (for sealing letters, etc.). 
pair, -e, adj. even, equal; m. peer. 
paire, f. pair. pairie, f. peerage. 
paisiblement, adv. peacefully. paix, f. peace. 
palais, m. palace; - (de justice), court-house (also wri tten Palais in las t sense). 
Palais-Royal, a palace near the Louvre, begun by Richelieu in 1629; it passed to the Orleans family and 
     during the Regency, before the reign of Louis XV, was the scene of notorious orgies; later it became 
     the rendez-vous of gamblers; its cafes were a meeting-place for the democrats just before the 
     Revolution; now it is occupied by Government offices with cheap shops in the interior arcades. 
pâle, adj. pale. 
palette, f. pallet. 
pâleur, f. paleness, pallor. 
palier, m. landing (of a stair-case). 
pâlir, v. to become pale. 
palpable, adj. palpable, evident. 
palper, v. to finger. 
palpitation, f. palpitation. 
palpiter, v. to palpitate. 
pampre, m. vine-branch. 
pan, m. part of a garment, side, skirt, face, coat-tail. 
panier, m. basket; - perce, spendthrift. 
panser, v. to dress (wounds), groom. 
pantalon, m. pair of trousers, trousers. 
pantomime, f. pantomime. 
pantoufle, f. slipper. 
papa, m. papa (also applied familiarly to old men; compare" uncle," etc.). 
paperasse, f. old paper, waste paper. 
papier, m. paper. 
paquet, m. package, pack, bundle. 
par, prep. by, through, because of, with, by way of, at the rate of, on, in; - jour (mois), a day (month); 
      moments, at moments. 
parader, v. to show off, parade. 
paradis, m. paradise. 
paraitre, v. to appear. 
paralysie, f. paralysis. 
parallèle, adj. parallel. 
paravent, m. screen (large and folding). 
parbleu, interj. gad!, upon my word!, by George! 
pare, m. park (c pronounced). 
parce que, conj. because. 
parcimonie, f. parsimony. 
parcimonieusement, adv. parsimoniously. 
parcourir, v. to run or pass through or over, look over, cover. 
pardon, m. pardon, I beg your pardon. 
pardonner, v. to pardon. 
pareil, -le,      adj. and s. similar, alike, like, such, such a. 
parement, m. ornament, facing, cuff. 
parent, -e, m., f. relative; pl. relatives, parents. 
parenthèse, f. parenthesis. 
parer, v. to adorn, attire, dress up. 
paresseux, -euse, adj. lazy, idle. 
parfait, -e, adj. perfect. 
parfaitement, adv. perfectly. 
parfois, adv. at times. 
parfum, m. perfume, flavor, odor. 
parfumeur, m. perfumer. 
pari, m. bet. 
parier, v. to bet, wager. 
parieur, m. bettor. 
Paris, Paris; tout -, all Paris (especially Parisian society). 
parisien, -ne, adj. and s. Parisian (written Parisien when s .). 
parlement, m. parliament, sovereign court for registering edicts of the King (under the 
    old regime). 
parlementer, v. to parley. 
parler, v. to speak, talk, talk of; nous aurous à vous parler, we shall have something to 
       say to you. 
parmi, prep. among. 
paroi, f. partition, wall. 
paroisse, f. parish, parish-church, 
paroissien, -ne, m., f. parishioner; m. Catholic prayerbook. 
parole, f. word, speech; sur --, on parole, on hearing it said; prendre la -, to begin to 
     speak; couper la a, interrupt. 
parquet, m. French floor (with boards in a pattern), bar (in court). 
parsemer, v. to strew. 
part, f. part, direction, share, side; d'une -, on the one hand; nulle -, nowhere; autre -, 
      somewhere else, in another direction; à -, apart, aside from; de et d'autre, on both 
       sides; quelque -, somewhere. 
partage, m. division, partition. 
partager, v. to share, divide. 
partant, conj, therefore. 
partenaire, m. f. partner. 
parterre, m. rear of orchestra, pit (theater). 
parti, m. party, decision, side; prendre le (son) -, to make up one's (his) mind, become 
     reconciled; prendre un -. come to a decision; tirer -- de, reap advantage from, profit by. 
participer, v. to participate, take part, share. 
particule, f. particle. 
particulier, -ère, adj. particular, peculiar, private. 
particulièrement, adv. particularly, 
partie, f. part, portion, game, interested party, party, idea; de campagne, country party, picnic. 
partiel, -1e, adj. partial (ti prononced as ci). 
partir, v. to depart, leave, burst out, set out, go off, come (from); a - de, from. 
partout, adv. everywhere. 
parure, f. ornament, adornment, set of jewels, attire, finery. 
parvenir, v. to reach, attain, succeed, arrive, get; faire - à, send to; parvenu, -e m., f. parvenu, 
     parvenue, upstart. 
pas, m. step, pace; - à -, at a walk, slowly. 
pas, adv. not, no; ne ... -, not, no. 
passable, adj. passable, tolerable. 
passage, m. passage, passing, passage- way. 
passager, -ère, adj. passing, transient, transitory. 
passer, v. to pass, pass over, pass on, go by, let go, pardon; se -, pass, happen, take place; se - de, 
      do without; - sur sa tête, fall on his shoulders; il passait pour être, he was considered; - colonel, 
      pass the grade of colonel; - quelques nuits, pass or sit up for a few nights; passant, -e, adj. and 
      s. passing, passer-by; en passant, in passing, casually; passé, -e, adj. and m. past, gone by, out 
      of style; passé, prep. after. 
passif, -ive, adj. passive. 
passion, f. passion, love, feeling, prejudice. 
passionnément, adv. passionately. 
passionner, v. to impassion; se - pour, be or become passionately fond of, become enthusiastic 
       about; passionné, -e, adj. passionate. 
pastel, m. pastel (crayon drawing). 
pastiche, m. imitation. 
pâté, m. pie (meat), canned meat, blot; - de foie gras, goose liver pie (or the filling for such pies, 
      sold in jars). 
paternel, -le,      adj. paternal, father's. 
patiemment, adv. patiently (em pronounced as am). 
patience, f. patience (in this and in the next word ti is pronounced as ci). 
patient, -e, adj. and s. patient, long-suffering, sufferer. 
pâtira, m. drudge, butt. 
pâtre, m. herdsman, shepherd. 
patriarche, m. patriarch. 
patrie, f. native land. patrimoine, m. patrimony. 
patrimonial, -e, adj. patrimonial, hereditary. 
patriotisme, m. patriotism. 
patron, m. patron, master, employer, boss. 
patte, f. paw, foot (animal's). 
pâture, f. pasture, pasturage. 
Pauline, Paulina. 
pause, f . pause. 
pauvre, adj. and s, poor, pitiful, wretched, poor person, beggar. 
pauvresse, f. poor woman, beggar. 
pauvreté. f, poverty. 
pavé, m. pavement. 
paver, v. to pave. 
pavillon, m. pavilion, flag, summer-house, small house. payement, m. payment. 
payer, v. to pay, pay for. 
pays, m. country (pronounced pèyi; the same pronunciation occurs in the next two words). 
paysage, m. landscape, scenery. 
paysan, -ne, m., f. and adj. 
peasant. peau, f . skin. 
péché, m. sin. 
pécher, v. to sin, transgress. 
pécher, v. to fish, fish for, catch. 
pécule, m. savings. 
pécuniaire, adj. pecuniary. 
peigner, v. to comb, go over carefully. 
peignoir, m. dressing-gown. 
peindre, v. to paint, picture, depict. 
peine, f. suffering, grief, pain, difficulty, trouble, labor, hard work; à -, scarcely; à - ... que, 
       scarcely when. 
peintre, m. painter. 
peinture, f . painting, paint. 
pêle-mêle, m. and adj. confusion, disorder, pell-mell, helter-skelter. 
peloter, v. to wind thread into a ball, knock a ball about without playing regularly, volley. 
pelouse, f .lawn. 
penchant, m. slope, declivity, propensity, inclination; sur le - de sa faillite, going down hill to 
       his ruin. 
pencher, v. to bend, lean, bow; se -, bend, lean, lean over. pendant, prep. during, for 
       (time); - que, conj. while. pendre, v. to hang. 
pendule, f. clock, mantel-clock. 
pénétration, f. penetration. 
pénétrer, v. to penetrate, pervade, enter, go in, invade; - d'attendrissement, affect deeply. 
pénible, adj. difficult, laborious, painful, distressing. 
péniblement, adv. painfully, laboriously. 
pensée, f. thought, thinking. 
penser, v. to think; - à, think of; - de, think of (have an opinion of); je n'y pensais plus, 
      I had forgotten it. 
penseur, m. thinker. 
pensif, -ive, adj. thoughtful. 
pension, f. pension, board, boarding-house, boardingschool; payer une forte --, to pay a 
     large board bill. 
pente, f. slope, inclination. 
percale, f. percale, cottoncambric. 
percer, v. to pierce, bore, penetrate, be manifest; bottes percées, boots with holes. 
perdre, v. to lose, lose value, ruin, waste, sink (in esteem); se -, lose oneself, get or be lost. 
perdrix, f. partridge (x not pronounced). 
père, m. father, old man or "Uncle" (title). 
perfection, f. perfection. perfide, adj. perfidious, treacherous. 
perfidie, f. perfidy, treachery. 
péril, m. peril (l pronounced). 
périodique, adj. periodic. 
pérlodiquement, adv. periodically. 
Périollas (lieutenant-colonel), artillery officer and friend of Balzac; he dedicated Pierre 
      Grassou to him. 
périr, v. to perish, be lost. 
peristyle, m. peristyle, arcade. 
perle, f . pearl, bead. 
permettre, v. to permit, allow. 
permis, m. permission, permit. 
permission, f . permission. 
perpétual, -le, adj. perpetual, for life. 
perpétuellement, adv. perpetually. 
perpétuer, v. to perpetuate. 
perron, m. perron, elevated stone landing, stoop. 
perroquet, m.. parrot. 
perruque, f . wig. 
persévérance, f. perseverance. 
persienne, f. Venetian blind. 
persistance, f. persistence. 
persister, v. to persist. 
personnage, m. personage, person, character (in. a story, etc.). 
personae, f. person; m. anyone, no one; ne ... -, no one. 
personnel, -le, adj. personal. 
personnifier, v. to personify. perspective, f. perspective, prospect. 
perspicace, adj. perspicacious, sagacious. 
perspicacité, f. perspicacity, penetration, sagacity. 
persuader, v. to persuade, convince, make one believe. 
perte, f. loss, ruin. 
perversité. f. perversity. 
pervertir, v. to pervert. 
peser, v. to weigh, hang (over); pesant, -e, adj. heavy. 
pétiller, v. to crackle, sparkle (Balzac also uses the obsolescent form petiller). 
petit, -e, adj. and m. small, little, short, small person, little one; mon -, my boy; petits 
     appartements, private apartments. 
Petit-Banquier (rue du), there is no street of this name in Paris; there is a rue du Banquier 
     in the Saint Marceau quarter. 
petite-fille, f. granddaughter. 
petite-maîtresse, f. affected woman of fashion, society woman of studied elegance. 
petite-nièce, f. grand-niece. 
Petites-Maisons, f. pl. name of a former insane asylum in Paris. 
petitesse, f. smallness, meanness. 
pétition, f. petition. 
Petit-Lion (rue du), there is no street of this name in Paris. 
petits-enfants, m. pl. grandchildren (not used in the singular). 
peu, adv.- and m. little, not very, few, small number; un -, a little, somewhat, just, to a certain 
    extent; - délicat, lacking in delicacy; qui dura -, which did not last long; pour - que, 
    however so little. 
peuple, m. people, common people, crowd. 
peur, f . fear. 
peureux, -euse, adj. timorous, timid. 
peut-être, adj, perhaps. phase, f . phase. 
phénomène, m. phenomenon. 
philanthrope, m. philanthropist. 
philanthropie, f. philanthropy. 
Philidor (Francois-André-Danican), French composer and chess-player (1726-1795). 
philosophe, m. philosopher. 
philosophie,.f. philosophy. 
philosophique, adj. philosophical. 
phrase, f . phrase. 
physiologiste, m. physiologist. 
physionomie, f. physiognomy, appearance, face, expression. 
physique, adj. and f. physical, physics. 
piano, m. piano. 
pie, f. magpie; babiller comme une - borgne, to chatter like a magpie. 
pièce, f. piece, room, play, cannon, apiece, documents or papers (in pl.); de quatre, 
     four-pounder. 
pied, m. foot, base; de ferme, without stirring; fouler aux pieds, to trample upon. 
piédestal, m. pedestal. 
piège, m. trap. 
Pierre, Peter. 
pierre, f . stone. 
pietreries. f. pl. precious stones. 
piété, f. piety. 
pilastre, m. pilaster. 
pilier, m. pillar. 
pilote, m. pilot. 
pinceau, m; brush (painter's). 
pincettes, f. pl. tongs (rare in singular). 
piocher, v, to dig, grind (study), peg away at. 
pipe, f. pipe. 
piquer, n. to prick, stick, sting; se- de, boast of, pretend to. 
piquant, -e, adj. prickly, sharp, biting, racy, piquant. 
piquet, m. stake, piquet (card game). 
pire, adj. worse; le -, worst. pis, adj. worse; le -, worst; tant -, so much the worse; 
         un - aller, a makeshift. 
piste, f . track. 
pistole, f. pistole (the French pistole was worth 6 francs). 
pistolet, m. pistol. 
pitié, f. pity; me faire -, to excite my pity. 
Pitt (William), English statesman, opponent of the French Revolution (1759-1806). 
pittoresque, adj. picturesque. 
pivoter, v. to pivot. 
placard, m. cupboard (in a wall). 
place, f. place, public square, position, stronghold, spot, stand, seat (in a theater, etc.). 
placement, m. placing, investment. 
placer, v. to place, invest; se -, be placed, take one's place, stand. 
placet, m. petition. 
plafond, m. ceiling. 
plagiat, m. plagiarism. 
plaider, v. to plead, go to law. 
plaideur, -euse, m., f. litigant, 
party to a lawsuit, pleader. 
plaie, f . wound, sore. 
plaindre, v. to pity; se - (de), complain (of), lament. 
plaine, f . plain. 
plainte, f. complaint, groan, wail. 
plaintif, -ive, adj. plaintive, complaining, doleful. 
plaire, v. to please; se -, be pleased, take pleasure. 
plaisant, -e, adj. and s, pleasing, pleasant, amusing, joker. 
plaisanter, u, to joke. 
plaisanterie, f. joke, joking. 
plaisir, m. pleasure, diversion; homme de plaisirs, man fond of amusements. 
plan, m. plan, plane, ground. 
planche, f. plank, board. 
plancher, m: floor. 
Plancher, a Parisian publisher of the early nineteenth century. 
planter, u. to plant, place, fix. 
plantureux, -euse, adj. plentiful. 
plat, -e, adj. flat. 
plateau, m. platter, plateau. 
plausible, adj. plausible, 
plein, -e, adj. full; en -, in the middle or midst of, completely, absolutely, all; 
      d'enfantillage, child-like; de, full of (often to be translated adverbially: 
      - d'indifference, extremely indifferent, etc.). 
pleur, m. tear (usually in pl.). 
pleurer, n. to weep, weep for; - a chaudes larmes, shed tears, weep bitterly. 
pleuvoir, v. to rain. 
pli, m. fold, bend, plait, crease, wrinkle. 
plier, ti. to fold, bend, adapt. 
plisser, v. to plait, crease, wrinkle. 
plonger, v. to plunge, dive, throw or stick in, cast, sink, penetrate or fall (of a 
         glance). pluie, f. rain. 
plume, f. feather, plume, pen. 
plupart, f. most; la - des, most. 
plus, adv. more, in addition, some more, no more, plus; le -, most; ... (moins), the 
       more ... the more (less); ne . .. -, no longer, no more; non -, either; de -, in 
      addition, more (when = 'some more' or 'plus' or when emphatic, s is pronounced). 
plusieurs, adj. pl. several. 
plutôt, adv. rather, sooner. 
pluvial, -e, adj. rain; eaux 
pluviales, rain-water. pluvieux, -euse, adj. rainy. poche, f. pocket. 
poêle, m. stove; f. frying-pan (oê in this and in the next word is pronounced as oi in poil). 
poêlon, m. saucepan. 
poème, m. poem. 
poésie, f. poetry. 
poète, m. poet. poetique, adj. poetic. 
poids, m. weight (ds not pronounced). 
poignant, -e, adj. poignant. 
poignarder, v. to stab. 
poignée, f. handful, hilt; une - de main, a handshake. 
poil, m. hair (usually of the body or of an animal). 
point, m. point, place, dot; de vue, point of view, view, site. 
point, adv. not at all; ne ... -, not at all. 
pointe, f. point, tip; sur la du pied, on tiptoe. 
pointu, -e, adj. pointed. 
poison, m. poison. 
poisson, m. fish. 
poitrine, f. breast, chest. 
poli, -e, adj. polite, polished. police, f. police; - correctionnelle, court for misdemeanors. 
poliment, adv. politely. politesse, f. politeness, kindness. 
politique, adj. and s. political; m. politician; f. politics, policy. 
politiquement, adv. politically. pomme, f. apple. 
pommette, f. knob, cheekbone. 
pompe, f. pomp; compagnie des pompes funèbres, undertaking company. 
pompeux, -euse, adj. pompous, stately. 
ponctualité, f. punctuality. 
Pondichéry, Pondicherry, capital of the French possessions in India. 
pont, m. bridge, deck. 
pore, m. pig, pork (pronounced por or pork). 
porcelaine, f. porcelain, china; - de Saxe, Dresden china. 
pore, m. pore. 
port, m. port, wharf, carriage (of parcels); se mettre au - d'armes, to carry arms. 
porte, f. door, gate, doorway, door-sill; sur sa -, on his door-step. 
portée, f. reach, range, shot, compass, importance; d'une -- moins élevée, of smaller compass, 
portefeuille, 	m, 	portfolio, pocket-book. 
porter, v. to carry, bear, wear, manifest, direct (the eyes), pass (judgment); se -, be (of the 
      health); se - à, be directed to, be a candidate for; - sur les cadres de l'armee, commission; 
      on se porte des defis, they challenge one another; on se sentait porte vers lui, you felt 
     drawn to him; sa tete porta sur, his head struck against; bien portant, in good health. 
portier, -ère, m., f. door-keeper, janitor, janitress, 
portion, f. portion, share, piece (ti pronounced as ci). portrait, m. portrait, portraiture. 
pose, f. pose. 
poser, v. to place, put, set down, pose, state or ask (a question). 
positif, -ive, adj. positive, practical, material. 
position, f. position, station. 
positivement, adv. positively. 
posséder, v. to possess, own, have. 
possesseur, m.	possessor, owner. 
possession, f. possession; vaut titre, possession is nine points in the law. 
possible, adj. possible. 
poste, f. post, post-office, mail; petite -, local post-office (archaic in this sense). 
poster, v. to post. 
postérieur, -e, adj. and s. posterior, rear. 
postérieurement, adv. subsequently. 
postérité. f. posterity. pot, m. pot. 
poteau, m. post. 
Potter (Paul), Dutch painter of animals and landscapes (1713-1788). 
pouce, m. thumb, inch; se mordre les pouees, to gnaw one's heart, repent keenly. 
poudre, f . powder, dust. 
poudrer, v. to powder. 
poudreux, -euse, adj. dusty. 
poulaine, f. turned up point (of shoes; used with à la). 
poule, f. hen, fowl, chicken; chair de -, goose-flesh. 
pouls, m. pulse (ls silent). 
poumon, m. lung. 
pour, prep. for, to, in order to; - que conj. that, in order that, for; - six sous, six cents' worth; 
     substantively: le - et le contre, the pros and cons. 
pourquoi, conj. and adv. why, why? 
pourrir, v. to rot; pourri, -e, adj. rotten. 
pourriture, f . rot, decay. 
poursuite, f. pursuit, proceeding. 
poursuivre, v. to pursue, follow up, continue, sue, sue for, solicit. 
pourtant, adj, however, still. 
pourvoir, v. to provide; seen cassation, make application for a reversal of judgment. 
pourvu que, conj. provided that. 
pousser, v. to push, thrust, send forth, push to or in or open, utter, urge on, incite, impel, 
       grow, shoot up, sprout, carry. 
poussière, f. dust. 
poutre, f. beam. 
pouvoir, v. to be able, can, may, be able to do; se -, be possible; m. power. 
praticien, m. practitioner. 
pratique, adj. and s. practical, practice, customer, client. 
pratiquer, v. to practise, frequent, put up, make, put into practice. 
préambule, m. preamble. 
précaution. f. precaution. 
précédent, -e, adj. preceding. 
précéder, v. to precede, be before. 
précepte. m. precept. 
précieux, -euse, adj, precious, valuable. 
précipice, ni, precipice, abyss. 
précipitamment, adj. precipitately, hurriedly. 
précipitation, f. precipitation, hurry, haste. 
précipiter, v. to precipitate, throw; se -, rush forth, rush forward, rush, throw oneself.
précipité, -e, precipitate, hurried, hasty. 
précis, -e, adj. precise. 
précisément, adv. precisely. 
prédécesseur, m. predecessor. 
prédestination, f. predestination. 
prédicateur, m. preacher. 
prédilection, f. predilection, partiality. 
prédire, v. to predict. 
préexister, v. to preexist; préexistant, -e, adj. preexistent. 
préface, f. preface. 
préférence, f. preference. 
préférer, v. to prefer. 
préfet, m. prefect (head of a French department or of the police in Paris). 
préjugé, m. prejudice, precedent. 
préliminaire, adj. preliminary. 
prématurément, adv. prematurely. 
premier, -ere, adj. first, greatest, primary; au -, on the second floor; - ministre, prime minister; 
     tirer (tuer) le --, to have the first shot (abbreviated: 1er). 
prendre, v. to take, take on or in or up, catch, seize, partake, get, acquire, assume, reserve, begin, 
     possess, observe, lise up (time), keep (resolutions), make (decisions, resolutions, inquiries, etc.), 
     strike (an attitude); se - à, begin; s'y -, go about it; il lui prit dégoût, he was seized with disgust;
     - en patience, endure patiently; le cœur pris, the heart filled with love. 
préoccuper, v. to preoccupy. 
préparatit, m. preparation. 
préparatoire, adj. preparatory. 
préparer, v. to prepare, plan, draw up. 
près, prep. (usually with de) and adv. ncar, nearly, with, about to; de -, closely, near at hand; a peu -, 
    almost, nearly; - le tribunal, practising in the court; il. quelques exceptions -, with a few exceptions. 
prescription, f. prescription. 
présence, f. presence; en -, face to face. 
présent, -e, adj. and s. present, person present; m. present, gift. 
présenter, v. to present, hold (to the light). 
préserver, v. to preserve. 
président, m. president, presiding judge. 
présomptueux, -euse, adj. presumptuous. 
presque, adn. almost. 
presse, f · press, throng. 
pressentiment, m. presentiment. 
pressentir, v.to have a presentiment, foresee. 
presser, v. to press, hurry, urge, hasten, squeeze; se -, be in a hurry. 
pression, f. pressure. 
prestigieux, -euse, adj. bewitching, illusive. 
présumer, v. to presume, conjecture. 
prêt, -e, adj. ready; m. loan. 
prétendre, v. to pretend, claim, lay claim, mean, aspire, maintain, require, insist on; se -- à, 
     claim that one is; prétendu, -e, adj. so-called; prétendu, m. future husband. 
prétentieux, -euse, adj. pretentious, pompous (ti pronounced as ci). 
prétention, f. pretention, claim, requirement. 
prêter, v. to lend, attribute, give (color), pay (attention). preteur, m. lender; - sur gages, pawnbroker. 
prétexte, m. pretext, pretense. 
prétexter, v. to give as a pretext. 
prêtre, m. priest. 
preuve, f. proof. 
prévenir, v. to anticipate, warn, inform, prevent; prévenu, m. accused. 
prévention. f. prejudice, bias. 
prévoir, v. to foresee. 
prévôt, m. provost; - des marchands, mayor (of Paris, under the ancient regime). 
prier, v. to pray, beg, pray to, request. 
prière, f. prayer, request. 
primitif, -ive, adj. primitive, first, original. 
prince, m. prince; princesse, f. princess. 
principal, -e, adj. and m. principal, chief, head-clerk. 
principe, m. principle. 
printanier, -ere, adj. vernal, early. 
printemps, m. spring. 
priorite, f. priority. 
prise, f. capture, seizure, hold; aux prises avec, grappling with, struggling with. 
priser, v. to prize, take snuff. 
prisme, m. prism. 
prison, f. prison. 
prisonnier, -ère, m., f. prisoner. 
privation, f. privation. 
privauté, f. intimacy. 
priver, v. to deprive; privé, -e, adj. private. 
privilege, m. privilege, preference. 
prix, m. price, prize, cost, sum, value; de -, precious; gagner à - d'or, to bribe. 
probablement, adj. probably. 
probe, adj. upright, honest. 
probité, f. probity, honesty, integrity. 
problème, m. problem. 
procédé, m. procedure, behavior, process. 
procéder, v. to proceed. 
procédure, f. legal procedure, practice. 
procès, m. lawsuit. proces-verbal, m. official report, minutes (of proceedings). 
processif, -ive, adj. litigious, involved in lawsuits. 
prochain, -e, adj. and m. next, nearest, neighbor. 
procuration, f. proxy, power of attorney. 
procurer, v. to procure, get, obtain. 
procureur, m. attorney. 
prodigalité, f. prodigality, lavishness. 
prodigieusement, adv. prodigiously. 
prodigieux, -euse, adj. prodigious, amazing. 
prodigue, adj. prodigal, wasteful, extravagant. 
prodiguer, v. to lavish, be prodigal of. 
productif, -ive, adj. productive. 
production, f. production. 
produire, v. to produce, give forth, cause, give (light), bring on; se -, be produced, 
    be made, occur. 
produit, m. product, proceeds, yield. 
proéminent, -e, adj. prominent. 
profane, adj. and m. profane. 
proférer, v. to utter. 
profession, f. profession. 
profil, m. profile (l pronounced). 
profit, m. profit, advantage. 
profiter, v. to profit, be of advantage. 
profond, -e, adj. profound, deep. 
profondément, adv. profoundly, deeply. 
profondeur, f . depth. 
profusion, f. profusion. 
progrès, m. progress (also in pl.). 
progressif, -ive, adj. progressive. 
proie, f. prey; en - à, a prey to. 
projet, m. project, plan, rough draught. 
projeter, v. to plan, project, cast. 
prolixe, adj. prolix. 
prolonger, v. to prolong. 
promenade, f. promenade, ride, walk. 
promener, v. to take about, take out, take for a walk; se -, take a walk, ride, 
    etc., walk to and fro. 
promeneur, m. person walking (riding, etc.) for pleasure, promenader. 
promesse, f. promise. 
promettre, v. to promise; qui semblait promis à quelque ministere, who seemed destined 
    for some position in the cabinet. 
promptement, adv. promptly (in this and in the next word p is not pronounced). 
promptitude, f. promptitude, 
promptness, rapidity. 
prône, m. sermon. 
prôner, v. to preach to, extol. 
prononcer, v. to pronounce, utter, declare, bring out. 
prophète, m. prophet. 
prophétique, adj. prophetic. 
proportion, f. proportion. 
proportionné, -e, adj. proportionate. 
propos, m. purpose, object, remark, talk; à - de, in regard to; fort mal a -, very inopportunely. 
proposer, v. to propose; se - de, think of, intend to, propose (to oneself, etc.). 
proposition, f. proposition. propre, adj. proper, appropriate, clean, neat, own; - a rien, good 
    for nothing; m. characteristic. 
proprement, adv. properly, correctly. 
propreté, f. neatness proprietaire, m., f. proprietor, proprietress, owner, landowner. 
propriété, f. property, ownership. 
prospérité. f. prosperity. 
protecteur, -trice, m., f. protector, protectress, patron, patroness. 
protection, f. protection, support, patronage. 
protéger, v. to protect, support. 
protester, v. to protest, protest a note. 
protêt, m. pretest. prouver, v. to prove. 
provenir, v. to proceed, come (from). 
proverbe, m. proverb; 
proverbial, -e, adj. proverbial. 
proverbialement, adv. proverbially. 
providence, f. providence; la Providence, Providence. 
province, f. province; de-, provincial, from the provinces. 
provision, f. provision, supply, provisional payment. 
provisoirement, adv. provisionally, temporarily. 
provoquer, v. to provoke, challenge, call forth, bring about. prude, f. prude. 
prudence, f . prudence. 
prudent, -e, adj. prudent, cautious. 
pruderie, f. prudery. 
Prudhon 	(Pierre), French painter; his best work is Justice and Vengeance Pursuing 
    Crime (usually written Prud'hon; 1758-1823). 
Prusse, f. Prussia. 
Prussich-Eylau, same as Eylau. 
prussien, -ne, adj. and s. Prussian (written Prussien when s.). 
puanteur, f. stench. 
public, -ique, adj. and m. public. 
pudeur, f. modesty, bashfulness, shame, feeling of decency. 
puer, v. to stink. 
puff, m. puff, humbug. puis, adj, then. puisque, conj, since. 
puissance, f. power, strength, control; elle est en - de mari, her property is under her husband's control, she is a feme covert. 
puissant, -e, adj. powerful, potent. 
puits, m. well (ts not pronounced). 
pulsation, f. pulsation, beat. 
punir, v. to punish. 
pupitre, m. desk (small), rack or rest (for books, etc.). pur, -e, adj. pure. 
purement, adj, purely. 
pureté, f. purity. 
purifier, v. to purify. 
qu', see que. 
quadrille, m. quadrille (liquid l). 
quai, m. quay. 
qualité, f. quality, rank, title, good quality, capacity; gens de -, gentlefolk; en 
     ma d'insulte, as I have received the insult. 
quand, conj. when, even if, if; - meme, even if; - je vous le disaist, didn't I tell 
    you so? quant (a), adj. as for, as to. 
quantité, f. quantity, amount. 
quarante, card, forty. 
quart, m. quarter. 
quartier, m. quarter (of a city, etc.). 
quasi, adv. almost. 
quatorze, card, fourteen. quatre, card. four; se mettre en -, to do one's utmost. 
quatre-vingts, card, eighty; quatre-vingt-cinq, eightyfive; quatre-vingt-neuf, 
     eighty-nine; quatre-vingtseize, ninety-six; quatrevingt-dix-neuf, ninety-nine. 
quatrième, ord. fourth; qui occupaient le -, who occupied the fifth floor. 
que, conj, and adj. that, in order that, than, as, whether, why, how, when, until, 
     but (after a negative), let, see that (used also to avoid repetition of conjunction, 
     then takes the meaning of the first conjunction); ne ... -, only, but, except, 
     what; ne voyant plus - son frêre, no longer seeing anyone but her brother. 
que, rel. pr. whom, which, what, ever; ce -, what, that, etc.; je ne sais -, some or 
     other; qu'est-ce(c'est -) cela?, what is that? 
que, int. pr. what?; qu'est-ce - (qui)?, what? 
quel, -le, adj. pr. (rel. or int.) what, which, of what kind, who; quelle que soit 
    l'activité que j'y mette, however active I may be in the matter. quelconque, 
    indef. adj. pr. whatever, whatsoever; un ... -, some ... or other. 
quelque, indef, adj. pr. some, a few (in pl.); - ... que, however; de - manière que, 
    in whatever way; - chose de singulier, something singular. 
quelquefois, adj, sometimes. 
quelqu'un, -une (quelquesuns, -unes, pl.) indef, pr, some one, somebody, some. 
question, f. question, dispute. 
queue, f. tail. 
qui, rel. pr, who, which, what, whoever; ce -, who, which, what, etc.; - que ce soit, 
    anyone else, anyone whosoever. 
qui, into pr. who?, which?, what? 
quiconque, pr. whosoever. 
quinzaine, f. about filteen, fortnight. 
quinze, card. fifteen; - jours, two weeks. 
quinzième, ord: fifteenth. 
quittance, f. receipt. 
quitte, adj. quit, quits, free; être - pour, to get off with (by). 
quitter, v. to quit, leave, lay aside, take off. 
quoi, into and rel. pr. what, which; de -, wherewith, means, the wherewithal, enough; 
     - que, whatever; je ne sais -(de), I don't know what, something; à - bon?, what is 
     the good of it?; - que ce soit, anything whatever. 
quoique, conj. although. 
rabaisser, v. to lower, depreciate.
rabattre, v. to put down, pull down, lower.
raccommoder, v. to mend, repair; se -, make up
race, f. race
racheter, v. to buy back, redeem.
raconter, to tell, tell of, relate, recount.
radeau, m. raft.
radoucir v. to soften; se -, be or become appeased or pacified.
raffoler, v. to dote (on), be mad (about).
rafraichir, v. to refresh, freshen, cool;  se -, refresh oneself, be refreshed.
rage, f. rage, fury.
raie, f. line, stripe.
raillerie f. raillery, mockery, joke.
railleur, -euse, adj. bantering, jesting, mocking.
railleusement, adv. banteringly, jestingly, as a joke.
rais, m. spoke.
raison, f. reason, firm or firmname; - sociale, firm-name; en faire - (à), to get the upper 
    hand of, avenge oneself on; avoir -, be right; it eut assez de - pour, he had sense 
    enough to. 
raisonnable, adj. reasonable, rational. 
raisonnement, m. reasoning, argument. 
rajeunir, v. to rejuvenate, make young again. 
rallumer, v. to light again, rekindle. 
ramasser, v. to pick up, gather. 
ramener, v. to bring back, lead or draw back. 
rampe, f. hand-rail, banister, railing. 
rancune, f. rancor, ill-will. 
rang, m. rank, row. 
ranger, v. to range, arrange, put in order; range, -e, adj. steady, settled. 
ranimer, v. to reanimate, revive. 
raout, m. rout (large social gathering), reception (pronounced ra-out). 
râpé, -e, adj. shabby. 
Raphaël, Raphael Sanzio, Italian painter, sculptor and architect; he, Leonardo da Vinci and 
    Michelangelo were the three greatest artists of the Italian Renaissance; preeminent in his 
   Madonnas, he painted the Transfiguration and many frescoes in the Vatican, besides many 
   smaller paintings (1483-1520). 
rapide, adj. rapid, quick, swift, steep, fleeting. 
rapideinent, adv. rapidly, quickly. 
rapidité, f. rapidity. 
rapin, m. painter's pupil, art student. 
rappeler, v. to recall, remind of; se -, remember, recall. 
rapport, m; report, relation, proportion. 
rapporter, v. to bring back or in, report, relate, bring in profit. 
rapprocher, v. to draw or bring near, place near; se -- (de), approach again, draw near, be 
    together, approach each other. 
raquette, f. racket. rare,adj. rare, scarce. rarement, adv.rarely. 
rareté, f. rarity, rareness, scarceness. 
raser, v. to shave. 
rassasier, v. to satiate. 
rassembler, v. to reassemble, assemble, collect; se -, meet, congregate. 
rasseoir, v. to reseat; se -, sit down again. 
rassurer, v. to reassure. 
râtelier, m. rack. 
ratification, f. ratification. 
ratisser, v. to rake. 
rattacher, v. to tie again, attach, fasten or arrange (hair). 
rauque, adj. hoarse, harsh. 
ravage, m. ravage. 
ravager, v. to ravage (with dissipation, pain, etc.), lay waste, ruin, disfigure. 
Ravenne, Ravenna, Italian city near the northwestern coast of the Adriatic. 
ravir, v. to take by force, ravish, enrapture, delight, take by force, steal; 
    ravissant, -e, adj. charming, delightful. 
raviver, v. to revive, reanimate, brighten up. 
rayon, m. ray, beam, shelf. rayonner, v. to radiate. 
réaliser, v. to realize, make real. 
réalité, f. reality. 
rebelle, adj. and s. rebellious, rebel. 
rebondir, v. to rebound, jump back or again. 
rebours, m. wrong side; au-, upside down; 
rebut, m. repulse, waste; canon de -, cannon worn out or cast aside or scrapped. 
rebuter, v. to rebuff, spurn. 
récapituler, v. to recapitulate. 
récemment, adv. recently (em pronounced as am). 
récent, -e, adj. recent. 
réception, f. reception, receipt, receiving. 
recette, f. receipt, prescription. 
recevoir, v. to receive; être reçu licencié en droit, et puis avocat, pass the law 
   examination, and then be admitted to practice. 
réchampir, v. to touch up, set off (in painting). 
réchaud, m. small charcoal stove, chafing-dish. 
réchauffer, v. to heat again, warm up, warm, touch up. 
recherche, f. searching, investigation, search, studied elegance. 
rechercher, v. to search for again, seek again, search for, seek, court, try to find out; 
    recherche, -e, adj. of studied elegance, very careful. 
rechute, f. relapse. 
réciproquement adv. reciprocally, conversely, vice versa. 
récit, m. recital, narration. 
réclamer, v. to reclaim, claim, protest, demand, require. 
reclusion, f. seclusion, confinement. 
recommander, v. to recommend, commend, bid. 
recommencer, v. to recommence, begin again. 
récompense, f. recompense, reward. 
récompenser, v. to reward. 
réconcilier, v. to reconciliate. 
reconduire, v. to reconduct, lead tack, take back, go back with. 
reconnaissable, adj. recognizable. 
reconnaissance, f. gratitude. 
reconnaître, v. to recognize, discover, admit, realize, acknowledge, 
    reconnoiter; reconnaissant, -e, adj. grateful. 
reconquérir, v. to reconquer, regain. 
reconstruire, v. to reconstruct. 
recours, m. recourse. 
recouvrer, v. to recover. 
recouvrir, v. to cover again, cover, recover. 
récrimination, f. recrimination. 
recroqueviller (se), u. to curl up, shrivel, shrink. 
rectitude, f . uprightness. 
recueillir, v. to gather, collect, pick up, take in, inherit; se -, collect one's thoughts, 
    reflect; recueilli, -e, adj. meditative. 
rédaction, f. drawing up, editing. 
reddition, f. delivery, return. 
redemander, v. to ask again, request the return of. 
redescendre, v. to descend again, go down again. 
redevable, adj. indebted. 
redevenir, v. to become again. 
redingote, f. frock -coat. 
redoubler, v. to redouble, increase. 
redoutable, adj. dreadful, formidable, terrible. 
redouter, v. to dread. 
réduction, f. reduction. 
réduire, v. to reduce, compel. 
réel, -le, adj. real. 
réellemsnt, adv. really. 
refaire, v. to make again or over. 
refermer, v. to close again, close or shut. 
réfléchir, v. to reflect; 
réfléchi, -e, adj. thoughtful. 
reflet, m. reflection (of light, etc.). 
refléter, v. to reflect (light, etc.). 
réflexion, f. reflection. 
reformer, v. to form again, re-form. 
réformer, v. to reform, correct. 
refouler, v. to trample upon again, repress, repel. 
réfugier (se), v. to take refuge. 
refus, m. refusal. 
refuser, v. to refuse; se -, refuse; s'y -, refuse to do it; se - à l'évidence, deny the evidence. 
regagner, v. to regain, go or get back to. 
regard, m. glance, look, regard, eye. 
regarder, v. to look at, look, regard, concern; - sur, overlook. 
régent, -e, m., f. regent, director. 
régie, f. administration; la Regie, the Government Internal Revenue Office (controls the 
   sale of tobacco, which is a government monopoly in France). 
régime, m. diet, rule, form of government, regime; l'ancien -, the French monarchy 
     before the Revolution. 
régiment, m. regiment. 
région, f. region. 
régir, v. to rule. 
régistre, m. register. 
règle, f. rule; en -, regular, all right. 
régler, v. to regulate, settle; réglé, -e, adj. regular. 
régner, v. to reign. 
regret, m. regret 
regretter, v. to regret. 
régularité, f . regularity. 
régulier, -ère, adj. regular. 
régulièrement, adv. regularly. 
rehausser, v. to heighten, enhance, set off, raise, increase. 
réimprimer, v. to reprint. 
rein, m. kidney, back. 
réitérer, v. to reiterate, repeat. 
rejeter, v. to throw back, reject. 
rejoindre, v. to rejoin, meet, join, be connected with; sa -, meet. 
réjouir, v. to rejoice, cheer, delight; rejouissant, -e, adj. cheering, delightful. 
relatif, -ive, adj. relative. 
relation, f. relation (in business, etc.), connection, relativement, adv. relatively; 
    - à, in regard to. 
relever, v. to lift again, raise, lift, turn up, relieve; se-, raise oneself, rise again, 
    get up again, be raised, rise. 
relief, m. relief (projection, etc.). 
relier, v. to bind. 
religieux, -euse, adj. and s. religious, monk, nun. 
religion, f. religion. 
relire, v, to reread, read over. 
reluire, v. to shine, glisten. 
remarler, v. to remarry. 
remarquable, adj. remarkable, worthy of note. 
remarque, f. remark, notice. 
remarquer, v. to remark, notice. 
rembourser, v. to reimbufse. 
Rembrandt (Rembrandt Hermanzoon van Rijn), Dutch painter; he led the reaction 
    against the Italian influence. (Among his numerous works are: Presentation in the 
   Temple, Lesson in Anatomy, Descent from the Cross, Sortie of the Company of 
   Hans Banning Cock [so-called NightWatch, Pilgrims of Emmaus, Syndics of the 
   Cloth-Hall, and many portraits; 1607-1669; dt not pronounced in French.) 
remède, -m, remedy; - de bonne femme, old woman's remedy. 
remercier, v. to thank. 
remerciment, m. thanks. 
réméré, m. redemption, right of repurchase. 
remettre, v. to put back, put on again, put again, deliver, give, give over or back, put off, 
     postpone; se -, put oneself back, place oneself again, take one's seat again; se - à, 
     begin again. 
réminiscence, f. reminiscence. 
remise, m. livery-coach. 
remise, f. delivery, remittance. 
remonter, v. to remount, go 
or come up again, go back, go up, get in again, wind up. 
remontrance, f. remonstrance. 
remords, m. remorse. 
rempart, m. rampart, city wall. 
remplacer, v. to replace. 
remplir, v. to fill, fulfil. 
remporter, v. to carry off or back, win. 
remuer, v. to move, stir, rummage; se -, bestir oneself, stir, move. 
renaître, v. to be born or rise again, return. 
renard, m. fox. 
rencontre, f. mecting; a rna -, to meet me. 
rencontrer, v. to meet, come upon, find; se -, meet, find. 
rendez-vous, m. rendezvous, appointment, meeting. 
rendre, v. to render, give back, make, restore, depict, pass (sentence, an ordinance, etc.); 
     se -, make or render oneself, betake oneself, go, be given or depicted. 
rêne, f. rein. 
renfermer, v. to shut up again, contain; le tact renfermé dans, the tact shown in. 
renommée, f. renown, fame. 
renoncer, v, to renounce, give up. 
renouveler, v. to renew, repeat. 
renseignement, m. information (also in pl.); prendre des renseignements, to make inquiries. 
rente, f. income, annuity, income from 	government bonds or stocks, etc. 
rentrer, v. to reenter, go back in, come in, return, go home; - dans l'objet, regain possession 
     of the object; dans mes fonds, make my expenses; être rentré, be back (home, etc.) ; 
     - en moimême, turn my thoughts inward. 
renversement, m. overthrow, upsetting. 
renverser, v. to overturn, upset, throw over or back. 
renvoyer, v. to send back or away, dismiss. 
répandre, v. to scatter, spread, diffuse. 
reparaître, f. to reappear. 
réparation, f. repair. 
réparer, v. to repair, make amends (for), mend, make up for. 
répartir, v. to distribute, assess. 
repas, m., repast, meal. 
repasser, m. to pass again, repass, iron; fer à -, flatiron. 
repentir (se), v. to repent; repentir, m. repentance; repenti, -e, adj. and f. repentant, 
    repentant woman. 
répertoire, m. repertory. 
répéter, v. to repeat. 
repincer, v. to pinch again, catch again, get even with. 
replâtrer, v. to replaster, patch up. 
repli, m. fold, recess. 
replier, v. to fold again or back, fold. 
réplique, f. reply. 
répliquer, v. to reply. 
répondre, v. to respond, answer,reply; - de, answer for. 
réponse, f. response, answer, reply. 
repos, m. repose, rest. 
reposer, v. to repose, rest; se ~, rest. 
repousser, v. to push back, reject, repulse, repel; repoussant, -e, adj. repulsive. 
reprendre, v. to take again, get again, take on again, take up, take back, regain, 
    reply, resume. 
représaille, f. retaliation, reprisal; pl. reprisal. 
représentation, f. representation, performance, expostulation. 
représenter, v. to represent, give, show, produce, keep up appearances, live in style. 
reprise, f. retaking, clam; à plusieurs reprises, several times. 
reproche, m. reproach. 
reprocher, v. to reproach, reproach for, take exception. 
reproduire, v. to reproduce. 
république, f. republic. 
répudiation, f. repudiation. 
répugnance, f. repugnance. 
répugner, v. to be repugnant. 
réputation, f. reputation. 
requête, f. request, petition. 
Requiem, m. requiem (prayer for the dead; also written requiem; pronounced rékuièm). 
réseau, m. net-work, netting, reserve, f. reserve. 
réserver, v. to reserve. 
résidence, f. residence, royal residence. 
résidu, m. residue, remainder, remains, balance; boite à residus, box for depositing 
    balances (archaic in this sense). 
résignation, f. resignation. 
résigner, v. to resign. 
résister, v. to resist. 
résolu, see resoudre, resolution, f. resolution. 
résoudre, v. to resolve, solve, decide upon; résolu -e, resolved, resolute, settled. 
respect, m. respect (pronounced rèspèk or rèspè). 
respectable, adj. respectable, venerable, honorable. 
respecter, v. to respect. 
respectif, -ive, adj. respective. 
respectueusement, adj, respectfully. 
respectueux, -euse, adj. respectful. 
respirer, v. to respire, inhale, breathe, breathe out or forth, manifest, be manifest. 
resplendir, v. to be resplendent; resplendissant, -e, adj. resplendent. 
responsabilité, f. responsibility. 
responsable, adj. responsible. 
ressemblance, f. resemblance, likeness (in this and in the next six words first 
    syllable is pronounced re not rè). 
ressembler, v. to resemble; ressemblant, -e, adj. resembling, like oneself; i1 etait 
   ressemblant, it was a good likeness; le peindre ressemblant, to paint a likeness 
   of him, paint him true to life. 
ressentiment, m. resentment, grudge. 
ressentir, v. to feel again, feel, experience. 
ressort, m. spring, activity, energy, resource, jurisdiction. 
ressortir, v. to go or come out again, stand out (in contrast). 
ressource, f. resource. 
ressusciter, v. to raise or rise from the dead. 
restaurateur, m. restaurantkeeper. 
restauration, f. restoration; la Restauration, the Restoration (of the Bourbons from 
     1814 to 1830). 
reste, m. rest, remains, remainder, trace. 
rester, v. to remain, stay. restituer, v. to return, restore. 
restitution, f. restitution. 
restreindre, v. to restrain, restrict, limit. 
résultat, m. result. 
résulter, v. to result. 
résumer, v. to sum up, recapitulate. 
rétablir, v. to reestablish, restore (the health, property, etc.), put on one's feet again. 
retard, m. delay, tardiness; en-, late. 
retardataire, m. person in arrears or late, loiterer. 
retarder, v. to delay. 
retenir, v. to retain, hold back, hold, keep, restrain. 
retentir, v. to resound, sound, ring out, echo. 
retirer, v. to retire, draw back, withdraw, take off or from, draw out; se -, retire, 
    withdraw. 
retomber, v. to fall again, fall back, fall, relapse. 
retoucher, v. to retouch, touch up. 
retour, m. return. 
retourner, v. to go back, return, turn around, turn over again, turn over, turn; 
    se -, turn around or over. 
retousser, v. to cough again. 
retracer, v. to retrace. 
retraite, f. retreat. 
retravailler, v. to work over. 
retraverser, v. to cross again, pass through again. 
retrousser, v. to turn up, brush up. 
retroussis, m. flap, facing. 
retrouver, v. to find again, regain; se -, find oneself again, be found again, meet again. 
reunion, f. reunion, meeting, gathering. 
reunir, v. to reunite, bring together, collect; se -, meet. 
reussir, v. to succeed (in or with). 
revanche, f. revenge; uneque je lui devais, a turn I owed him. 
rêve, m. dream. 
réveil, m. awakening. 
réveiller, v. to reawaken, awaken, arouse; se -, awaken. 
Réveillon, a wealthy Parisian manufacturer of colored paper; he is remembered chiefly 
    because his house was sacked April 28, 1789, on account of a popular belief that he 
    was antagonistic to the republican ideas. 
révélation, f. revelation. 
révéler, v. to reveal. 
revendeur, -euse, m., f. retail or second-hand dealer, dealer in old clothes. 
Revenge, Revenge (name of an English ship). 
revenir, v. to come back, return, recover, be due; je revins à moi, I recovered my senses. 
revenu, m. revenue. 
rêver, v. to dream, dream of. 
réverbère, m. reflector, streetlamp. 
rêverie, f. revery, dreaming. 
revers, m. reverse, facing (of cloth), back side. 
revêtir, v. to reclothe, put on, cover, invest, provide. 
revivre, v. to revive, come to life again, live again. 
revoir, v. to see again. 
révolution, f. revolution; la Revolution, the French Revolution. 
révolutionnaire, adj. revolutionary. 
revue, f. review, military inspection. 
rez-de-chaussée, m. groundfloor (first syllable is pronounced ré). 
rhabillage, m. botching. 
rhinocéros, m. rhinoceros (s pronounced). 
rhum, m. rum (not nasalized, same vowel sound as in Rome). 
riche, adj. rich, expensive, abundant. 
Richelieu (le duc de), French marshal, great-nephew of the Cardinal (1696-1788); 
    Cardinal de -, one of the greatest French statesmen; he opposed Austria, the 
   Protestants and the nobles; as prime minister of Louis XIII he built up the royal 
   power (1585-1642). 
richement, adv. richly, fully. 
richesse, f. wealth, riches, richness, magnificence (also in pl.). 
ride, f. wrinkle, ripple. 
rideau, m. curtain. 
rider, v. to wrinkle. 
ridicule, adj. and m. ridiculous, ridicule, ridiculous trait. 
rien, m. nothing, anything, trifle; ne ... -, nothing; - que, only, merely. 
rieur,-euse, adj. laughing. 
rigide, adj. rigid. 
rigoureux, -euse, adj. rigorous. 
rigueur, f. rigor, sternness.  tenir - à, to treat coldly, refuse to come to. 
riposter, v. to reply (sharply). 
rire, v. to laugh; m. laughter, laugh; riant, -e, adj. cheerful, laughing; 
    - bien, have a good laugh. 
Ris, village about 16 miles south of Paris (s pronounced). 
risible, adj. laughable. 
risque, m. risk. 
risquer, v. to risk. 
rivage, m. shore, beach. 
rival, -e, adj. and s. rival. 
Rivarol (Antoine de), French journalist and author (1753-1801), 
rivière, f. river. 
robe, f. robe, dress, gown, frock. 
robuste, adj. robust. 
roche, f. rock. rocher, m. rock, cliff. 
rogatoire, adj. of inquiry; commission -, judicial commission. 
Rohan, name of a prominent and noble French family; its most noted member 
   was the due Henri de - (1579-1638), a leader of the Huguenots. 
roi, m. king (also in the game of piquet a technical name for 1/12 of the entire 
   game). 
roide, adj. steep (more usually written raide). 
roidir, v. to stiffen, tighten. 
rôle, m. role, part; à tour de -, in turn. 
romain, -e, adj. and s. Roman (written Romain when s.). 
roman, m. novel, story. 
romancier, m. novelist. 
romanesque, adj. romancsque, fantastic, romantic. 
romantique, adj. and m. romantic. 
romanticist (author of the Romantic School). 
Rome, Rome. 
rompre, v. to break, rupture, break down, snap. 
rond, -e, adj. round. 
rondelet, -te, adj. roundish, plump. 
ronfler, v. to snore, roar, snort. 
ronger, v. to gnaw, cat away or out. 
rosace, f. rose-window, rose (in architecture). 
Rosbach, Rossbach (Saxon village, scene of a defeat of the French and Germans by 
    the Prussians in 1757)· 
rose, f. rose; adj. pink. 
Rose, Rose. 
rosée, f. dew. 
rosette, f. rosette. 
Rosine, Rosina, Rosine, Rosie. 
rosse, f. broken-down horse, jade. 
rôtisseur, m. keeper of a cookshop. 
roue, f. wheel. 
rouer, v. to break on the wheel, beat, do up. 
rouge, adj. -and m. red, redhot, redness, rouge; - -cerise, cherry-red. 
rougeâtre, adj. reddish. 
rougeur, f. glow, blush, redness, heightened color. 
rougir, v. to redden, blush. roulement, m. rolling, rumbling. 
rouler, v. to roll, roll up or about, roam, take in (trick). 
rousseur, f. ruddiness; taches (grains) de -, freckles. 
route, f. route, way, highway, road; grande -, highway; faire fausse -, 
    to get on the wrong track. 
roux, rousse, adj. russet, reddish brown, reddish yellow, red-haired. 
royal, -e, adj. royal. 
royalisme, m. royalism. 
royaliste, adj. and s. royalist. 
royaume, ni, kingdom. 
ruban, m. ribbon. 
Rubens (Peter Paul), Flemish painter; among his numerous works are: 
   Descent from the Cross, Elevation of the Cross, Crucifixion of Saint 
   Peter, etc. (1577-1640; pronounced in French rubins, last syllable 
   nasalized). 
ruche, f . hive, ruche. 
rude, adj. rude, rough. 
rue, f . street. 
ruelle, f. alley, recess (between bed and wall), bed-side. 
ruer, v. to throw, kick. 
rugissement, m. roar. 
ruine, f. ruin, spoil. 
ruiner, v. to ruin. 
ruisseau, m. small stream, gutter. 
ruse, f. ruse, trick, cunning. 
rusé, -e, adj. crafty, tricky, cunning. 
russe, adj. Russian (written Russe when s.). 
Russie, f . Russia. 
s', see se or si. 
sa, see son. 
sable, m. sand. 
sable, m. black (in heraldry). 
sabler, v. to cover with sand, sand. 
sabre, m. saber. 
sac, m. sack, bag, money-bag; - a papier, the deuce take it! 
saccadé, -e, adj. jerky. 
sacrement, m. sacrament. 
sacrer, v. to consecrate; sacre, -e, adj. sacred, damned. 
sacrifice, m. sacrifice. 
sacrifier, v. to sacrifice. 
sacristie, f . sacristy. 
sage, adj. good, well-behaved, wise. 
sagesse, f. wisdom, good behavior. 
saigner, v. to bleed. 
saillant, -e, adj. projecting, striking, salient. 
saillie, f. projection, prominence. 
sain, -e, adj. healthy, sound. 
saint, -e, adj. and s. saintly, holy, sacred, saint. 
Saint-Denis, village 4 miles north of Paris, noted as the burial-place of the French kings; 
    rue -, long street running north from near the Ile de la Cité; quartier -, commercial 
   quarter in the north-central section of Paris. 
Saint-Domingue, m. Santo Domingo, capital of the Dominican Republic (the Republic 
    occupying the eastern end of the island of Santo Domingo in the West Indies); also 
    the island of Santo Domingo. 
Sainte-Hélène, f. Saint Helena (English island off the west coast of Africa; Napoleon I 
    was confined here from 1815 to his death in 1821). 
sainteté, f . sanctity. 
Saint-Georges (le chevalier de), French officer, musician and noted fencer (1745-1799)· 
Saint-Germain (le faubourg), district in Paris on the left bank of the Seine opposite the 
   Louvre and the Tuileries, where many members of the old aristocracy live. 
Saint-Leu-Saint-Gilles, a Parisian church on the boulevard de Sebastopol. 
Saint-Leu-Taverny, village 12 miles north of Paris. 
Saint-Louis, Louis IX, King of France from 1226 to 1270; croix de -, cross of the Order of 
    Saint Louis (this order was founded in 1693 by Louis XIV to reward Catholic army 
    officers for distinguished service; under the Restoration the crosses were given so 
    liberally that the order lost its prestige). 
Saint-Marceau (le faubourg), industrial quarter in southeastern Paris. 
Saint-Martin (le faubourg), commercial district in northcentral section of Paris; la Porte --, 
    theater near the arch of this name. 
Saint-Sulpice, large and important church in the SaintGermain quarter. 
Saint-Thomas, Saint Thomas, one of the Danish West Indian islands (now belonging to the 
    United States). 
saisie, f. seizure, attachment. 
saisir, v. to seize, catch, grasp, take in, take possession of, affect (by). 
saison, f. season. 
sakerlotte, wrong spelling of saquerlotte. 
salade, f. salad. 
sale, adj. dirty, nasty. 
salir, v. to soil, dirty. 
salle, f. hall, room; -- a manger, dining-room. 
salon, m. drawing-room, reception-room; le Salon, the yearly exhibition of paintings in Paris 
    (formerly applied to the gallery in the Louvre where works of living artists were exhibited; 
    the exhibition is now held in the Grand Palais). 
salpêtrer, v. to cover with saltpeter. 
Salpêtrière (la), a hospital for aged and insane women in southeastern Paris. 
saluer, v. to bow to, bow, greet, salute. 
salut, m. salutation, bow, safety, salvation. 
salutaire, adj. salutary. 
salutation, f. salutation. 
samedi, m. Saturday. 
sanctuaire, m. sanctuary. 
sang, m. blood. sang-froid, m. coolness, posure. 
sangle, f. strap; lit  de -, folding-bed (the frame the form of the letter X and is covered with canvas 
    or bound by straps.) 
sanglot, m. sob. 
sangsue, f. leech. 
sans, prep. without, except for; - que, conj. without. 
sans-culotte, m. sans-culotte, extreme revolutionist. 
santé. f. health. 
saquerlotte, interj., the deuce!, etc. 
Saqui (madame), a famous rope-dancer, who had her own theater in Paris (1786-1866). 
Sara, Sarah. 
Sardanapale, Sardanapalus, King of Assyria in the seventh century B.C.; as an oath = 
    Jehosaphat!, etc. 
sarpejeu, interj. by George!, etc. 
satellite, m. satellite. 
satin, m. satin. 
satiné, -e, adj. satin-like. 
satisfaction, f. satisfaction. 
satisfaire, v. to satisfy. sauce, f. sauce. 
sauf, sauve, adj. safe; prep. save. 
saut, m. leap. 
saut-de-loup, m. ditch used instead of a fence at entrance of grounds so as not to cut off 
    the view, ha-ha. 
sauter, v. to jump, leap, leap over; - au cou de, fall on the neck of. 
saute-ruisseau, m. errand-boy. 
sautoir, m. Saint Andrew's cross, ribbon around neck falling to a point on the chest; en -, 
   cross-wise, across the shoulders. 
sauvage, adj. and s. wild, shy, untamed, savage. 
sauver, v. to save; se -, save oneself, run away. 
savant, -e, adj. and s. learned, skilful, scholar, scientist. 
savoir, v. to know, know how, can, be able; sachez que, know that, you may be assured that; 
   je ne sais quel, I do not know what, some; que sais-je?, how should I know?, in some way; 
   on ne sait où, somewhere or other; le - là, know that he is there; que Pon ne saurait confier 
   à, which one cannot confide to; m. knowledge, learning. 
savourer, v. to savor, relish, enjoy, taste. 
savoyard, -e, adj. and s, Savoyard, inhabitant of Savoy (Savoy became a French department in 
  1860; written Savoyard when s.). 
Saxe, f. Saxony (German kingdom). 
scandale, m. scandal. 
scélérat, -e, adj. and s. wicked, heinous, villanous, villain, wretch, rascal. 
scélératesse, f. villany, rascality. 
scellé, m. seal (in law); apposer les scellés, to put a house under seal (so that property cannot be 
   removed before it is disposed of according to the will of the deceased). 
scène, f. scene. 
science, f. science, knowledge. 
scientifique, adj. scientific. 
scintillement, m. scintillation. 
Scio, see Chio; massacre de -, name of a painting by Delacroix (there was a Turkish massacre 
    on the island in 1822). 
Scott (Walter), the Scotch novelist (1771-1832); le juif de -, for example, Isaac in   
    Ivanhoe. 
scrupule, m. scruple. 
scrupuleux, -euse, adj. scrupulous. 
scruter, v. to scrutinize. 
sculpter, v. to sculpture, carve (in this and in the next two words p is not pronounced). 
sculpteur, m. sculptor. 
sculpture, f. sculpture, carving. se, refl. pr. himself, herself, itself, themselves, etc. 
séance, f. sitting, session; tenante, forthwith. 
séant, m. sitting up in bed; se mettre (dresser) sur son -, to sit up. 
seau, m. pail, bucket. 
sec, sèche, adj. dry, dried up, lean, thin skinny, sharp, keen, curt, harsh, hard, lithe. 
sècher, v. to dry. 
second, -e, adj. second; -- étage, third floor (in this and in the next two words c is 
    pronounced as g). 
secondaire, adj. secondary. 
seconder, v. to second, support. 
secouer, v. to shake, shake off or out. 
secourable, adj. helpful. 
secourir, v. to succor, aid, help. 
secours, m. succor, aid, help, assistance (also in pl. in sense of material assistance). 
secret, -ète, adj. and m. secret, secrecy; sous le -, in secrecy; - de la porte, secret 
   spring or lock of the door. 
secrétaire, m. secretary, writing-desk. 
secrètement, adv. secretly. 
sécurité, f. security, assurance, tranquillity, soundness. 
Sedan, manufacturing town (cloth) of northern France in the department of Ardennes. 
séduction, f. seduction, allurement, charm. 
séduire, v. to seduce, attract; séduisant, -e, adj. seductive, attractive. 
seigneur, m. lord. 
sein, m. breast, bosom. 
Seine, f. Seine; departement de la -, department comprising Paris and a little adjacent territory. 
seing, m. signature (of an act; g silent). 
seize, card. sixteen. 
seizième, ord. sixteenth. 
séjour, m. sojourn, stay, visit. 
séjourner, v. to stay. 
selon, prep. according to. semaine, f. week. 
semblable, adj. and m. similar, like, of this kind, such, fellow-creature. 
semblant, m. appearance, pretense. 
sembler, v. to seem. 
semelle, f. sole (shoe); cheval à double -, heavily shod horse. 
semer, v. to sow, strew, scatter. 
semestre, m. six months, half-year, term. 
sénateur, m. senator. 
sénatorerie, f. senatorship. 
sens, m. sense, direction, meaning (final s not pronounced). 
sensation, f . sensation. 
sensément, adv. sensibly. 
sensibilité, f. sensitiveness, feeling, compassion. 
sensible adj. sensitive, perceptible, affected (by). 
sensiblerie, f. sentimentality. 
sentence, f. maxim, saying, sentence (judicial). 
senteur, f. smell, odor, fragrance, perfume. 
sentiment, m. sentiment, feeling, pereeption, expression. 
sentimental, -e, adj. sentimental. 
sentir, v. to feel, perceive, smell, smell of, reek of; se -, feel oneself, feel that one has or 
     is, feel; vous ne vous sentez plus de, you no longer feel the effects of. 
seoir, v. to suit; sis, -e, adj. situated. 
séparer, v. to separate; se (de), be separated, separate, leave; séparé de biens avec sa 
      femme, with no control over his wife's property. 
sept card. seven (p not pronounced). 
septième, ord. seventh (p not pronounced). 
séquestre, ni, sequestration. 
serein, -e, adj. serene, quiet. 
sergent, m. sergeant. 
sérieusement, adv. seriously, in earnest. 
sérieux, -euse, adj. and m. serious, seriousness. 
serpenter, v. to wind or glide in and out. 
serrement nt . squeezing, heaviness (of heart). 
serre-papiers, m. paper-holder. 
serrer, v. to tighten, squeeze, bind, press, clench, grip, draw tight, put away, shake (hands). 
servante, f . maid-servant. 
service, m. service, set of dishes or linen. 
serviette, f. napkin, towel, portfolio. 
servile, adj. servile. 
servir, v. to serve; se - de, make use of, use. 
serviteur, m. servant, attendant; -!, excuse me! 
ses, see son.
seuil, m. threshold. 
seul, -e, adj. alone, single, only; le - qui, the only one who. 
seulement, adv. only, even. 
sévère, adj. severe, strict. 
sévèrement, adj. severely, sternly. 
sévérité, f . severity. 
Sèvres, town 6 miles west of Paris, noted for the government porcelain manufactory. 
sexagénaire, adj. sixty years old. 
sexe, m. sex. 
si, conj. and adv. if, to see if, whether, what if, so, yes (in a contradiction); fait, yes I 
     am, yes I do. 
Sibérie, f . Siberia. 
siècle, m. century, age. 
siège, m. seat, siege. 
siéger, v. to sit (of assemblies, etc.). 
sien, -ne, adj. pr. (usually with article), his, her, its, his own, etc. 
sieur, m. master, Mr. (old title now chiefly used in law or in disparagement). 
Sigalon (Xavier), French historical painter (1788-1837). 
signal, m. signal. 
signature, f . signature. 
signe, m. sign; - de tête, noel. 
signer, v. to sign, mark. 
signifier, v. to signify, mean, serve notice of. 
silence, m. silence. 
silencieusement, adv. silently. 
silencieux, -euse, adj. silent. 
silhouette, f. silhouette (drawing representing the profile traced by means of a 
    shadow), outline. 
sillon, m. furrow. 
sillonner, v. to furrow. 
similitude, f. similarity. 
simple, adj. simple, mere, only, unaffected. 
simplement, 	adj. simply, merely. 
simplicité, f. simplicity. 
simplifier, v. to simplify. 
simuler, v. to feign, simulate; simulé, -e, adj. pretended, sham, fictitious. 
sincère, adj. sincere. 
sincèrement, adj. sincerely. 
sincérité, f. sincerity. 
singe, m. monkey, ape (applied to a disagreeable person: "bear "). 
singer, v. to ape. 
singerie, f. apishness, antic, grimace. 
singularité, f. singularity, peculiarity. 
singulier, -ère, adj. singular, peculiar, odd. 
singullerement, adv. singularly. 
sinistre, adj. sinister. 
sinon, conj, if not, except. 
sinueux, -euse, adj. sinuous, curved, winding. 
sinuosité, f. sinuosity, winding, curve. 
sirène, f. siren, mermaid. 
sis, see seoir. 
situation, f. situation, condition. 
situer, v. to place; 
situe, -e, situated. 
six, card. six (x pronounced as .1'). 
sixième, ord. sixth (x pronounced as z). 
sobriété, f . sobriety. 
sobriquet, m. nickname. 
sociabilité f. sociability. 
social, -e, adj. social, of society, belonging to a firm. 
socialement, adv. socially. 
société, f. society, company. 
sœur, f . sister, nun. 
Sofka, mademoiselle Sofka (Sophie) Koslovski, a Russian friend of Balzac, who 
    corresponded with her when she was in Paris in 1842. 
soi, refl. pr. oneself, itself (indefinite). 
soie, f. silk. 
soierie, f. silk-trade; pl. silks. 
soif, f. thirst (f pronounced). 
soigner, v. to care for, look after. 
soigneusement, adv. carefully. 
soi-même, refl, pr. oneself (indefinite). 
soin, m. care, attention; pl. care, attentions, aid. 
soir, m. evening. 
soirée, f. evening, evening entertainment. 
soit, adv. be it so, so be it, whether; - que ... -que, whether ... or whether, whether (either) 
    because or because; - ... -, 	either (because of) or (because of). (When this word is used 
    alone [soit!] t is pronounced.) 
soixante, cards: sixty (x pronounced as s); - -dix, seventy (Balzac uses - et dix) ; - -quinze, 
     seventyfive; - -seize, seventy-six. 
soldat, m. soldier. 
soldatesque, adj. soldier-like (usually uncomplimentary). 
solde, f . soldier's pay, pay. 
solder, v. to pay, settle, liquidate. 
soleil, m. sun, sunlight; biens au --, real-estate. 
solennel, -le,  adj. solemn (in this and in the next word en is pronounced as an). 
solennité, f. solemnity, ceremony. 
solidaire, adj. jointly and severally responsible. 
solide, adj. strong, steady, firm, secure, safe. 
solidement, 	adv. firmly, strongly. 
solitaire, adj. solitary, lonely, alone. 
solitude, f. solitude. 
solive, f. rafter, joist. 
solliciter, v. to solicit. 
solliciteur, -euse, m., f. solicitor, solicitress, one who asks assistance. 
sollicitude, f. solicitude. 
soluble, adj. soluble. 
solution, f . solution. 
sombre, adj. somber, dark, gloomy. 
somme, f . sum. 
somme, m. nap. 
sommeil, m. sleep. 
sommet, m. summit. somptueux, -euse, adj. sumptuous. 
somptuosité, f. sumptuousness. 
son, m. sound. 
son, sa (ses, pl.), poss. adj. pr. his, her, its, one's. 
sonder, v. to sound, fathom; - le terrain, see how the land lies. 
songe, m. dream. 
songer, v. to dream, muse, think; songez que, just think that. 
sonner v. to ring, ring out or for, strike; à midi sonnant, at the stroke of noon. 
sonnette, f. small bell, doorbell; tirer la -, to draw the bell-cord, ring the bell. 
sorcier, -ère, m., f. sorcerer, 
sorceress, magician. 
sort, m. lot, fate, luck. 
sorte, f. sort, kind; en quelque -, in some way, in a way; de telle -, in such a way; 
    en - que, conj. so that. 
sortie, f. going out, exit, departure. 
sortir, v. to go out, come out, get out, take out, leave. 
sot, -te, adj. and s. foolish, stupid, fool. 
sottise, f. foolishness, foolish act or remark, stupidity, silly trick. 
sou, m. sou, cent; gros -, two-cent piece; cent sous, five francs, dollar (familiar); 
    sans le -, without a cent. 
souche, f. stump, log. 
souci, m. care, anxiety, concern. 
soucier, v. to disturb; se-, care, be concerned. 
soudain, -e, adj. and adv. sudden, suddenly. 
souffle, m. breath, breathing. 
souffler, v. to blow, blowout or up, breathe, puff. 
soufflet, m. bellows, box (on the ear). 
souffleter, v. to buffet. 
souffrance, f. suffering, indisposition, sufferance; jour de -, window giving on a 
   neighbor's property but closed by a grating or otherwise (it may be translated 
   by 'borrowed light' or 'permitted window'). 
souffrir, v. to suffer, allow, suffer from; souffrant, -e, adj. ill. 
souhaiter, v. to wish, desire. 
soulever, v. to raise, lift. soulier, m: low shoe, shoe. 
soumettre, v. to submit, subject; soumis, -e, adj. submissive. 
soumissionner, v. to bid for, contract for. 
soupçon, m. suspicion. 
soupçonner, v. to suspect. 
souper, v. to take supper, eat supper; m. supper. 
soupeser, v. to weigh in the palm of the hand. 
soupière, f. tureen. 
soupir, m. sigh. soupirer, v. to sigh. 
souple, adj. supple, pliant, flexible. 
souplesse, f. suppleness, flexibility. 
source, f. source, spring; ils prenaient leur - dans, they sprang from. 
sourcil, m. eye-brow (liquid 1). 
sourciller, v. to frown; ne pas -, not move a muscle. 
sourd, -e, adj. deaf, muffled, dull, hollow. 
sourire, v. to smile, please; m. smile. 
souris, f. mouse. 
sournois, -e, adj. sly, cunning. 
sous, prep. under, beneath, in, within (time). 
sous-chef, m. assistant headclerk. 
souscrire, v. to underwrite, subscribe, sign. 
sous-seing, m. private deed. 
soussigné, -e, adj. and s. undersigned. 
soutenir, v. to sustain, bear, maintain, support, keep up, uphold. 
souterrain, -e, adj. and m. subterranean, subterranean passage, tunnel. 
souvenir (se), v. to remember; m. memory, recollection, remembrance, souvenir (object 
    preceded by de). 
souvent, adj, often. 
souverainement, adv. sovereignly, as a sovereign. 
spacieux, -euse, adj. spacious, large. 
spécial, -e, adj. special. 
spécialité, f . specialty. 
spectacle, m. spectacle, show, play, display, sight. 
spectateur, m. spectator. 
spéculateur, m. speculator. 
spéculation. f. speculation. 
spéculer, v. to speculate. 
sphère. f. sphere. 
sphèrique, adj. spherical. 
spirale, f. spiral. 
spiritualisme, m. spiritualism. 
spirituel, -le, adj. witty, intelligent. 
spleen, m. hypochondria, spleen. 
splendeur, f . splendor. 
spontanéité, f. spontaneity. 
squelette, m. skeleton. 
statisticien, m. statistician. 
statue, f . statue. 
statu quo (Latin), former (and present) condition. 
Sterne (Lawrence), English writer, author of Tristram Shandy and The Sentimental Journey (1713-1768). 
stigmate, m. stigma. 
stimuler, v. to stimulate. 
stipulation, f. stipulation. 
stipuler, v. to stipulate. 
stoïcisme, m. stoicism. 
Strasbourg, Strasburg, Alsatian city near the Rhine. 
stratagème, m. stratagem. 
stupéfait, -e, adj. stupified, astonished. 
stupeur, f . stupor. 
stupide, adj. stupid. 
stupidité. f. stupidity. 
Stuttgart, city in Würtemberg. 
style, m. style. 
suave, adj. suave, sweet, gentle. 
suavité, f. suavity, sweetness, sweet serenity. 
subir, v. to undergo, pass through. 
subit, -e, adj. sudden. 
subitement, adv. suddenly. 
sublime, adj. and m. sublime, sublimity. 
sublimité. f. sublimity. 
subrepticement, adv. surreptitiously. 
subrogation, f. subrogation, substitution. 
substance, f. substance, contents. 
substituer, v. to substitute. subtil, -e, adj. "subtile, subtle. 
succéder, v. to succeed, follow. 
succès, m. success. 
successeur, m.. successor. 
succession, f. succession, inheritance, estate. 
successivement, adv. successively. 
succinctement, adv. succinctly, concisely. 
succomber, v. to succumb, lose (a lawsuit). 
succursale, f. branch (establishment). 
sucre, m. sugar. 
sucrer, v. to sugar, sweeten; sucré, -e, adj. sweet; eau sucrée, water with sugar in it. 
suer, v. to sweat. sueur, f . sweat. 
suffire, v. to suffice, be enough; suffit!, enough!; il suffit que quelque chose, 
    something is sufficient; il suffirait d'un obstacle, an obstacle would be 
    sufficient; suffisant, -e, sufficient. 
suffoquer, v. to suffocate, choke. 
Suffren (Pierre-André, bailli de), French naval officer who fought in the East Indies 
     against the English (1762-1788; bailli is a title of the Order of Malta). 
suggérer, v. to suggest. 
suicide, m. suicide. 
Suisse, f . Switzerland. 
suite, f. following, retinue, result, rest; tout de -, immediately; par -, in consequence; 
    par - de, as a result of, because of; il. la - (de), after, behind; de -, in succession. 
suivre, v. to follow, follow up; suivi, -e, adj. regular, coherent; suivant, prep. 
    according to. 
sujet, -te, adj. and s. subject, fellow; mauvais --, worthless fellow, scamp; au - de, 
    about. 
superbe, adj. superb, splendid, haughty. 
supercherie, f. fraud, trickery. 
superficiel, -le, adj. superficial. 
supérieur, -e, adj. superior, upper, above. 
supérieurement, adv. superiorly, highly. 
supériorite, f. superiority. 
superlatif, m. superlative. 
superlativement, adv. superlatively. 
supplice, m. torture, corporal punishment. 
supplier, v. to supplicate, beg. 
supporter, v. to support, bear, endure. 
supposer, v. to suppose. 
supposition, f. supposition. 
supputer, v. to compute, reckon. 
suprême, adj. supreme, last. 
sur, prep. on, upon, over, about, toward, according to, against, out of; la clef -la porte, 
     the key in the lock. 
sûr, -e, adj. sure, certain. 
surabondance, f. superabundance. 
sûrrement, adv. surely. 
Suresne (rue de), street running west from the Madeleine (pronounced and now written 
     Surene). 
sûreté, f. safety; en - de conscience, with a good conscience. 
surface, f. surface. 
surmonter, v. to surmount. 
sumaturel, -le,  adj. supernatural. 
surnom, m. surname. 
surnommer, v. to surname, nickname. 
surpasser, u. to surpass. 
surprendre, v. to surprise, catch. 
surprise, f. surprise. 
surtout, adv. above all, especially. 
surveillance, f. supervision, watch. 
surveiller, v. to watch, watch over. 
survenir, v. to come on or up unexpectedly, happen, occur; survenant, m. newcomer. 
survivre, v. to survive, outlive. 
suscription, f. superscription, address. 
suspect, -e, adj. suspicious, suspected (et pronounced). 
suspendre, v. to suspend, hang. 
suspens, adj. suspended; en -, in suspense (no feminine form; final s silent). 
sybaritisme, m. sybaritism (luxury, effeminacy and voluptuousness). 
symétrie, f . symmetry. 
symétrique, adj. symmetrical, harmonious, orderly. 
symétriquement, adv. symmetrically. 
sympathie, f. sympathy, inclination, fellow-feeling. 
symptôme, m. symptom, sign. 
Syrie, f. Syria. 
système, m. system. 
t', see te. 
ta, see ton. 
tabac, m. tobacco, snuff (c not pronounced). 
tabatière. f. snuff-box. table, f. table, board. 
tableau, m. picture, diagram, tableau, scene, list, view, sight, board. 
tabouret, m. foot-stool. 
tache, f. stain, spot, taint, blemish. 
tâche, f. task. 
tâcher, v. to stain. 
tâcher, v. to try. 
tacite, adj. tacit. 
tact, m. tact (ct pronounced). 
taie, f. pillow-case, film (on the eye). 
taille, f. cut, figure, size, waist. tailler, v. to cut. 
tailleur, m. tailor. 
tain, m. tin-foil, quicksilver. 
taire, v. to suppress, keep quiet; se -, be or become silent, keep quiet. 
talent, m. talent. 
talisman, m. talisman. 
Talleyrand- Périgord (Charles-Maurice de), brilliant but not over-scrupulous French 
     nobleman, diplomat and minister; he played a skilful role in the Congress of Vienna, 
    when Europe was reorganized after the downfall of Napoleon I (1754-1838). 
Talma (François-joseph), French tragedian, favorite actor of Napoleon I (1763-1826). 
talon, m. heel. 
talus, m. embankment, bank, slope (s not pronounced). 
tambour, m. drum; battre du -, to beat the drum, raise a rumpus. 
tandem, m. tandem (last syllable not nasalized) 
tandis, adj. meanwhile; que, conj. whereas, while. 
tanner, v. to tan. 
tant, adj, so much, so many, so, to such a degree; - que, conj. so long as, as much as, as 
     many; en - que femme, so far as the feminine qualities are concerned. 
Tantale, Tantalus, mythical king of Lydia (having offered the gods the flesh of his son to 
     prove their divinity, he was cast into Tartarus; he is represented as standing in a stream 
     which constantly avoids his mouth when he wishes to drink, or beneath fruit-trees of 
     which the branches rise whenever he tries to eat the fruit). 
tantôt, adj. soon, a little ago, before long, just now;  . . . -, now . . . now. 
tapage, m. uproar, noise, disturbance, racket. 
tape, f. rap, slap. 
tapir (se), v. to crouch; tapi, -e, crouching. 
tapis, m. carpet, rug, tablecloth, cloth; --vert, green baize (of the table). 
tapisser, v. to carpet, paper, hang. 
tapisserie, f. tapistry. 
taquin, -e, adj. teasing, annoying. 
tard, adv.late. 
tarder, v. to be late, be slow in, be long in. 
tarifer, v. to rate, fix (prices). 
Tartarie, f. Tartary or Tatary, 
Turkestan. tasse, f. cup. 
tâter, v. to feel, feel of. 
taux, m. rate, price. 
taxe, f. tax; ad'mis en -, taxable. 
taxer, v. to tax, determine or assess the costs (in a la wsuit), charge, accuse. 
te, conj. pr. (familiar), you, to you (occasionally: thee, to thee, etc.). 
technique, adj. technical. 
teint, m. dye, tint, complexion. 
teinte, f. tint, hue, coloring. 
tel, -le,      adj. such; un -, such a, such and such a one, so and so. 
télégraphe, m. telegraph, telegraph-instrument. 
tellement, adv. so, to such a degree. 
tellière, m. foolscap (always used adjectively: papier --). 
témoignage, m. testimony, testimonial. 
témoigner, v. to testify, witness, show. 
témoin, m. witness. 
tempe, f. temple (of the head). 
tempérament, m. temperament. 
tempérer, v. to temper. 
tempête, f. tempest; être à la -, to be in a tempestuous mood. 
temple, m. temple; rue du Temple, Parisian street running north from the Hotel de Ville. 
temps, m. time, period, weather; vers les premiers --', in the first period. 
ténacité, f. tenacity. 
tendre, adj. tender, loving. 
tendre, v. to stretch, stretch out, extend, hand, hang, drape, lay (a trap), paper (a 
    room), put up (a bed). 
tendrement, adj. tenderly. 
tendresse, f. tenderness, fondness, affection. 
ténèbres, f. pl. darkness. 
ténébreux, -euse, adj. dark, obscure. 
tenir, v. to hold, get, be kept, keep, be contained in, hold to, occupy, require, have, deliver (a 
   speech); tiens!, tenez!, wait!, see!, therel! here!, ah!; - à, hold in, hold on to, insist on, be 
   attached to, be related to, cling to, be anxious about, proceed from; qu'à cela ne tienne, 
   never mind; - de, take after, resemble; se -, hold oneself (in various positions), be made 
   (of a speech), sit, remain, keep, stand, be kept, be; s'en - à, stick to; - la conduite, act. 
tentative, f. attempt. 
tenter, v. to tempt, attempt, try. 
tenue, f. bearing, carriage, keeping of books. 
Terburg (Gerard), 	Dutch genre-painter, also a portrait painter (c. 1608-1681). 
terme, m. term, limit, expression, time (for payment). 
terminer, v. to terminate, end, finish; se -, end, etc. 
terne, adj. dull, lusterless, gloomy. 
ternir, v. to tarnish. 
terrain, m. soil, piece of land, ground, 
terre, f. earth, land, cultivated land, ground, estate, floor (in certain phrases); par-, 
   on the ground or floor; a-, to or on the ground or floor; - blanche, white clay; 
   - à -, close to the ground, in a humdrum way. 
terrestre, adj. terrestrial. 
terreur, f. terror. 
terrible, adj. terrible. 
tes, see ton. 
testament, m. will. testamentaire, adj. testamentary; exécuteur -, executor. 
tétanos, m. tetanus, lock-jaw (s pronounced). 
tête, f. head, top, mind; à reposée, at leisure, deliberately; en - à -, in private 
    (said of two people); fendre la -, to split one's ears (of a noise). 
texte, m. text. 
thaler m. thaler (old German coin worth about three marks). 
thé, m. tea. 
théâtre, m. theater; le 'Théâtre-Français, the National Theater in Paris; coup de-, 
     unexpected change or stroke, hit. 
Thébaïde (la) , the Thebaid (Egyptian desert to which early Christians retired), 
     solitude (in ancient geography this name was given to Upper Egypt). 
Thémis, a cafe near the PontNeuf, mentioned by Balzac (apparently fictitious; 
    note that Themis was the Greek goddess of Justice). 
Théodore, Theodore. 
théologal, -e, adj. theological, divine. 
théorie. f. theory. 
thèse, f. thesis; passer la - , to have the thesis accepted. 
tiers, m. third. 
tigre, m. tiger. 
tilbury, m. tilbury (light carriage on two wheels). 
tillac, m. upper deck (liquid l). 
timbre, m. bell, hand-bell, stamp. 
timbré, -e, adj. stamped; papier -, officially stamped paper (with the revenue stamp). 
Timeo Danaos et dona fer entes, I fear the Greeks even when they bear gifts (Vergil, 
   Æneid, II, 49). 
timide, adj. timid. 
timidement, adv. timidly. 
timidité. f. timidity. 
tintement, m. tinkling. 
tinter, v. to tinkle, ring. 
tintinnabuler, v. to jingle. 
Tippo-Saeb, Tippoo Sahib, last king of Mysore (in India), an opponent of the British, by 
    whom he was killed in battle (1749-1799)· 
tirer, v. to draw (out), bring (out of), pull, get out, extricate, shoot; se - d'affaire, get along. 
tiret, m: dash, hyphen, piece of twisted parchment or silk string for tying papers (archaic 
    in last sense). 
tiroir, m. drawer. 
tison, m. fire-brand. 
Titien (le), Titian (Tiziano Vecelli), Italian painter of the Venetian School and known as the 
    first of the colorists; among his numerous pictures are: many portraits, the Last Supper, 
    Sacred and Profane Love, Titian's Mistress, etc. (c. 1477-1576). 
titre, m. title, claim, right; titres de propriété, documentary proof of right ot ownership. 
toast, m. toast (pronounced tost) . 
Tobie, Toby (Uncle Toby or Captain Shandy, uncle of Tristram in Sterne's novel, Tristram 
     Shandy). 
toi, disj. and conj. pr. (familiar), you. to you (occasionally; thou, thee, to thee, etc.). 
toile, f. cloth, canvas, linen, web. 
toilette, f. toilet, dress, dressing, clothes; faire une - qui lao rendît, to dress in such a way 
    that she would be. 
toi-même, pr. yourself (occasionally: thyself). 
toiser, v. to size up, measure, eye from head to foot. 
toit, m. roof, shelter; - a cochons, pig-pen. 
tôle, f. sheet-iron. 
tolerable, adj. supportable, bearable. 
tombe, f. tomb, grave. 
tombeau, m. tomb, tombstone. 
tomber, v. to fall; à la nuit 
tombante, at nightfall. ton, m. tone. 
ton, ta (tes, pl.), poss, adj. pr. (familiar), your (occasionally: thy). 
tonneau, m. cask, barrel. 
tenner, v. to thunder; tonnant, -e, adj. thundering. 
tonnerre, m. thunder; mille tonnerres!, damnation! 
tôper, v. to agree; qui tope a tout, who falls in with everything (this verb is generally 
    used familiarly in gambling or in concluding a bargain: tôpel, done!). 
tordre, v. to twist, wring. 
torpille, f. torpedo, electric ray (fish). 
torrent, m. torrent, flood. 
tort, m. wrong, harm; avoir-, to be wrong. 
tortiller, v. to twist. 
tortueux, -euse, adj. winding. 
torture, f. torture, torment. 
torturer, v. to torture, torment. 
tôt, adv. soon, early. 
total, -e, adj. and m. total. 
totalité, f . totality. 
toucher, v. to· touch, effect, cash or draw (money); _ a, touch, meddle with, border 
    on, draw near, be on the brink of; touehez là, shake!; ne pas en - un seul mot, 
    not say a thing about it; touchant, -e, adj. touching, pathetic. 
toujours, adv. always, all the time, ever, still, nevertheless, at any rate. 
toupet, m. tuft of hair, "cheek," " nerve" (slang). 
tour, f. tower. 
tour, m. turn, circuit, trip around, trick; faire le _ (de), to make the circuit; - à -, 
    in turn. 
tourbillon, m. whirlwind, whirlpool, whirl. 
tourier, -ère, adj. in charge of the turning-box of a convent (box in the wall for 
   receiving objects from the outside). 
tourmenter, v. to torment, trouble, rack; se -, fret. 
tournant, m. turn, corner. 
tourner, v. to turn, turn around, move around, circle; se-, turn oneself, turn, turn 
    around; - et retoumer, turn over and over. 
tourniquet, m. turn-stile, pulley, sash-pulley or fastener (to hold up the windowsash). 
tournoi, m. tournament. 
tournure, f. shape, figure, form, appearance. 
tous, see tout. 
tousser, v. to cough. 
tout, -e (tous, toutes, pl.), adj., adv. and s. all, every, everything, everyone, wholly, 
    quite, very, entire, wide (open), exactly, any; - le jour, all day; tous les jours, every 
    day; tous les dix jours, every ten days; - à fait, wholly, entirely, altogether; - de 
    même, all the same; pas du -, not at all; - en, while, all the time (with participle); 
    - au plus, at the very most (when tous stands alone, without a modified word, s is 
    pronounced). 
toutefois, adv. however, still, yet. 
tout-puissant, toute-puissante, adj. all-powerful, omnipotent. 
toux, f . cough, coughing. 
tracas, m. bustle, din, confusion, hard work. 
trace, f . trace, mark, track. 
tracer, v. to trace, make out. 
tradition, f . tradition. 
traduire, v. to translate, bring before. 
trafiquer, v. to trade, traffic. 
tragedié. f. tragedy. 
trahir, v. to betray. 
train, m. pace, rate, train; en - de, in the act of, about to; ne prenez pas un grand - de 
     maison, don't live in great style. 
traîner, v. to drag, draw. 
trait, m. trace, shaft, trait, feature, 
traite, f. stage (of a journey), draft, note. 
traité, m. treaty. 
traiter, v. to treat, treat of, negotiate, do business, deal with; - de, treat as, call. 
trame, f . woof, plot. 
trancher, v. to cut, cut off or out, stand out, form a contrast. 
tranquille, adj. tranquil, quiet; laisser -, to let alone, let be (ll in this and in the next two 
    words is not liquid). 
tranquillement, adv. tranquilly, quietly. 
tranquillité, f. tranquillity, quiet. 
transaction, f. transaction, compromise. 
transfiguration, f. transfiguration; la Transfiguration, painting by Raphael in the Vatican. 
transformation, f. transformation. 
transiger, v. to compromise. 
transition, f. transition. 
transmettre, v. to transmit, convey, hand down. 
transparent, -e, adj. transparent. 
transpirer, v. to transpire, happen, perspire. 
transplanter, v. to transplant. 
transporter, v. to transport, convey, carry, transfer. 
transversal, -e, adj. transversal, transverse, cross. 
Trappe (la), f. the monastery of Trappists in Normandy, noted for its severity, founded 
       in 1140. 
traquer, v. to track, hunt, pursue (closely). 
travail, m. work, labor. 
travailler, v. to work, work at or on, till, fashion, plow through, torment. 
travailleuse, f. work-table. 
travers, m. breadth, width; à -, through, across, between; au - de, through; en-, crosswise; 
     de -, awry, crooked, crosswise, sidewise, askance, wrong, black (look). 
traverse, f. cross-piece, crossing, short cut, obstacle, bar (in heraldry, especially that of 
     illegitimacy); chemin de -, cross-road. 
traverser, v. to cross, pass through, traverse. 
treize, card. thirteen. 
trembler, v. to tremble; _ de, tremble at the thought of; tremblant, -e, adj. trembling, 
     quaking, shaking. 
tremper, v. to soak, dip, temper. 
trente, card. thirty. 
très, adj. very, very much. 
trésor, m. treasure. 
tressaillement, m. start, thrill, shock. 
tressaillir, v. to start, jump, thrill, twitch. 
trêve, f. truce; - de, a truce to, no more. 
triangle, m. triangle. 
triangulaire, adj. triangular. tribu, f. tribe. 
tribunal, m. tribunal, court. 
tribut, m. tribute. 
tricorne, m. three-cornered hat. 
trictrac, m. backgammon. 
Trim (Corporal), military servant of Uncle Toby in Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy. 
trimestre, m. quarter (of year). 
tringle, f . curtain-rod. 
trinn la la trinn trinn, tra la la.
triomphe, m. triumph. 
triompher, v. to triumph. 
tripler, v. to triple. 
triste, adj. sad, gloomy, dismal, wretched. 
tristement, adv. sadly, dismally. 
tristesse, f. sadness. trois, card. three. 
Trols-Frêres (rue des), Parisian street north of the Boulevard de Rochechouart. 
troisième, ord, third; au -, on the fourth floor. 
tromper, v. to deceive, disappoint, delude, elude, defraud; se - be mistaken, make a mistake. 
tromperie, f. deceit, imposture. 
trompette, f . trumpet. 
trompeur, -euse, adj. deceitful. 
trône, m. throne; Trône (barrière du), name formerly given to the old city wall at the Place 
     de la Nation (the name is derived from a throne erected there by Louis XIV after the 
     peace of the Pyrenees in 1660). 
trop, adv. too, too much, too many; par -, really too. trotter, v. to trot, trot along. trou, m. hole. 
trouble, m. trouble, embarrassment, confusion, disturbance. 
trouble-fête, m. intruder, killjoy. 
troubler, v. to trouble, disturb. 
trouer, v. to make a hole in, pierce; troue, -e, pierced, full of holes. 
troupe, f. troop, crowd, pack. 
troupier, m. trooper. 
trouver, v. to find, consider, think; se -, find oneself, be found, chance to be, be, consider 
    oneself, feel, find that one is; s'en - bien, find it good for one. 
troyen, -ne, adj. and s, Trojan (written Troyen when s.). 
truie, f . sow. 
tu, conj, pr. (familiar), you (occasionally: thou; used by French Protestants in addressing 
    God; the Catholics use vous). 
tuer, v. to kill; on s'y tua, it was as much as your life is worth to be there. 
tuile, f. tile. 
Tuileries (les), now a garden west of the Louvre; formerly a palace, begun in 1564, the 
    residence of royalty; it was attacked and sacked in the French Revolution (1792), also 
    in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848; it was burned by the Commune in 1871. 
tumulte, m. tumult, uproar. 
tumultueux, -euse, adj. tumultuous, riotous. 
tunique, f. tunic, coat (of a uniform). 
turc, turque, adj. and s. Turkish, Turk; a la turque, in Turkish style (written Turc when s.). 
tuteur, m. guardian. 
tuyau, tit. tube, pipe, flue. 
type, m. type, model. 
tyran, m. tyrant. 
tyrannie, f . tyranny. 
tyrannique, adj. tyrannical. 
tyranniser, v. to tyrannize over. 
u, the letter u; les u, the u's, 
Ulysse, Ulysses (legendary king of Ithaca and a shrewd leader at the siege of Troy). 
un, -e, card. and indef, art. one, a, an; 1'-, one; les uns ... les autres, some . . . others; les uns 
    aux autres, to one another; les uns après les autres, one after another; 1'- et 1'autre, both; 
    1'- a 1'autre, to or from each other; 1'- de 1'autre, each other's, etc.; ni 1'- ni 1'autre, 
    neither; 1'- chez l'autre, in each other. 
unanime, adj. unanimous. 
uniforme, m. uniform. 
union, f. union. 
unique, adj. unique, only. 
uniquement, adv. only. 
unir, v. to unite. 
unisson, m. unison, concord. 
univers, m. universe. 
urgence, f ·urgency. 
urgent, -e, adj. urgent. 
usage, m. usage, use, custom; d'-, usual. 
user, v. to wear out, use up; - de, make use of. 
ustensile, m. utensil, tool. 
usurier, m. usurer, moneylender. 
utile, adj. useful, serviceable. 
utilite, f. utility, purpose.
v, pronounced vi or vé. 
vacant, -e, adj. vacant. 
vache, f. cow. 
vacherie, f . cow-stable. 
vagabond, m. vagabond, vagrant. 
vague, adj. and m. vague, indistinct, vagueness. 
vaguement, adj, vaguely. 
vain, -e, adj. vain, empty, useless. 
vaincre, v. to conquer, overcome, vanquish. 
vainement, adj. vainly, in vain. 
vainqueur, m. victor. 
vaisseau, m. vessel, ship . vaisselle, f. dishes, gold or silver plate. 
valet, m. valet, man-servant, footman; - de chambre, man-servant. 
valeur, f. value, price, article of value; pl. bills, property, articles of value, paper 
    (commercial); valeurs fabriquées, manufactured goods. 
valider, v. to validate. 
vallée, f . valley. 
valoir, v. to be worth, bring; - mieux, be worth more, be better; faire -, make the 
    best of, realize, set or show off.
valser, v. to waltz. 
vanité, f. vanity. 
vanter, v. to boast of, brag about, extol. 
vapeur, f. vapor, stearn, fume. 
Varennes (rue de), street in the faubourg Saint-Germain. 
variante, f. variant. 
varier, v. to vary. 
variete, f. variety; les Varietes, name of a Parisian theater for light pieces (on the 
    boulevard Montmartre). 
vase, m. vase, can. 
vasistas, m. movable pane of glass in a window, small window (final s pronounced). 
vaurien, m. good-for-nothing, scamp. 
veau, m. calf, veal. 
veille, f. eve, day before. 
veiller, u, to watch, sit up. 
veine, f. vein, good luck. 
velours, m. velvet, corduroy. 
velours, -e, adj. velvet, corduroy. 
velouté, -e adj. velvety
vendeur, m. vender, seller . 
vendôme (la place), square short distance north of the Tuileries with a column 142 
    feet high, at the top of which is a statue of Napoleon; there is also a private 
    school in Tours (college de -) which Balzac attended when a boy; there is also 
    a town of this name near Blois. 
vendre, v. to sell. 
vendredi, m. Friday. 
vénérable, adj. venerable. 
vengeance f. vengeance. 
venger, v. to avenge. 
vengeur, m. avenger. 
venimeux, -euse, adj. venomous, malignant. 
venir, u, to come; - de, come from, have just; - à, come to, happen; venu, m. corner. 
vent, m. wind; au -, in the wind, flying. 
  
vente, f. sale. 
ventouse, f. ventilation. 
ventre, m. belly, stomach, hollow, womb; - à terre, at full speed; - de-biche!, egad!, 
    etc. (old fashioned oath). 
vêpres, f. pl. vespers. 
ver, m. worm. 
verbal, -e, adj. verbal. 
verbiage, m. idle talk. 
verdâtre, adj. greenish. 
verdure, f. verdure. 
Vergniaud (Pierre-Victurnien), statesman of the French Revolution, he belonged to 
    the Gironde or moderate party and was beheaded in the Revolution (1753-1793). 
vérifier, v. to verify, make sure of. 
véritable, adj. veritable, true, real. 
vérité, f. truth; a la (en) _, in truth, really. 
vermeil, -le, adj. vermilion, bright-red, rosy; m. silver gilt. 
vermoulu, -e, adj. worm-eaten. 
Vernet (Claude-Joseph), French marine painter (1714-1789). 
vernir, v. to varnish, polish; cuir verni, patent leather. 
verre, m. glass. 
verrou, m. bolt. 
vers, m. verse. 
vers, prep. toward. 
Versailles, city with famous royal castle, now used chiefly as a museum, and park 12 
     miles southwest of Paris. 
versement, m. payment, deposit. 
verser, v. to pour, pour forth or out, shed; - dans ses traits la douceur, give a sweet 
    expression to her features. 
vert, -e, adj. green; arbre --, evergreen; --bouteille, bottle-green. 
vertige, m. vertigo, giddiness, dizziness; il avait des vertiges, his head swam. 
vertu, f. virtue. 
vertueusement, adv. virtuously. 
vertueux, -euse, adj. virtuous. 
verve, f . animation, spirit. 
veste, f . short coat, jacket. 
vestibule, m. vestibule. 
vestige, m. vestige, trace. 
vestimental, -e, adj. of clothes. 
vêtement, m. garment, piece of clothing; pl. clothes. 
vêtir, v. to clothe, dress, cover. 
veuf, veuve, m., f. widower, widow. 
veuvage, m. widowhood. 
vexer, v. to vex, torment. 
viager, -ère, adj. for life; rente viagère, life annuity. 
vicaire, m. curator, vicar (the vicaire assists the curé; note the difference in English). 
vice, m. vice, blemish, defect; vices de formes, technical or verbal mistakes. 
vice-amiral, m. vice-admiral. 
vice-connétable, m. vice high constable (formerly in France the first in command of 
    the armies was called the connetable ; under Napoleon I Berthier was made 
    vice-connétable) . 
vicier, v. to vitiate, taint, impair. 
vicieux, -euse, adj. vicious. 
vicomte, vicomtesse, m., f. viscount, viscountess. 
victime, f . victim. 
vietoire, f. victory. 
victorieusement, adv. victoriously. 
vide, adj. and m. empty, empty space, emptiness; à -, empty, silent. 
vie,f. life, living. 
vieillard, m. old man; les vieillards, the old people. 
vieillerie, f. old things, trash. 
vieillesse, f. old age, age; hospice de la Vieillesse, asylum for the aged at Bicêtre. 
vieillir, v. to grow old, make old, age. 
Vienne, Vienna (occupied by Napoleon in 1805 and in 1809). 
vierge, f. and adj. virgin, spotless; la Vierge, the Virgin. 
vieux (vieil before vowels), vieille, adj. and s. old, old man or woman, of long 
     standing; mon -, old man. 
vif, vive, adj. lively, alive, live, keen, brisk, acute, sharp, bright, vivid. 
vigne, f . vine, vineyard. 
vigneron, m: vine-dresser. 
Vigneron (Pierre-Roch), genre and portrait painter (1789-1872). 
vigoureusement, adv. vigorously. 
vigoureux, -euse, adj. vigorous, strong. 
vigueur, f. vigor, strength, force. 
vil, -e, adj. vile, despicable, base, low. 
vilipcnder, v. to vilify. 
villa, f. villa (in this and in the next four words à is not liquid). 
village, m. village. 
ville, f. city, town. 
Ville-d' Avray, village 10 miles southwest of Paris. 
Villejuif, town in ... the southern suburbs of Paris. 
Yin, m. wine; - de Champagne, champagne. 
Vinci (Leonard de), Leonardo da Vinci, one of the greatest Italian painters; 
   he passed much of his time in France, among his paintings are Joconda 
   (or Mona Lisa), the Last Supper, etc. (1452-1519). 
vingt, card. twenty (t not pronounced except in compounds: vingt-cinq, etc.). 
vingtaine, f. score, about twenty. 
violemment, adv. violently (em pronounced as am). 
violence, f . violence, force. 
violent, -e, adj. violent, excited, vivid, radical. 
violet, -te, adj. violet. 
violette, f. violet. 
Virginie, Virginia. 
virginité, f . virginity. 
visage, m. visage, countenance, face. 
Visapour, Bijapur (town in southern India, formerly of great importance). 
visible, adj. visible, in, at home. 
visiblement, adj, visibly. 
visière, f. visor. 
vision, f . vision. 
visite, f . visit. 
visiter, v. to visit, inspect. vital, -e, adj. vi tal. 
vite, adj, quickly. 
vitrage, m. glass (collectively), glass window. 
vitre, f . window-pane. 
vitrer, v. to glaze; vitré, -e, adj. glass. 
vivacité, f. vivacity, vividness, quickness. 
vivement, adj. quickly, briskly, sharply, heartily, brightly, intensely, keenly. 
Vivienne (rue), street running north from the Palais Royal. 
vivifier, v. to vivify, quicken. 
vivre, v. to live, be alive, live in; vive!, long live!; qui le faisaient -, which 
   gave him a living; vivant, -e, adj. and s. living, alive, living being. 
vocation, f. vocation. 
vœu, m. vow, wish. 
vogue, f. vogue, fashion. 
voici, prep. here is, here are, ago, you see here, etc.; le -, here he (it) is. 
voie, f. way; voies judiciaires, recourse to justice. 
voilà, prep. there is, there are, you see there, that's it, here is, etc.; le -, there he 
    (it) is; - pourquoi, that's why. 
voile, m. veil; f. sail. 
voir, v. to see; voyons, let us see, come now!, really!; bien vu, in favor; je n'ai 
    rien à y -, I have no observation to make; ça s'est vu, that has been seen, 
    that has happened; vu que, conj. seeing that; vu, prep. seeing, in view of. 
voisin, -e, adj. and s. neighboring, adjoining, bordering, neighbor. 
voisinage, m. neighborhood, proximity; en faveur de notre ,since we are neighbors. 
voiture, f. carriage. 
voiturer, v. to convey. 
voix, f. voice, speech; à haute -, aloud, in a loud voice; à - basse, in an undertone. 
vol, m. theft. 
voler, v. to steal, rob. 
voler, v. to fly. 
volet, m. shutter. 
voleur, -euse, m., f. thief, robber. 
volontaire, adj. voluntary. 
volontairement, adv. voluntarily. 
volonté, f. will, wish, resolve. 
volontiers, adv. willingly, with pleasure. 
Voltaire, assumed name of Francois-Marie Arouet, French philosopher, poet, 
    playwright and novelist; the statue de - is by Houdon and is now in the 
    interior of the Theatre-Francais (1694-1778). 
voltiger, v. to hover, flutter, flit. 
voltigeur, m. tumbler, light infantryman (the voltigeurs were a picked troup of 
   small infantrymen placed on the left of the battalion; introduced by 
   Napoleon I and abolished in 1870). 
volubilité, f . volubility. volume, m. volume. 
voluptueusement, adv. voluptuously. 
voluptueux, -euse, adj. voluptuous, very pleasing. 
vos, see votre. 
votre (vos, pt.), pass. adj. pr. your. 
vôtre, pass. adj. pr. (usually with article), yours. 
vouer, v. to devote, consecrate, dedicate, vow. 
vouloir, v. to wish, will, be willing, be pleased, require, decree, expect; -- bien, 
     be willing, grant, like; (bien) de, be willing to accept; - dire, mean; en a, 
     have a grudge against, be angry with, have designs on; que voulez-vous?, 
     what do you wish?, what do you expect? ; veuillez, be good enough to; la 
     comtesse, qui voulut voir en moi, the whist, m. whist (Pronounced ouist). 
     countess, who chose to see in me; m. will, wish. 
vous, conj. and disj. pr. you, to you, etc. 
vous-même(s), pr. you, yourself, yourselves. 
voûter, v. to vault; voûté, -e, adj. vaulted, round-shouldered. 
voyage, m. voyage, journey trip, traveling, travels; compagnon de -, traveling 
    companion. 
voyager, v. to travel. 
voyageur, m. traveler. 
vrai, -e, adj. and m. true, real, truth; dire -, to speak the truth; adverbially: truly, 
    right; deviner -, to guess the truth. 
vraiment, adv. truly, really. 
vraisemblable, adj. probable, likely. 
vraisemblablement, ado. probably, apparently. 
vrille, f. gimlet. 
vue, f. view, sight, vision; en - de, with a view to; ade pays, measuring by the 
   eye, at a guess; a - de nez, evidently. 
vulgaire, adj. vulgar, low, common. 
vulgairement, adv. vulgarly. 
vulnerairé, f. wound wort (herb). 
w, this letter does not belong to the French alphabet; it occurs only in foreign words. 
Waterloo, Belgian village 10 miles south of Brussels; to the south lies the battlefield, 
    the scene of Napoleon's defeat by the English and Prussians on June 18, 1815. 
whist, m. whist (pronounced ouist)
x, the letter x is pronounced iks. 
y, adv. and conj. pr. there, to or at or in it, to or at or in them, about it, from it, to 
     him, etc., here. 
yeux, see œil. 
z, pronounced zède. 
zero, m. zero. 
zizanie, f. discord. 

End of Dictionary!