Plutarch's Lives

									ΚΙΚΕΡΩΝ

										I

Κικέρωνος δὲ τὴν μὲν μητέρα λέγουσιν Ἑλβίαν καὶ γεγονέναι καλῶς καὶ βεβιωκέναι, 
Iris said of Helvia, the mother of Cicero, that she was well-born and lived an honourable life; 

περὶ δὲ τοῦ πατρὸς οὐδὲν ἦν πυθέσθαι µέτριον.
but of his father there was nothing moderate to inquire. 

οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐν κναφείῳ τινὶ καὶ γενέσθαι καὶ
For some say that he was born and reared

τραφῆναι τὸν ἄνδρα λέγουσιν, οἱ δ᾽ εἰς Τύλλον
in a fuller’s shop, while others trace the origin of his family to Tullus 

Ἄττιον ἀνάγουσι τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ γένους, βασιλεύσαντα
Attius, an illustrious king  

λαμπρῶς ἐν Οὐολούσκοις καὶ πολεµήσαντα Ῥωμαίοις οὐκ ἀδυνάτως.
of the Volscians, who waged war upon the Romans with great ability. 

ὁ µέντοι πρῶτος ἐκ τοῦ γένους Κικέρων ἐπονομασθεὶς
However, the first member of the family who was surnamed Cicero 

ἄξιος λόγου δοκεῖ γενέσθαι, διὸ τὴν ἐπίκλησιν οὐκ
seems to have been worthy of note, and for that reason his posterity did not 

ἀπέρριψαν οἱ μετ᾽ αὐτόν, ἀλλ᾽ ἠσπάσαντο, καίπερ ὑπὸ πολλῶν χλευαζομένην.
reject the surname, but were fond of it, although many made it a matter of raillery. 

κίκερα γὰρ οἱ Λατῖνοι τὸν ἐριβὶνθον καλοῦσι, κάκεῖνος ἐν
For “cicer” is the Latin name for chick-pea, and this ancestor of Cicero,

τῷ πέρατι τῆς ῥινὸς διαστολήν, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἀμβλεῖαν
as it would seem, had a faint dent in the end of his nose 

εἶχεν ὥσπερ ἐρεβίνθου διαφυήν, ἀφ᾽ ἧς ἐκτήσατο τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν.
like the cleft of a chick-pea, from which he acquired his surname. 

αυτός γε μὴν Κικέρων, ὑπὲρ οὗ τάδε γέγραπται, τῶν
Cicero himself, however, whose Life I now write, when  

φίλων αὐτὸν οἰομένων δεῖν, ὅτε πρῶτον ἀρχὴν μετῄἐι
he first entered public life and stood for office and his friends 

καὶ πολιτείας ἥπτετο, Φυγεῖν τοὔνομα καὶ µεταθέσθαι, λέγεται
thought he ought to drop or change the name, is said to have replied

νεανιευσάµενος εἰπεῖν ὡς ἀγωνιεῖται τὸν Κικέρωνα τῶν Σκαύρων καὶ τῶν Κάτλων
with spirit that he would strive to make the name of Cicero more illustrious than such 

ἐνδοξότερον ἀποδεῖξαι.
names as Scaurets or Catulus. 

ταμιεύων δ᾽ ἐν Σικελίᾳ καὶ τοῖς θεοῖς ἀνάθημα
Moreover, when he was quaestor in Sicily and was dedicating to the gods 

ποιούµενος ἀργυροῦν τὰ μὲν πρῶτα δύο τῶν ὀνομάτων
a piece of silver plate, he had his first two 

ἐπέγραψε, τόν τε Μάρκον καὶ τὸν Τύλλιον, ἀντὶ δὲ τοῦ τρίτου
names inscribed thereon, the Marcus and the Tullius, but instead of the third,

σκώπτων ἐρέβινθον ἐκέλενσε παρὰ τὰ γράμματα τὸν τεχνίτην ἐντορεῦσαι.
by way of jest, he ordered the artificer to engrave a chick-pea in due sequence.

ταῦτα μὲν οὖν περὶ τοῦ ὀνόματος ἱστόρῆται.
This, then, is what is told about his name. 

							ΙΙ

Τεχθῆναι δὲ Κικέρωνα λέγονσιν ἀνωδύνως καὶ ἀπόνως
It is said that Cicero was born, without travail or pain on the

λοχευθείσης αὐτοῦ τῆς μητρὸς ἡμέρᾳ τρίτῃ τῶν νέων Καλανδῶν,
part of his mother, on the third day of the new Calends, which at the 

ἐν ᾗ νῦν οἱ ἄρχοντες εὔχονται καὶ θύουσιν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἡγεμόνο.
present time when sacrifices and prayers the magistrates offer for the health of the emperor. 

τῇ δὲ τίτθῃ φάσμα δοκεῖ γενέσθαι καὶ προειπεῖν ὡς ὄφελος
It would seem also that a phantom appeared to his nurse and foretold that her charge

µέγα πᾶσι Ῥωμαίοις ἐκτρεφούσῃ.
would be a great blessing to all the Romans. 

ταῦτα δὲ ἄλλως ὀνείρατα καὶ φλύαρον εἶναι δοκοῦντα ταχέως
And although these presages were thought to be mere dreams and 

αὐτὸς ἀπέδειξε µαντείαν ἀληθινὴν ἐν ἡλικίᾳ τοῦ µανθάνειν
idle fancies, he soon showed them to be true prophecy; for when 

γενόμενος, δι᾽ εὐφυῖαν ἐκλάμψας καὶ λαβὼν ὄνομα καὶ δόξαν
he was of an age for taking lessons, his natural talent shone 

ἐν τοῖς παισίν, ὥστε τοὺς πατέρας αὐτῶν ἐπιφοιτᾶν τοῖς 
out clear and he won name and fame among the boys, so that their 

διδασκαλείοις ὄψει τε βουλομένους ἰδεῖν τὸν Κικέρωνα καὶ τὴν
fathers used to visit the schools in order to see Cicero with their

ὑμνουμένην αὐτοῦ περὶ τὰς µαθήσεις ὀξύτητα καὶ σύνεσιν
own eyes and observe the quickness and intelligence in his 

ἱστορῆσαι, τοὺς δ᾽ ἀγροικοτέρους ὀργίζεσθαι τοῖς υἱέσιν ὁρῶντας ἐν
studies for which he was extolled, though the ruder ones among them were angry at

ταῖς ὁδοῖς τὸν Κικέρωνα µέσον αὑτῶν ἐπὶ τιμῇ λαμβάνοντας.
their sons when they saw them walking with Cicero placed in their midst as a mark of honour. 

γενόμενος δ᾽, ὥσπερ ὁ Πλάτων ἀξιοῖ τὴν φιλομαθῆ καὶ
And although he showed himself, as Plato thought a nature should do which was

φιλόσοφον φύσιν, οἷος ἀσπάζεσθαι πᾶν µάθηµα καὶ μηδὲν λόγου μηδὲ παιδείας
fond of learning and fond of wisdom, capable of welcoming all knowledge and incapable of slighting any literature

ἀτιμάζειν εἶδος, ἐρρύη πως προθυµότερον ἐπὶ ποιητικήν.
or training, he lent himself with somewhat greater ardour to poetry. 

καί τι καὶ ποιημάτιον ἔτι παιδὸς αὐτοῦ διασώζεται, Πόντιος
And a little poem which he wrote when a boy is still extant, 

Γλαῦκος, ἐν τετραµέτρῳ πεποιηµένον.
called Pontius Glaucus, and composed in tetramcter verse.

προϊὼν δὲ τῷ χρόνῳ καὶ ποικιλώτερον ἁπτόμενος τῆς περὶ ταῦτα μούσης, ἔδοξεν οὐ
Moreover, as he grew older and applied himself with greater versatility to such accomplishments, he got the

µόνον ῥήτωρ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ποιητὴς ἄριστος εἶναι Ῥωμαίων.
name of being not only the best orator, but also the best poet among the Romans.

ἡ μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ τῇ ῥητορικῇ δόξα µέχρι νῦν διαµένει, καίπερ
His fame for oratory abides to this day, although 

οὐ μικρᾶς γεγενηµένης περὶ τοὺς λόγους καινοτομίας, τὴν δὲ
there have been great innovations in style; but 

ποιητικὴν αὐτοῦ, πολλῶν εὐφυῶν ἐπιγενομένων, παντάπασιν
his poetry, since many gifted poets have followed him, has altogether 

ἀκλεῆ καὶ ἄτιμον ἔρρειν συµβέβηκεν.
fallen into neglect and disrepute.  

						ΙΙΙ

Ἀπαλλαγεὶς δὲ τῶν ἐν παισὶ διατριβῶν Φίλωνος ἤκουσε τοῦ ἐξ
After he had finished the studies of boyhood, he attended the lectures of Philon the 

Ἀκαδημείας, ὃν µάλιστα Ῥωμαῖοι τῶν Κλειτομάχου συνήθων καὶ
Academic, whom, above all the other disciples of Cleitomachus, the 

διὰ τὸν λόγον ἐθαύμασαν καὶ διὰ τὸν τρόπον ἠγάπησαν.
Romans admired for his eloquence and loved for his character. 

ἅμα δὲ τοῖς περὶ Μούκιον ἀνδράσι συνὼν πολιτικοῖς καὶ
At the same time he consorted with Mucius Scaevola, a statesman and 

πρωτεύουσι τῆς βουλῆς εἰς ἐμπειρίαν τῶν νόµων ὠφελεῖτο˙ καί
leader of the senate, and was helped by him to an acquaintance with the law;

τινα χρόνον καὶ στρατείας µετέσχεν ὑπὸ Σύλλᾳ περὶ τὸν
and for a little while he also did military service under Sulla in the 

Μαρσικὸν πόλεμον.
war against the Marsians. 

εἶθ᾽ ὁρῶν εἰς στάσιν, ἐκ δὲ τῆς στάσεως εἰς ἄκρατον
Then, seeing that the commonwealth was hurrying into factions, 

ἐμπίπτοντα τὰ πράγματα µοναρχίαν, ἐπὶ τὸν σχολαστὴν καὶ
and from factions into unlimited monarchy, he betook himself 

θεωρητικὸν ἐλθὼν βίον Ἕλλησι συνῆν φιλολόγοις καὶ προσεῖχε
to a retired and contemplative life, associated with Greek scholars, 

τοῖς µαθήµασιν, ἄχρι οὗ Σύλλας ἐκράτησε καὶ κατάστασίν τίνα
and pursued his studies, until Sulla got the mastery and the state 

λαμβάνειν ἔδοξεν ἡ πόλις.
appeared to be some-what settled. 

Ἐν δὲ τῷ χρόνῳ τούτῳ Χρυσόγονος ἀπελεύθερος Σύλλα
About this time Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sulla’s, put up at public auction

προσαγγείλας τινὸς οὐσίαν ὡς ἐκ προγραφῆς ἀναιρεθέντος αὐτὸς
the estate of a man who, as it was said, had been put to death under proscription,

ἑωνήσατο δισχιλίων δραχμῶν.
and bought it in himself for two thousand drachmas. 

ἐπεὶ δὲ 'Ῥώσκιος ὁ υἱὸς καὶ κληρονόμος τοῦ τεθνηκότος
Then Roscius, the son and heir of the deceased, 

ἠγανάκτει καὶ τὴν οὐσίαν ἀπεδείκνυε πεντήκοντα καὶ διακοσίων ταλάντων
was indignant and set forth clearly that the estate was worth 250 talents, 

οὖσαν ἀξίαν, ὅ τε Σύλλας ἐλεγχόμενος ἐχαλέπαινε καὶ δίκην
whereupon Sulla, enraged to have his actions called in question,

πατροκτονίας ἐπῆγε τῷ Ῥωσκίῳ, τοῦ Χρυσογόνου κατασκευάσαντος,
indicted Roscius for the murder of his father, Chrysogonus having trumped up the evidence.

ἐβοήθει δ᾽ οὐδεις, αλλ᾽ ἀπετρέποντο τοῦ Σύλλα τὴν
No one came to his aid, but they avoided the difficulty of Sulla,

χαλεπότητα δεδοικότες, οὕτω δὴ δι᾽ ἐρημίαν τοῦ
being afraid; thus, with Cicero having sought

µειρακίου τῷ Κικέρωνι προσφυγόντος οἱ φίλοι
refuge through the solitude of the lad, his friends

συμπαρώρμων, ὡς οὐκ ἂν αὐτῷ λαμπροτέραν αὖθις ἀρχὴν
flocked around, so that he would not again obtain 

πρὸς δόξαν ἑτέραν οὐδὲ καλλίω γενησοµένην.
for himself a more splendid or more honorable position to glory.

ἀναδεξάμενος οὖν τὴν συνηγορίαν καὶ κατορθώσας ἐθαυμάσθη˙
Accordingly, he undertook the defence of Roscius, won his cause, and men 

δεδιὼς δὲ τὸν Σύλλαν ἀπεδήμησεν εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα, διασπείρας
admired him for it; but fearing Sulla, he made a journey to Greece,

λόγον ὡς τοῦ σώματος αὐτῷ θεραπείας δεοµένου.
after spreading a report that his health needed attention. 

καὶ γὰρ ἦν ὄντως ἰσχνὸς καὶ ἄσαρκος, ἀρρωστίᾳ στομάχου μικρὰ
For in fact he was spare and lean, and owing to a weakness of the stomach could only

καὶ γλίσχρα µόγις ὀψὲ τῆς ὥρας προσφερόµενος˙ ἡ δὲ φωνὴ
with difficulty take a little light food late in the day; his voice, however, 

πολλὴ μὲν καὶ ἀγαθή, σκληρὰ δὲ καὶ ἅπλαστος, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ
was full and strong, but harsh and unmodulated, and since, owing to the

λόγου σφοδρότητα καὶ πάθος ἔχοντος ἀεὶ διὰ τῶν ἄνω τόνων
vehemence and passion of his oratory, it was always forced into the

ἐκταυνομένη φόβον παρεῖχεν ὑπὲρ τοῦ σώματος.
higher tones, it made men apprehensive for his health.

						IV

Ἀφικομενος δ᾽ εἰς Ἀθήνας Ἀντιόχου τοῦ Ἀσκαλωνίτου
On coming to Athens he attended the lectures of Antiochus 

διήκουσε, τῇ μὲν εὑροίᾳ τῶν λόγων αὐτοῦ καὶ χάριτι
of Ascalon, and was charmed by his fluency and grace of 

κηλούμενος, ἃ δ᾽ ἐν τοῖς δόγµασιν ἐνεωτέριζεν οὐκ ἐπαινῶν.
diction, although he disapproved of his innovations in doctrine.

ἤδη γὰρ ἐξίστατο τῆς νέας λεγοµένης Ἀκαδημείας ὁ Ἀντίοχος
For Antiochus had already fallen away from what was called the New 

καὶ τὴν Καρνεάδου στάσιν ἐγκατέλειπεν, εἴτε καμπτόµενος ὑπὸ
Academy and abandoned the sect of Carneades, either moved thereto by the 

τῆς ἐναργείας καὶ τῶν αἰσθήσεων, εἴτε, ὥς φασιν ἔνιοι, φιλοτιμίᾳ
clear evidence of the sense-perceptions, or, as some say, led by a feeling of

τινὶ καὶ διαφορᾷ πρὸς τοὺς Κλειτομάχου καὶ Φίλωνος συνήθεις τὸν 
ambitious opposition to the disciples of Cleitomachus and Philon to change

Στωϊκὸν ἐκ μεταβολῆς θεραπεύων λόγον ἐν τοῖς πλείστοις.
his views and cultivate in most cases the doctrine of the Stoics.

ὁ δὲ Κικέρων ἐκεῖνα ἠγάπα κάκείνοις προσεῖχε μᾶλλον,
But Cicero loved the systems which Antiochus discarded and devoted himself

διανοούμενος, εἰ παντάπασιν ἐκπέσοι τοῦ τὰ κοινὰ πράσσειν,
the rather to them, purposing, in case he was altogether driven out of a public career,

δευρο μετενεγκάµενος τὸν βίον ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς καὶ τῆς
to change his home to Athens, away from the forum and the business

πολιτείας ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ μετὰ φιλοσοφίας καταζῆν.
of the state, and spend his life in the quiet pursuit of philosophy.

Ἐπεὶ δ᾽ αὐτῷ Σύλλας τε προσηγγέλθη τεθνηκώς, καὶ τὸ σῶμα
But word was now brought to him that Sulla was dead, and since his body,

τοῖς γυµνασίοις ἀναρρωννύµενον εἰς ἕξιν ἐβάδιζε νεανικήν,
strengthened by exercise, was taking on a vigorous habit, while his voice,

ἥ τε φωνὴ λαμβάνουσα πλάσιν ἡδεῖα μὲν πρὸς ἀκοὴν
acquiring modulation, had grown pleasant to the ear, and had been

ἐτέθραπτοι, μετρίως δὲ πρὸς τὴν ἕξιν ἥρμοστο τοῦ σώματος,
moderated into keeping with the habit of his body; and since, moreover,

πολλὰ μὲν τῶν ἀπὸ Ῥώμης φίλων γραφόντων καὶ δεοµένων, πολλὰ
his friends at Rome earnestly besought him by letter and Antiochus strongly urged

δ᾿ Ἀντιόχου παρακελευοµένον τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐπιβαλεῖν πράγµασιν,
him to apply himself to public affairs, he once more sought to prepare for service

αὖθις ὥσπερ ὄργανον ἐξηρτύετο τὸν ῥητορικὸν λόγον καὶ ἀνεκίνει
therein his instrument, as it were, to wit his rhetorical style, and to rouse

τὴν πολιτικὴν δύναμιν, αὑτόν τε ταῖς 
to action his political powers, diligently cultivating

µελέταις διαπονῶν καὶ τοὺς ἐπαινουμένους μετιὼν ῥήτορας.
himself in declamation and taking lessons of the popular rhetoricians.

ὅθεν εἰς Ἀσίαν καὶ Ῥόδον ἔπλευσε, καὶ τῶν μὲν Ἀσιανῶν
With this end in view he made a voyage to Asia and Rhodes in 

ῥητόρων Ξενοκλεῖ τῷ Ἀδραμυττηνῷ καὶ Διονυσίῳ τῷ Μάγνητι καὶ
Asia, he studied oratory with Xenocles of Adramyttium, Dionysius 

Μενίππῳ τῷ Καρὶ συνεσχόλασεν, ἐν δὲ 'Ῥόδω ῥήτορι μὲν
of Magnesia, and Menippus the Carian; in Rhodes, oratory 

Ἀπολλωνίῳ τῷ Μόλωνος, Φιλοσόφῳ δὲ Ποσειδωνίῳ.
with Apollonius the son of Molon, and philosophy with Poseidonius. 

λέγεται δὲ τὸν Ἀπολλώνιον οὐ συνιέντα τὴν ᾿Ῥωμαϊκὴν
Apollonius, we are told, not understanding the Roman language, 

διάλεκτον δεηθῆναι τοῦ Κικέρωνος Ἑλληνιστὶ μελετῆσαι˙ τὸν δ
requested Cicero to declaim in Greek, with which request Cicero 

ὑπακοῦσαι προθύµως, οἰόμενον οὕτως ἔσεσθαι βελτίονα τὴν ἐπανόρθωσιν˙ 
readily complied, thinking that in this way his faults could better be corrected.

ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐμελέτησε, τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους ἐκπεπλῆχθαι καὶ 
After he had declaimed, his other hearers were astounded 

διαμιλλᾶσθαι πρὸς ἀλλήλους τοῖς ἐπαίνοις, τὸν δ᾿
and vied with one another in their praises, but Apollonius 

Ἀπολλώνιον οὔτ᾽ ἀκροώμενον αὐτοῦ διαχυθῆναι καὶ
was not greatly moved while listening to him, and when 

παυσαµένου σύννουν καθέζεσθαι πολὺν χρόνον, 
he had ceased sat for a long time lost in thought; 

ἀχθομένου δὲ τοῦ Κικέρωνος εἰπεῖν.
then, since Cicero was distressed at this, he said:

“Σὲ μέν, ὢ Κικέρων, ἐπαινῶ καὶ θαυμάζω, τῆς δὲ Ἑλλάδος
“Thee, indeed, O Cicero, I admire and commend; but Greece 

οἰκτείρω τὴν τύχην, ὁρῶν, ἃ µόνα τῶν καλῶν ἡμῖν ὑπελείπετο,
I pity for her sad fortune, since I see that even the only glories which were left to us,

καὶ ταῦτα Ῥωμαίοις διὰ σοῦ προσγενόµενα, παιδείαν καὶ λόγον.
culture and eloquence, are through thee to belong also to the Romans.”

							V

Ὁ γοῦν Κικέρων ἐλπίδων μεστὸς ἐπὶ τὴν πολιτείαν φερόµενος
However, though Cicero, full of hope, was being borne on towards a political career,

ὑπὸ χρησμοῦ τινος ἁπημβλύνθη τὴν ὁρμήν.
a certain oracle took the edge from his eager desire.

ἐρομένω γὰρ αὐτῷ τὸν ἐν Δελφοῖς θεὸν ὅπως ἂν ἐνδοξότατος
When he inquired, namely, of the god at Delphi how he could become most illustrious,

γένοιτο, προσέταξεν ἡ Πυθία τὴν ἑαυτοῦ φύσιν, ἀλλὰ μὴ τὴν
the Pythian priestess enjoined upon him to make his own nature,

τῶν πολλῶν δόξαν, ἡγεμόνα ποιεῖσθαι τοῦ βίου.
and not the opinion of the multitude, his guide in life.

καὶ τόν γε πρῶτον ἐν Ῥώμῃ χρόνον εὐλαβῶς διῆγε καὶ ταῖς
And so during the first part of his time at Rome he conducted himself with caution,

ἀρχαῖς ὀκνηρῶς προσῄει καὶ παρημελεῖτο, ταῦτα δὴ τὰ
was reluctant to sue for office, and was therefore neglected, being called

Ῥωμαίων τοῖς βαναυσοτάτοις πρόχειρα καὶ συνήθη ῥήματα,
“Greek” and “Scholar,” those names which the low and ignorant

Γραικὸς καὶ σχολαστικὸς ἀκούων.
classes at Rome were wont to give so readily.

ἐπεὶ δὲ φύσει φιλότιμος ὢν καὶ παροξυνόµενος ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς
But he was naturally ambitious and was urged on by his father and his friends, 

καὶ τῶν φίλων ἐπέδωκεν εἰς τὸ συνηγορεῖν ἑαυτόν, οὐκ ἠρέμα
and so when he gave himself in earnest to the work of an advocate, he did not 

τῷ πρωτείῳ προσῇῆγεν, ἀλλ᾽ εὐθὺς ἐξέλαμψε τῇ δόξῃ καὶ διέφερε
advance slowly to the primacy, but his fame shone forth at once, and he far surpassed

πολὺ τῶν ἀγωνιζοµένων ἐπ᾽ ἀγορᾶς.
those who strove with him for distinction in the forum. 

Λέγεται δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς οὐδὲν ἧττον γοσήσας τοῦ Δημοσθένους
But it is said that he too, no less than Demosthenes, was weak 

πρὸς τὴν ὑπύκρισιν, τοῦτο μὲν
in his delivery, and therefore

Ῥωσκίῳ τῷ κωμῳδῷ, τοῦτο δ᾽ Αἰσώπῳ τῷ τραγῳδῷ προσέχειν ἐπιμελῶς.
sought with care to imitate now Roscius the comedian, and now Aesop the tragedian. 

τὸν δ᾽ Αἴσωπον τοῦτον ἱστοροῦσιν ὑποκρινόμενον ἐν θεάτρῳ τὸν
This Aesop, they tell us, was once acting in a theatre the part of Atreus planning

περὶ τῆς τιμωρίας τοῦ Θυέστου βουλευόµενον Ἀτρέα, τῶν
to take vengeance on Thyestes, when one of the assistants suddenly

ὑπηρετῶν τινος ἄφνω παραδραµόντος, ἔξω τῶν ἑαυτοῦ
ran across the scene, and the actor, losing control of himself in the

λογισμῶν διὰ τὸ πάθυς ὄντα τῷ σκήπτρῳ πατάξαι καὶ ἀνελεῖν.
intensity of his passion, smote him with his sceptre and laid him dead.

οὗ μικρὰ δὲ πρὸς τὸ πείθειν ὑπῆρχεν ἐκ τοῦ ὑποκρίνεσθαι
Now, Cicero’s delivery contributed not a little  

ῥοπὴ τῷ Κικέρωνι.
to his persuasive power.

καὶ τούς γε τῷ βοᾶν μεγάλα χρωμένους ῥήτορας ἐπισκώπτων 
Moreover, of those orators who were given to loud shouting he used to say jestingly

ἔλεγε δι᾽ ἀσθένειαν ἐπὶ τὴν κραυγὴν ὥσπερ χωλοὺς ἐφ᾽ ἵππον πηδᾶν.
they were led by weakness to resort to clamour as cripples where to mount upon a horse. 

ἡ δὲ περὶ τὰ σκώµµατα καὶ τὴν παιδιὰν ταύτην εὐτραπελία
And his readiness to indulge in such jests and pleasantry was thought indeed

δικανικὸν μὲν ἐδόκει καὶ γλαφυρόν, χρώµενος δ᾽ αὐτῇ
to be a, pleasant characteristic of a pleader;  but he

κατακόρως πολλοὺς ἐλύπει καὶ κακοήθείας ἐλάμβανε δόξαν.
carried it to excess and so annoyed many and got the reputation of being malicious.

							VI

Ἀποδειχθεὶς δὲ ταμίας ἐν σιτοδείᾳ καὶ λαχὼν Σεκελίαν
He was appointed quaestor at a time when grain was scarce, and had the

ἠνώχλησε τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐν ἀρχῇ σῖτον εἰς Ῥώμην ἀποστέλλειν
province of Sicily allotted to him, where he annoyed people at first by compelling

ἄναγκαζομένοις.
them to send grain to Rome.

ὕστερον δὲ τῆς ἐπιμελείας καὶ δικαιοσύνης καὶ πρᾳότητος
But afterwards they found him careful, just, and mild, and 

αὐτοῦ πεῖραν λαμβάνοντες, ὡς οὐδένα τῶν πώποθ᾽ ἡγεμόνων ἐτίωησαν.
honoured him beyond any governor they had ever had. 

ἐπεὶ δὲ πολλοὶ τῶν ἀπὸ 'Ῥώμης νέων ἔνδοξοι καὶ γεγονότες
Moreover, when large numbers of young men from Rome, of illustrious 

καλῶς, αἰτίαν ἔχοντες ἀταξίας καὶ μαλακίας περὶ τὸν πόλεμον,
and noble families, were accused of lack of discipline and courage 

ἀνεπέμφθησαν ἐπὶ τὸν στρατηγὸν τῆς Σικελίας, συνεῖπεν
in the war and sent up for trial to the praetor of Sicily, 

αὐτοῖς ὁ Κικέρων ἐπιφανῶς καὶ περιεποίησεν.
Cicero pleaded their cause brilliantly and won the day.

ἐπὶ τούτοις οὖν µέγα φρονῶν εἰς Ῥώμην 
While he was journeying to Rome, then, highly elated over these successes,

βαδίζων γελοῖόν τι παθεῖν φησι.  συντυχὼν γὰρ ἀνδρὶ τῶν ἐπιφανῶν
he had a laughable experience, as he tells us.   In Campania, namely, he

φίλῳ δοκοῦντι περὶ Καμπανίαν, ἐρέσθαι τίνα δὴ τῶν πεπραγμένων ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ 
fell in with an eminent man whom he deemed his friend, and asked him  

λόγον ἔχουσι Ῥωμαῖοι καὶ τί φρονοῦσιν, ὡς ὀνόματος καὶ δόξης τῶν 
what the Romans were saying about his acheivements, supposing he had filled the 

πεπραγμένων αὑτῷ τὴν πόλιν ἅπασαν έμπεπληκώς˙ τὸν δ᾽ εἰπεῖν˙   
entire city with the account and reputation of his deeds. but his friend said, 

“Ποῦ γὰρ ᾗς, ὦ Κικέρων, τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον;”
"For where have you been, O Cicero, all this while?"

τότε μὲν οὖν ἐξαθυμῆσαι παντάπασιν, εἰ καθάπερ ες πέλαγος ος
At that time, indeed, he completely lost heart, as if the discussion about him

τὴν πόλιν ἐμπεσὼν ὁ περὶ αὐτοῦ λόγος οὐδὲν εἰς δόξαν
had fallen into the sea, having made nothing evident to 

ἐπίδηλον πεποίηκεν˙ ὕστερον δὲ λογισμὸν ἑαυτῷ διδοὺς πολὺ
public acclaim. Later, however, giving himself a thorough consideration, he curtailed 

τῆς Φιλοτιμίας ὑφεῖλεν, ὡς πρὸς ἀόριστον πρᾶγμα τὴν δόξαν
much of his ambition, realizing that he was contending for reputation in an indeterminate 

ἁμιλλώμενος καὶ πέρας οὐκ ἐφικτὸν ἔχουσαν.
matter and striving for an unattainable goal.

οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ τό γε χαίρειν ἐπαινούμενον διαφερόντως καὶ πρὸς
But indeed, being praised to an extraordinary degree and having joy celebrated, he clung to it 

δόξαν ἐμπαθέστερον ἔχειν ἄχρι παντὸς αὐτῷ παρέμεινε καὶ 
steadfastly and, more eagerly than ever for reputation, he remained in that state until he

πολλοὺς πολλάκις τῶν ὀρθῶν ἐπετάραξε λογισμῶν.
greatly disturbed many right-minded considerations many times.

						VII.

Ἀπτόμενος δὲ τῆς πολιτείας προθυµότερον, αἰσχρὸν ἡγεῖτο
While engaging in public affairs more willingly, he considered  

τοὺς μὲν βαναύσους ὀργάνοις χρωµένους καὶ σκεύεσιν ἀψύχοις
it disgraceful for those who use tools and lifeless instruments to be 

μηδενὸς ἀγνοεῖν ὄνομα μηδὲ χώραν ἢ δύναμιν αὐτῶν, τὸν δὲ
unaware of the name, country, or power of any of them. However, in the case of the 

πολιτικόν, ᾧ δι’ ἀνθρώπων αἱ κοιναὶ πράξεις περαίνονται,
politician, through whom public actions are carried out for people, 

ῥᾳθύμως καὶ ἀμελῶς ἔχειν περὶ τὴν τῶν πολιτῶν γνῶσιν.
he thought it acceptable to be indifferent and negligent regarding knowledge of the citizens.

ὅθεν οὗ µόνον τῶν ὀνομάτων εἴθιξε μνημονεύειν αὑτόν, ἀλλὰ
Wherefore he not only accustomed himself to remember their names, but 

καὶ τόπον ἐν ᾧ τῶν γνωρίµων ἕκαστος οἰκεῖ, καὶ χωρίον οὗ
also learned to know the quarter of the city in which every notable person 

κέκτηται, καὶ φίλους οἷς τισι χρῆται, καὶ γείτονας ἐγίνωσκε˙
dwelt, where he owned a country-place, what friends he had,  

καὶ πᾶσαν ὁδὸν Ἰταλίας διαπορευοµένῳ Κικέρωνι πρόχειρον ἦν
and what neighbours; so that whatever road in Italy Cicero travelled, it was easy for 

εἰπεῖν καὶ ἐπιδεῖξαι τοὺς τῶν φίλων ἀγροὺς καὶ τὰς ἐπαύλεις.
him to name and point out the estates and villas of his friends.

Οὐσίαν δὲ μικρὰν µέν, ἱκανὴν δὲ καὶ ταῖς δαπάναις ἐπαρκῆ
His property, though sufficient to meet his expenses, was nevertheless small, and therefore men

κεκτηµένος ἐθαυμάζετο μήτε μισθοὺς µήτε δῶρα προσιέµενος ἀπὸ τῆς
wondered that he would accept neither fees nor gifts for his services as

συνηγορίας, μάλιστα δ᾽ ὅτε τὴν κατὰ Βέρρου δίκην ἀνέλαβε.
advocate, and above all when he undertook the prosecution of Verres.

τοῦτον γὰρ στρατηγὸν γεγονότα τῆς Σικελίας καὶ πολλὰ
This man, who had been praetor of Sicily, and whom the Sicilians 

πεπονηρευµένον τῶν Σικελιωτῶν διωκόντων εἶλεν, οὐκ εὐπών,
prosecuted for many villainous acts, Cicero convicted, not by speaking, but, in 

ἀλλ᾽ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τρόπον τινὰ τοῦ μὴ εἰπεῖν.
a way, by actually not speaking. 

τῶν γὰρ στρατηγῶν τῷ  Βέρρῃ χαριζοµένων καὶ τὴν δίκην
Since the generals were favoring Verres and, with many delays 

ὑπερθέσεσι καὶ διακρούσεσι πολλαῖς εἰς τὴν ὑστάτην
and evasions, were deferring the trial to the last moment, as it 

ἐκβαλλόντων, ὡς ἦν πρόδηλον ὅτι τοῖς λόγοις ὁ τῆς ἡμέρας οὐκ
was evident that the proceedings would not be completed 

ἐξαρκέσει χρόνος οὐδὲ λήψεται πέρας ἡ κρίσις, ἀναστὰς ὁ
or come to a conclusion within the time allotted for the day, 

Κικέρων ἔφη μὴ, δεῖσθαι λόγων, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπαγαγὼν͵ τοὺς μάρτυρας
Cicero stood up and said that there was no need for 

καὶ ἐπικρίνας ἐκέλευσε φέρειν, τὴν ψῆφον τοὺς δικαστάς.καὶ ἐπικρίνας 
words but, introducing witnesses and having passed judgment, 

ἐκέλευσε φέρειν, τὴν ψῆφον τοὺς δικαστάς.
he ordered the judges to cast their votes.

ὅμως δὲ πολλὰ χαρίεντα διαμνημονεύεται καὶ περὶ ἐκείνην
Nevertheless, many witty sayings of his in connection with this trial 

αὐτοῦ τὴν δίκην.
are on record.

βέρρην γὰρ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὸν ἐκτετμημένον χοῖρον καλοῦσιν. 
For instance,“verres” is the Roman word for a castrated pig.  

ὡς οὖν ἀπελευθερικὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐ ἔνοχος, τῷ ἰουδαΐζειν, 
When, accordingly, a freedman named Caecilius, who was suspected of Jewish practices,

ὄνομα Κεκίλιος, ἐβούλετο παρωσάµενος τοὺς Σικελιώτας κατηγορεῖν τοῦ Βέρρου
wanted to thrust aside the Sicilian accusers and denounce Verres himself, 

“Τί Ἰουδαίῳ πρὸς χοῖρον;”  ἔφη ὁ Κικέρων.
“What has a Jew to do with a Verres?”  Cicero said.

ἣν δὲ τῷ Βέρρῃ ἀντίπαις υἱός, οὖκ ἐλευθερίως δοκῶν 
Moreover,Verres had a young son, who had the name of lending 

προΐστασθαι τῆς ὥρας.
himself to base practices. 

λοιδορηθεὶς οὖν ὁ Κικέρων εἰς µαλακίαν ὑπὸ τοῦ Βέρρου, 
Accordingly, when Cicero was reviled by Verres for effeminacy,

“Τοῖς υἱοῖς,” εἶπεν, “ἐντὸς θυρῶν δεῖ λοιδορεῖσθαι.”
“You ought,” said he,“to revile your sons at home.”

τοῦ δὲ ῥήτορος Ὀρτησίου τὴν μὲν εὐθεῖαν τῷ Βέρρῃ συνειπεῖν
And again, the orator Hortensius did not venture to plead the cause of Verres directly,

μὴ τολμήσαντος, ἐν δὲ τῷ τιµήµατι πεισθέντος παραγενέσθαι
but was persuaded to appear for him at the assessment of the fine,

καὶ λαβόντος ἐλεφαντίνην Σφίγγα μισζὀν, εἶπέ τι πλαγίως ο
and received an ivory sphinx as his reward; and when Cicero made some

Κικέρων πρὸς αὐτόν˙ τοῦ δὲ φήσαντος αἰνιγμάτων λύσεως
oblique reference to him and Hortensius declared that he had no skill in 

ἀπείρως ἔχειν,  Καὶ μὴν ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας,͵ ἔφηὰ τὴν Σφίγγα ἔχεις.
solving riddles, “And yet,” said Cicero, “you have the Sphinx at your house.”

							VII

Οὕτω δὲ τοῦ Βέρρου καταδικασθέντος, ἑβδομήκοντα πέντε
When Verres had thus been convicted, Cicero assessed his fine at seven hundred and fifty

μυριάδων τιµησάµενος τὴν δίκην ὁ Κικέρων διαβολήν ἔσχεν ὡς
thousand denarii, and was therefore accused of having been

ἐπ᾽ ἀργυρίῳ τὸ τίµηµα καθυφειµένος.
bribed to make the fine a low one.

οὐ μην ἀλλ᾽ οἱ Σικελιῶται χάριν εἰδότες ἀγορανομοῦντος
The Sicilians, however,were grateful to him,and when he 

αὐτοῦ πολλὰ μὲν ἄγοντες ἀπὸ τῆς νήσου, πολλὰ δὲ φέροντες
was aedile brought him from their island all sorts of live stock and produce;

ἧκον, ὧν οὐδὲν ἐποιήσατο κέρδος,ἀλλ᾽ ὅσον ἐπευωνίσαι τὴν
from these he derived no personal profit, but used the generosity

ἀγορὰν ἀπεχρήσατο τῇ φιλοτιµίᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.
of the islanders only to lower the price of provisions.

᾿Εκέκτητο δὲ χωρίον καλὸν ἐν Ἄρποις, καὶ περὶ Νέαν πόλιν ἦν
He owned a pleasant country-seat at Arpinum, and had a farm 

ἀγρὸς καὶ περὶ Πομπηΐους ἕτερος, οὐ μεγάλοι˙
near Naples and another near Pompeii, both small.

φερνή τε Τερεντίας τῆς γυναικὸς προσεγένετο µυριάδων δέκα, καὶ
His wife Terentia brought him besides a dowry of a hundred thousand 

κληρονομία τις εἰς ἐννέα δηναρίων συναχθεῖσα µυριάδας.
denarii,and he received a bequest which amounted to ninety thousand.

ἀπὸ, τούτων ἐλευθερίως ἅμα καὶ σωφρόνως διῆγε μετὰ τῶν
From these he lived, in a generous and at the same time modest manner, with the

συμβιούντων Ἑλλήνων καὶ Ῥωμαίων φιλολόγων,
Greek and Roman men of letters who were his associates,

σπάνιον, εἴ ποτε, πρὸ δυσμῶν ἁλίου κατακλινόµενος, οὐχ οὕτω δι᾽
he rarely, if ever, came to table before sunset, not so much on 

ἀσχολίαν, ὡς διὰ τὸ σῶμα τῷ στομάχῳ μοχθηρῶς διακείµενον.
account of business, as because his stomach kept him in poor health.

ἦν δὲ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην περὶ τὸ σῶμα θεραπείαν ἀκριβὴς καὶ
In other ways, too, he was exact and over-scrupulous in the 

περιττός, ὥστε καὶ τρίψεσι καὶ περιπάτοις ἀριθμῷ
care of his body, so that he actually took a set 

τεταγµένοις χρῆσθαι.
number of rubbings and walks.

τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον διαπαιδαγωγῶν τὴν ἕξιν ἄνοσον καὶ διαρκῆ
By carefully managing his health in this way he kept it free 

πρὸς πολλοὺς καὶ μεγάλους ἀγῶνας καὶ πόνους συνεῖχεν.
from sickness and able to meet the demands of many great struggles and toils.

οἰκίαν δὲ τὴν μὲν πατρῴαν τῷ ἀδελφῷ παρεχώρησεν, αὐτὸς δ᾽ ᾧκει 
The house which had been his father’s he made over to his brother, and dwelt himself

περὶ τὸ Παλάτιον ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ μακρὰν βαδίζοντας ἐνο
near the Palatine hill, in order that those who came to pay their court to 

χλεῖσθαι τοὺς θεραπεύοντας αὐτόν.
him might not have the trouble of a long walk.

ἐθεράπευον δὲ καθ’ ἡμέραν ἐπὶ θύρας φοιτῶντες οὐκ ἐλάττονες
And men came to his house every day to pay him court, no fewer than came to Crassus

ἢ ράσσον ἐπὶ πλούτῳ καὶ Πομπήϊον διὰ τὴν ἐν τοῖς στρατεύμασι
for his wealth or to Pompey because of his influence with the soldiery,

δύναμιν, θαυμαζοµένους μάλιστα Ῥωμαίων καὶ µεγίστους ὄντας.
and these were the two greatest men among the Romans and the most admired.

Πομπήϊος δὲ καὶ Κικέρωνα ἐθεράπευε,καὶ μεγάλα πρὸς δύναμιν
Nay, Pompey actually paid court to Cicero, and Cicero’s political efforts 

αὐτῷ καὶ δόξαν ἡ Κικέρωνος συνέπραξε πολιτεία.
contributed much towards Pompey’s power and fame. 

Στρατηγίαν δὲ µετιόντων ἅμα σὺν αὐτῷ πολλῶν καὶ μεγάλων
When they were about to choose a commander along with him, he was the first to

πρῶτος ἁπάντων ἀνηγορεύθη:  καὶ τὰς κρίσεις ἔδοξε καθαρῶς
be nominated among many and illustrious men. He also decided judiciously

καὶ καλῶς βραβεῦσαι.
and skillfully in rendering judgments.

λέγεται δὲ καὶ Λικίννιος Μάκερ, ἀνὴρ καὶ καθ᾽ αὑτὸν ἰσχύων ἐν
It is said, too, that Licinius Macer, a man who had great power in the 

τῇ πόλει µεγα καὶ Κράσσῳ χρώµενος βοηθῷ, κρινόµενος κλοπῆς
city on his own account and also enjoyed the help of Crassus, was tried before

ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῦ, τῇ δυνάµει καὶ σπουδῇ πεποιθώς, ἔτι τὴν ψῆφον τῶν
Cicero for fraud, and that, relying upon his influence and the efforts made in

κριτῶν διαφερόντων ἆπαλλαγεὶς οἴκαδε κείρασθαί τε τὴν
his behalf, he went off home while the jurors were still voting,

κεφαλὴν κατὰ τάχος καὶ καθαρὸν ἱμάτιον ώς νενικηκὼς λαβὼν
hastily trimmed his hair and put on a white toga in the belief that he had been acquitted,

αὖθις εἰς ἀγορὰν προϊέναι˙ τοῦ δὲ Κράσσου περὶ τὴν αὔλειον
and was going forth again to the forum; but Crassus met him at the house-door and

ἀπαντήσαντος αὐτῷ καὶ φράσαντος ὅτι πάσαις ἑάλωκε ταῖς
told him that he had been convicted unanimously, whereupon

ψήφοις, ἀναστρέψας καὶ κατακλινεὶς ἀποθανεῖν.
he turned back, lay down upon his bed, and died.

τὸ δὲ πρᾶγμα τῷ Κικέρωνι δόξαν ἤνεγκεν ὡς ἐπιμελῶς
And the case brought Cicero the reputation of having been 

βραβεύσαντι τὸ δικαστήριον.
a scrupulous presiding officer. 

ἐπεὶ δὲ Οὐατίνιος, ἀνὴρ ἔχων τι τραχὺ καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἄρχοντας
Afterwards, when Vatinius, a man of a rough disposition and contemptuous towards the

ὀλίγωρον ἐν ταῖς συνηγορίαις, χοιράδων δὲ τὸν τράχηλον περίπλεως, 
authorities in his speeches, but with a neck completely surrounded by

ἠτεῖτό τι καταστὰς παρὰ τοῦ Κικέρωνος, καὶ μὴ διδόντος,
goiters, sought some favor by standing beside Cicero, Cicero did not grant it at once,

ἀλλὰ βουλευομένου πολὺν χρόνον, εἶπεν ὡς οὐκ
but took a long time for deliberation, whereupon 

ἂν αὐτὸς διστάσειε περὶ τούτου στρατηγῶν, ἐπιστραφεὶς ὁ
Vatinius said that he himself would not have stuck at the matter had he been praetor. At this 

Κικέρων,  “Ἀλλ᾽ ἐγώ,” εἶπεν, “οὐκ ἔχω τηλικοῦτον τράχηλον.”
Cicero turned upon him and said: “But I have not the neck that you have.

Ἔτι δ᾽ ἡμέρας δύο ἢ τρεῖς ἔχοντι τῆς ἀρχῆς αὐτῷ προσήγαγέ τις
Two or three days before his term of office expired, Manilius was brought before him

Μανίλιον εὐθύνων κλοπῆς.
on a charge of fraudulent accounting.

ὁ δὲ Μανίλιος οὗτος εὔνοιαν εἶχε καὶ σπουδὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ
This Manilius had the good will and eager support of the people, since 

δήµου, δοκῶν ἐλαύνεσθαι διὰ Πομπήϊον˙ ἐκείνου γὰρ ἦν
it was thought that he was prosecuted on Pompey’s account, being 

Φίλος.
a friend of his.

αἰτουμένου δ᾽ ἡμέρας αὐτοῦ µίαν ὁ Κικέρων µόνην τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν
On his demanding several days in which to make his defence, Cicero granted 

ἔδωκε˙ καὶ ὁ δῆμος ἠγανάκτησεν εἰθισμένων τῶν στρατηγῶν
him only one, and that the next; and the people were indignant because 

δέκα τοὐλάχιστον ἡμέρας διδόναι τοῖς κινδυνεύουσι.
it was customary for the praetor to grant ten days at least to the accused. 

τῶν δὲ δηµάρχων αὐτὸν διαγαγόντων ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα καὶ κατηγορούντων,
And when the tribunes brought Cicero to the rostra and denounced him,

ἀκουσθῆναι δεηθεὶς εἶπεν ὅτι τοῖς
he begged for a hearing, said that always  

κινδυνεύουσιν ἀεί, καθ᾽ ὅσον οἱ νόμοι παρείκουσι, κεχρηµένος ἐπιεικῶς
facing dangers as much as the laws allowed, he had handled matters with fairness

καὶ Φιλανθρώπως δεινὸν ἡγεῖτο τῷ Μανιλίῳ ταῦτα μὴ παρασχεῖν˙
and humanity, and considered it a serious matter not to grant these things to Manilius.

ἡς οὖν ἔτι µόνης κύριος ἦν ἡμέρας στρατηγῶν, ταύτην ἐπίτηδες ὁρίσαι.
So, while he was still the sole praetor of the day, he deliberately marked out this one.

τὸ γὰρ εἰς ἄλλον ἄρχοντα τὴν κρίσιν ἐκβαλεῖν οὐκ εἶναι
For one who wishes to help, it is not proper to divert 

βουλομένου βοηθεῖν.
judgment to another ruler.

ταῦτα λεχθέντα θαυμαστὴν ἐποίησε τοῦ δήµου µεταβολήν' καὶ
After these words were spoken, he brought about a remarkable change in the people's

πολλὰ κατευφημοῦντες αὐτὸν ἐδέοντο τὴν ὑπὲρ τοῦ Μανιλίου
sentiments, many, applauding him, urged him to undertake the 

συνηγορίαν ἀναλαβεῖν.
defense on behalf of Manilius.

ὁ δ ὑπέστη προθύµως, οὐχ ἥκιστα διὰ Πομπήϊον ἀπόντα˙  καὶ
This he willingly consented to do, chiefly for the sake of Pompey, who was absent, and

καταστὰς πάλιν ἐξ ὑπαρχῆς ἐδημηγόρησε, νεανικῶς τῶν
once more mounting the rostra harangued the people anew, vigorously

ὀλιγαρχικῶν καὶ τῷ Πομπηΐῳ φθονούντων καθαπτόµενος.
attacking the oligarchical party and those who were jealous of Pompey. 

							Χ

Ἐπὶ δὲ τὴν ὑπατείαν οὐχ ἧττον ὑπὸ τῶν
Yet he was advanced to the consulship no less by the

ἀριστοκρατικῶν ἢ τῶν πολλῶν προήχθη διὰ τὴν πόλιν ἐξ αἰτίας
aristocrats than by the common people, and in the interests of the city, both parties

αὐτῷ τοιαύτης συναγωνισαµένων.
seconding his efforts for the following reasons.

τῆς ὑπὸ Σύλλα γενομένης μεταβολῆς περὶ τὴν πολιτείαν 
The change which Sulla had made in the constitution at first appeared 

ἐν ἀρχῇ μὲν ἀτόπου φανείσης, τότε δὲ τοῖς πολλοῖς ὑπὸ 
absurd, but now it seemed to the majority, owing to lapse of  

χρόνου καὶ συνηθείας ἤδη τινὰ κατάστασιν ἔχειν οὐ 
time and their familiarity with it, to afford at last a kind of settlement which

φαύλην δοκούσης, ἦσαν οἱ τὰ παρόντα διασεῖσαι καὶ 
was not to be despised.   There were those, however, who sought to agitate and

μεταθεῖναι ζητοῦντες ἰδίων ἕνεκα πλεονεξιῶν, οὐ πρὸς 
change the existing status for the sake of their own gain, and not for the

τὸ βέλτιστον, Πομπηΐου μὲν ἔτι τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν ἐν 
best interests of the state, while Pompey was still carrying on war with the kings

Πόντῳ καὶ Ἀρμενίᾳ πολεμοῦντος, ἐν δὲ τῇ Ῥώμῃ μηδεμιᾶς 
in Pontus and Armenia, and there was no power in Rome which 

ὑφεστώσης πρὸς τοὺς νεωτερίζοντας ἀξιομάχου δυνάµεως.
was able to cope with the revolutionaries.

οὗτοι κορυφαῖον εἶχον ἄνδρα τολµητὴν καὶ µεγαλοπράγµονα καὶ
These had for their chief a man of bold,enterprising, and  

ποικίλον τὸ ἦθος, Λεύκιον Κατιλίναν, ὃς αἰτίαν ποτὲ πρὸς
versatile character, Lucius Catiline, who, in addition to other 

ἄλλοις ἀδικήμασι µεγάλοις ἔλαβε παρθένω συγγεγονέναι
great crimes, had once  been accused of deflowering his own 

θυγατρί, κτεῖναι δ᾽ ἀδελφὸν αὑτοῦ˙
daughter and of killing his own brother; 

καὶ δίκην ἐπὶ τούτῳ φοβούμενος ἔπεισε Σύλλαν ὡς ἔτι ζῶντα
and fearing punishment for this, he persuaded Sulla to include 

τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐν τοῖς ἀποθανουμένοις προγράψαι.
the man among those condemned, as if he were already dead.

τοῦτον οὖν προστάτην οἱ πονηροὶ λαβόντες ἄλλας τε πίστεις
Taking this man, then, as their leader, the miscreants gave various pledges to

ἀλλήλοις ἔδοσαν καὶ καταθύσαντες ἄνθρωπον ἐγεύσαντο τῶν σαρκῶν.
one another, one of which was the sacrifice of a man and the tasting of his flesh.

διέφθαρτο δ᾽ ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ πολὺ µέρος τῆς ἐν τῇ πόλει
Moreover, Catiline had corrupted a large part of the young 

νεύτητος, ἡδονὰς καὶ πότους καὶ γυναικῶν ἔρωτας 
men in the city, supplying each of them continually with 

ἀεὶ προξενοῦντος ἑκάστῳ καὶ τὴν εἰς ταῦτα 
amusements, banquets, and amours, and furnishing without 

δαπάνην ἀφειδῶς παρασκευάζοντος.
stint the money to spend on these things.

ἐπῆρτο δ᾽ ἥ τε Τυρρηνία πρὸς ἀπόστασιν ὅλη καὶ τὰ πολλὰ τῆς
Besides, all Etruria was roused to revolt, as well as most  

ἐντὸς Ἄλπεων Γαλατίας.
of Cisalpine Gaul.

ἐπισφαλέστατα δ᾽ ἡ Ῥώμὴ πρὸς μεταβολὴν εἶχε διὰ τὴν ἐν ταῖς
And Rome was most dangerously disposed towards change on account of the 

οὐσίαις ἀνωμαλίαν, τῶν μὲν ἐν δόξῃ µάλιστα καὶ Φρονήµατι
irregularity in the distribution of property since men of the highest reputation and spirit

κατεπτωχευµένων ες θέατρα καὶ δεῖπνα καὶ φιλαρχίας καὶ
had beggared themselves on show feasts pursuit of office and

οἰκοδομίας, τῶν δὲ πλούτων εἰς ἀγεννεῖς καὶ ταπεινοὺς
buildings and riches had streamed into the coffers of low-born

συνερρυηκότων ἀνθρώπους, ὥστε μικρᾶς ῥοπῆς δεῖσθαι τὰ 
and mean men so that matters needed only a slight impulse to

πράγµατα καὶ παντὸς εἶναι τοῦ τολµήσαντος ἐκστῆσαι τὴν
disturb them and it was in the power of any bold man to overthrow the

πολιτείαν αὐτὴν ὑφ᾽ αὑτῆς νοσοῦσαν.
commonwealth which of itself was in a diseased condition. 

Οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ βουλόμενος ὁ Κατιλίνας ἰσχυρόν τι προκαταλαβεῖν
However, Catiline wished to obtain first a strong base of operations, and therefore sued

ὁρμητήριον ὑπατείαν µετῄει καὶ λαμπρὸς ἦν ταῖς ἐλπίσιν ὡς
for the consulship; and he had bright hopes that he would share the consulship

Γαἴῳ ᾿Αντωνίῳ συνυπατεύσων, ἀνδρὶ καθ᾽ αὑτὸν μὲν οὔτε πρὸς τὸ
with Caius Antonius, a man who, of himself, would

βέλτιον οὔτε πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον ἡγεμονικῷ, προσθήκῃ δ ἄγοντος
probably not take the lead either for good or for bad, but would add strength

ἑτέρου δυνάµεως ἐσομένῳ.
to another who took the lead.

ταῦτα δὴ τῶν καλῶν καὶ ἀγαθῶν οἱ πλεῖστοι προαισθόµενοι τὸν
Most of the better class of citizens were aware of this, and 

Κικέρωνα προῆγον ἐπὶ τὴν ὑπατείαν˙ καὶ τοῦ δήµου δεξαµένου
therefore put forward Cicero for the consulship, and as the 

προθύμως ὁ μὲν Κατιλίνας ἐξέπεσε, Κικέρων δὲ καὶ Γάΐος
people readily accepted him, Catiline was defeated, and Cicero and Caius 

Ἀντώνιος ᾐρέθησαν.
Antonius were elected. 

καίτοι τῶν µετιόντων ὁ Κικέρων µόνος ἦν ἐξ ἱππικοῦ
And yet Cicero was the only one of the candidates who was the 

πατρός, οὐ βουλευτοῦ, γεγονώς.
son, not of a senator, but of a knight. 

Καὶ τὰ μὲν περὶ Κατιλίναν ἔμελλεν ἔτι τοὺς πολλοὺς
The schemes of Catiline were still to remain concealed from the 

λανθάνοντα, προάγωνες δὲ μεγάλοι τὴν Κικέρωνος ὑπατείαν
multitude, but great preliminary struggles awaited the 

ἐξεδέξαντο.
consulship of Cicero. 

τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ οἱ κεκωλυμένοι κατὰ τοὺς Σύλλα 
For in the first place, those who were prevented from holding office by the laws of Sulla,

νόµους ἄρχειν, οὔτ᾽ ἀσθενεῖς ὄντες οὔτ᾽ ὀλίγοι, 
and they were neither few nor weak, sued for offices and tried to win the favour of the people,

µετιόντες ἀρχὰς ἐδημαγώγουν, πολλὰ τῆς Σύλλα 
making many charges against the tyranny of Sulla

τυραννίδος ἀληθῆ μὲν καὶ δίκαια κατηγοροῦντες,
which were just and true, indeed, but disturbing the government 

οὐ μὴν ἐν δέοντι τὴν πολιτείαν οὐδὲ σὺν καιρῷ 
at an improper and unseasonable time; and,

κινοῦντες˙ τοῦτο δὲ νόµους εἰσῆγον οἱ δήμαρχοι
in the second place, the tribunes were introducing

πρὸς τὴν αὐτὴν ὑπόθεσιν, δεκαδαρχίαν καθιστάντες
laws to the same purpose, appointing a commission of ten men with

αὐτοκρατόρων ἀνδρῶν, οἷς ἐφεῖτο πάσης μὲν Ἰπαλίας, 
unlimited powers, to whom was committed, as supreme masters of all Italy, 

πάσης δὲ Συρίας, καὶ ὅσα διὰ Πομπηΐου νεωστὶ 
of all Syria, and of all the territories which Pompey had lately

προσώριστο κυρίους ὄντας πωλεῖν τὰ δηµόσια, κρίνειν 
added to the empire, the right to sell the public lands, to

οὓς δοκοίη, φυγάδας ἐκβάλλειν, συνοικίζειν πόλεις, 
try whom they pleased, to send into exile, to settle  

χρήματα λαμβάνειν ἐκ τοῦ ταµιείου, στρατιώτας 
cities, to take moneys from the public treasury, and to levy and

τρέφειν καὶ καταλέγειν ὁπόσων δέοιντο.
maintain as many soldiers as they wanted. 

διὸ καὶ τῷ νόμῳ προσεῖχον ἄλλοι τε τῶν ἐπιφανῶν καὶ πρῶτος
Therefore, others among the distinguished men also yielded to the law, and 

Ἀντώνιος ὁ τοῦ Κικέρωνος συνάρχων ὡς τῶν δέκα γενησόµενος.
Antonius the colleague of Cicero, who expected to be one of the ten. 

ἐδόκει δὲ καὶ τὸν Κατιλίνα νεωτερισμὸν εἰδὼς οὐ δυσχεραίνειν
It was thought also that he knew about the conspiracy of Catiline and was not averse to it,

ὑπὸ πλήθους δανείων˙  ὃ μάλιστα τοῖς ἀρίστοις φόβον παρεῖχε. 
owing to the magnitude of his debts; and this was what gave most alarm to the nobles. 

Καὶ τοῦτον πρῶτον θεραπεύων ὁ Κικερων ἐκείνῳ μὲν ἐψηφίσατο
This alarm Cicero first sought to allay by getting the province 

τῶν ἐπαρχιῶν Μακεδονίαν, αὑτῷ δὲ τὴν Γαλατίαν διδοµένην
of Macedonia voted to his colleague, while he himself declined 

παρητήσατο, καὶ κατειργάσατο τῇ χάριτι ταύτῃ τὸν Ἀντώνιον
the proffered province of Gaul; and by this favour he induced Antonius,

ὥσπερ ὑποκριτὴν ἔμμισθον αὐτῷ τὰ δεύτερα λέγειν ὑπὲρ τῆς  πατρίδος.
like a hired actor, to play the second role to him in defence of their country.  

ὡς δ᾽ οὗτος ἑαλώκει καὶ χειροήθης ἐγεγόνει, μᾶλλον ἤδη θαρρῶν
Then, as soon as Antonius had been caught and was tractable, 

ὁ Κικέρων ἐνίστατο πρὸς τοὺς καινοτομοῦντας.
Cicero opposed himself with more courage to the innovators. 

ἐν μὲν οὖν τῇ βουλῇ κατηγορίαν τινὰ τοῦ νόμοι διατιθέµενος
Accordingly, he denounced the proposed law in the senate at great length,

οὕτως ἐξέπληξεν αὐτοὺς τοὺς εἰσφέροντας ὥστε μηδὲν ἀντιλέγειν.
and so terrified the very promoters of it that they had no reply to make to him. 

ἐπεὶ δ αὖθις ἐπεχείρουν καὶ παρεσκευασµένοι προεκαλοῦντο
And when they made a second attempt and after full preparation 

τοὺς ὑπάτους ἐπὶ τὸν δῆμον, οὐδὲν ὑποδείσας ὁ Κικέρων, ἀλλὰ
summoned the consuls to appear before the people, Cicero had not the slightest fear,

τὴν βουλὴν ἔπεσθαι κελεύσας καὶ προελθών, οὐ µόνον ἐξέβαλε
but bidding the senate follow him and leading the way, he not only got

τὸν νόµου, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀπογγῶναι τοὺς δημάρχους
the law rejected, but also induced the tribunes to desist from the

ἐποίησε, παρὰ τοσοῦτον τῷ λόγῳ κρατηθέντας ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ.
rest of their measures, so overpowered were they by his eloquence. 

						XIII

Μάλιστα γὰρ οὗτος ὁ ἀνὴρ ἐπέδειξε Ῥωμαίοις ὅσον ἡδονῆς
For this man beyond all others showed the Romans how great a charm eloquence

λόγος τῷ καλῷ προστίθησι, καὶ ὅτι τὸ δίκαιον ἀήττητόν
adds to the right, and that justice is invincible if it is correctly put in words,

ἐστιν ἂν ὀρθῶς λέγηται, καὶ δεῖ τὸν ἐμμελῶς πολιτευόµενον
and that it behooves the careful statesman always in his acts to choose the right 

ἀεὶ τῷ μὲν ἔργῳ τὸ καλὸν ἀντὶ τοῦ κολακεύοντος αἱρεῖσθαι, τῷ
instead of the agreeable, and in his words to take away all

δὲ λόγῳ τὸ λυποῦν ἀφαιρεῖν τοῦ συμφέροντος.
vexatious features from what is advantageous. 

δεῖγμα δὲ αὐτοῦ τῆς περὶ τὸν λόγον χάριτος καὶ τὸ περὶ τὰς
But a demonstration of his grace in oratory and his splendor in public 

θέας ἐν τῇ ὑπατείᾳ γενόµενον.
exhibitions occurred during his consulship.

τῶν γὰρ ἱππικῶν πρότερον ἐν τοῖς θεάτροις ἀναμεμιγμένων τοῖς
For previously, when the equestrian order was mingled with the 

πολλοῖς καὶ μετὰ τοῦ δήµου θεωµένων ὡς ἔτυχε, πρῶτος
many in the theaters and seen together with the people, as chance had it, 

διέκρινεν ἐπὶ τιμῇ τοὺς ἱππέας ἀπὸ τῶν ἄλλων πολιτῶν Μάρκος Ὄθων
Marcus Otho, one of the generals, was the first to distinguish the knights with 

στρατηγῶν, καὶ διένειµεν ἰδίαν ἐκείνοις θέαν, ἣν ἔτι
an honor from the rest of the citizens. He assigned to them a special section for 

καὶ νῦν ἐξαίρετον ἔχουσι.
viewing and even now they maintain an exclusive privilege.

τοῦτο πρὸς ἀτιμίας ὁ δῆμος ἔλαβε, καὶ φανέντος 
The people took this as a mark of dishonour to themselves, 

ἐν θεάτρῳω τοῦ Ὄθωνος ἐφυβρίζων ἐσύριττεν, 
and when Otho appeared in the theatre they 

οἱ δ᾽ ἱππεῖς ὑπέλαβον κρότῳ τὸν ἄνδρα λαμπρῶς.
hissed him insultingly, while the knights received him with loud applause. 

αὖθις δὲ ὁ δῆμος ἐπέτεινε τὸν συριγµόν, εἶτα ἐκεῖνοι τὸν κρότον.
The people renewed and increased their hisses, and then the knights their applause. 

ἐκ δὲ τούτου τραπόµενοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐχρῶντο 
After this they turned upon one another with reviling 

λοιδορίαις, καὶ τὸ θέατρον ἀκοσμία κατεῖχεν.
words, and disorder reigned in the theatre. 

ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ὁ Κικέρων ἧκε πυθόµενος καὶ τὸν δῆμον ἐκκαλέσας πρὸς
When Cicero heard of this he came and summoned the people to 

τὸ τῆς ᾿Ενυοῦς ἱερὸν ἐπετίμησε καὶ παρῄνεσεν, ἀπελθόντες
the temple of Bellona, where he rebuked 

θόντες αὖθις εἰς τὸ θέατρον ἐκρότουν τὸν Ὄθωνα 
and exhorted them, whereupon they went back again to the theatre

λαμπρῶς καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἱππέας ἅμιλλαν ἐποιοὔντο 
and applauded Otho loudly, and vied with the knights

περὶ τιμῶν καὶ δόξης τοῦ ἀνδρός.
in showing him honour and esteem.

					XIV

Ἡ δὲ περὶ τὸν Κατιλίναν συνωμοσία πτήξασα καὶ καταδείσασα
But Catiline and his fellow-conspirators, who at first were cowed and terrified,

τὴν ἀρχὴν αὖθις ἀἄνεθάρρει, καὶ συνῆγον ἀλλήλους καὶ
began once more to take courage, and assembling themselves

παρεκάλουν εὐτολμότερον ἅπτεσθαι τῶν πραγμάτων πρὶν
together exhorted one another to take matters in hand more boldly

ἐπανελθεῖν Πομπήϊον ἤδη λεγόμενον ὑποστρέφειν μετὰ τῆς δυνάµεως.
before Pompey came back, and he was said to be now returning with his army.

µάλιστα δὲ τὸν Κατιλίναν ἐξηρέθιζον οἱ Σύλλα πάλαι
It was the old soldiers of Sulla, however, who were most of all urging Catiline

στρατιῶται, διαπεφυκότες μὲν ὅλης τῆς ᾿Ιταλίας, 
on to action. These were to be found in all parts of Italy,

πλεῖστοι δὲ καὶ μαχιμώτατοι ταῖς Τυρρηνικαῖς 
but the greatest numbers and the most warlike of them had been

ἐγκατεσπαρμένοι πόλεσιν, ἁρπαγὰς πάλιν καὶ 
scattered among the cities of Etruria, and were again dreaming of robbing and

διαφορήσεις πλούτων ἑτοίμων ὀνειροπολοῦντες.
plundering the wealth that lay ready to hand.

οὗτοι γὰρ ἡγεμόνα Μάλλιον ἔχοντες, ἄνδρα 
These men, I say, with Manlius for a leader, one of the men

τῶν ἐπιφανῶς ὑπὸ Σύλλα στρατευσαµένων, 
who had served with distinction under Sulla,

συνίσταντο τῷ Κατιλίνα καὶ παρῆσαν εἰ, 
associated themselves with Catiline and came to

᾿Ῥώμην συναρχαιρεσιάσοντες.
Rome to take part in the consular elections.

ὑπατείαν γὰρ αὖθις µετῄήει, βεβουλευμένος ἆνελεῖν τὸν
For Catiline was again a candidate for the consulship, and had determined

Κικέρωνα περὶ αὐτὸν τῶν ἀρχαιρεσιῶν τὸν θόρυβον.
to kill Cicero in the very tumult of the elections.

ἐδόκει δὲ καὶ τὸ δαιµόνιον προσηµαίνειν τὰ πρασσόµενα
Moreover, even the heavenly powers seemed, by earthquakes and thunderbolts

σεισμοῖς καὶ κεραυνοῖς καὶ φάσµασιν.
and apparitions, to foreshow what was coming to pass.

αἱ δ᾽ ἀπ᾿ ἀνθρώπων μηνύσεις ἀληθεῖς μὲν ἦσαν, 
And there were also human testimonies which were 

οὕπω ὃ᾽ εἰς ἔλεγχον ἀποχρῶσαι κατ᾽ ἀνδρὸς 
true, indeed, but not sufficient for the conviction 

ἐνδόξου καὶ δυναµένου µέγα τοῦ Κατιλίνα.
of a man of reputation and great power like Catiline. 

διὸ τὴν ἡμέραν τῶν ἀρχαιρεσιῶν ὑπερθέμενος 
For this reason Cicero postponed the day of 

ὁ Κικέρων ἐκάλει τὸν Κατιλίναν εἰς τὴν 
the elections, and summoning Catiline to 

σύγκλητον καὶ περὶ τῶν λεγομένων ἀνέκρινεν.
the senate, examined him concerning what was reported. 

ὁ δὲ πολλοὺς οἰόμενος εἶναι τοὺς πραγμάτων 
But Catiline, thinking that there were many 

καινῶν ἐφιεμένους ἐν τῇ βουλῇ, καὶ ἅμα τοῖς
in the senate who were desirous of a revolution, and at 

συνωµόταις ἐνξεικνύμενος, ἀπεκρίνατο τῷ 
the same time making a display of himself to the conspirators,

Κικέρωνι μανικὴν ἀπόκρισιν˙ “Τί γάρ,” 
gave Cicero the answer of a madman “What dreadful thing, pray, ”

ἔφη, “πράττω δεινόν, εἰ, δυεῖν σωμάτων ὄντων, 
said he, “am I doing, if, when there are two bodies, 

τοῦ μὲν ἰσχνοῦ καὶ κατεφθινηκότος, ἔχοντος
one lean and wasted, but with 

δὲ κεφαλήν, τοῦ δ᾽ ἀκεφάλου μέν, ἰσχυροῦ δὲ
a head, and the other headless, but strong and 

καὶ µεγάλου, τούτῳ κεφαλὴν αὐτὸς ἐπιτίθημι;”
large, I myself become a head for this?

τούτων εἴς τε τὴν βουλὴν καὶ τὸν δῆμον ἠνιγμένων ὑπ᾽
Since this riddle of Catiline’s referred to the senate and the

αὐτοῦ, μᾶλλον ὁ Κικέρων ἔδεισε, καὶ τεθωρακισμένον
people, Cicero was all the more alarmed, and he wore a

αὐτὸν οἵ τε δυγατοὶ πάντες ἀπὸ τῆς οἰκίας καὶ τῶν νέων
breastplate when all the nobles and many of the young men escorted him

πολλοὶ κατήγαγον εἰς τὸ πεδίον.
from his house to the Campus Martius.

τοῦ δὲ θώρακος ἐπίτηδες ὑπέφαιέ τι παραλύσας 
Moreover, he purposely allowed the spectators to get a glimpse of

ἐκ τῶν ὤμων τοῦ χιτῶνος, ἐνδεικνύμενος τοῖς 
his breastplate by loosing his tunic from his shoulders,

ὁρῶσι τὸν κίνδυνου.
thus showing them his peril.

οἱ δ᾽ ἠγανάκτουν καὶ συνεστρέφοντο περὶ αὐτόν˙ καὶ τέλος
The people were incensed and rallied about him, and finally

ἐν ταῖς ψήφοις τὸν μὲν Κατιλίναν αὖθις ἐξέβαλον,
when they voted, they rejected Catiline once more,

εἵλοντο δὲ Σιλανὸν ὕπατον καὶ Μουρήναν.
and elected Silanus and Murena consuls. 

					XV

Οὐ πολλῷ δ᾽ ὕστερον τούτων ἤδη τῷ Κατιλίνᾳ τῶν ἐν
Not long after this, when Catiline’s soldiers in 

Τυρρηνίᾳ συνερχοµένων καὶ καταλοχιζοµένων, καὶ τῆς
Etruria were already assembling and forming into companies, 

ὡρισμένης πρὸς τὴν ἐπίθεσιν ἡμέρας ἐγγὺς οὔσης, ἦκον ἐπὶ
and when the day set for their attack was near, there came 

τὴν Κικέρωγος οἰκίαν περὶ µέσας νύκτας ἄνδρες οἱ
to the house of Cicero at midnight men who were the 

πρῶτοι καὶ δυνατώτατοι Ῥωμαίων, Μάρκος τε Κράσσος καὶ
leading and most powerful Romans, Marcus Crassus, Marcus 

Μάρκος Μάρκελλος καὶ Σκηπίων Μέτελλος˙ κόψαντες δὲ τὰς
Marcellus, and Scipio Metellus; and knocking at the 

θύρας καὶ καλέσαντες τὸν θυρωρὸν ἐκέλευον ἐπεγεῖραι
door and summoning the doorkeeper, they bade him wake Cicero 

καὶ φράσαι Κικέρωνι τὴν παρουσίαν αὐτῶν.
and tell him they were there. 

ἣν δὲ τοιόνδε˙
Their business was what I shall now relate.

τῷ Κράσσῳ μετὰ δεῖπιον ἐπιστολὰς ἀποδίδωσιν
After Crassus had dined, his doorkeeper handed him some letters

ὁ θνυρωρός, ὑπὸ δή τινος ἀνθρώπου κοµισθείσας 
which an unknown man had brought; they were addressed

ἀγνώστου, ἄλλας ἄλλοις ἐπιγεγραμμένας, αὐτῷ 
to different persons, and one, which had no signature,

δὲ Κράσσῳ μίαν ἀδέσποτον.
was for Crassus himself.

ἣν µόνην ἀναγνοὺς ὁ Κράσσος, ὡς ἔφραζε 
Crassus read this letter only, and since 

τὰ γράμματα Φφόνον γενησόμενον  πολὺν διὰ Κατιλίνα, 
its contents told him that there was to be much bloodshed caused by Catiline, 

καὶ παρῄνει τῆς πόλεως ὑπεξελθεῖν, τὰς ἄλλας οὐκ ἔλυσεν, 
and advised him  to escape secretly from the city, he did not open the rest, 

ἀλλ᾽ ἦκεν εὐθὺς πρὸς τὸν Κικέρωνα, πληγεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ δεινοῦ, 
but came at once to Cicero, terrified by the danger, 

καί τι τῆς αἰτίας ἀπολυόμενος ἣν ἔσχε διὰ 
and seeking to free himself from charges made against him on account 

φιλίαν τοῦ Κατιλίνα.
of his friendship for Catiline.

Βουλευσάμενος οὖν ὁ Κικέρων ἅμ᾽ ἡμέρᾳ βουλὴν
Cicero, accordingly, after deliberation, convened the senate at break of day,

συνήγαγε, καὶ τὰς ἐπιστολὰς κοµίσας ἀπέδωκεν οἷς
and carrying the letters thither gave them to the persons to 

ἦσαν ἐπεσταλμέναι, κελεύσας φανερῶς ἀναηγνῶναι.
whom they had been sent, with orders to read them aloud.

πᾶσαι ὃ ἦσαν ὁμοίως ἐπιβουλὴν φράζουσαι.
All the letters alike were found to tell of a plot.

ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ ἸΚόϊντος Ἀρριος, ἀνὴρ
And when also Quintus Arrius, a man of praetorian dignity,

στρατηγικός, ἀπήγγελλε τοὺς ἐν Τυρρηνίᾳ καταλοχισμούς,
brought word of the soldiers who were being mustered

καὶ Μάλλιος ἀπηγγέλλετο σὺν χειρὶ
into companies in Etruria, and Manlius was reported to be hovering

µεγάλῃ περὶ τὰς πόλεις ἐκείνας αἰωρούμενος ἀεί τι
about the cities there with a large force, in constant expectation 

προσδοκᾶν καινὸν ἀπὸ τῆς Ῥώμης, γίνεται δόγµα τῆς
of some news from Rome, the senate passed a 

βουλῆς παρακατατίθεσθαι τοῖς ὑπτάτοις τὰ
decree that matters should be put in the hands 

πράγματα, δεξαµένους δ᾽ ἐκείνους ὡς ἐπίστανται
of the consuls, who were to accept the charge and manage as

διοικεῖν καὶ σώζειν τὴν πόλιν.
best they knew how for the preservation of the city.

τοῦτο δ᾽ οὐ πολλάκις, ἀλλ᾽ ὅταν τι μέγα
Now, the senate is not wont to do this 

δείσῃ, ποιεῖν εἴωθεν ἡ σύγκλητος.
often, but only when it fears some great danger.

					XVI

Ἐπεὶ δὲ ταύτην λαβὼν τὴν ἐξουσίαν ὁ Κικέρων τὰ
On receiving this power Cicero entrusted matters 

μὲν ἔξω πράγματα Κοΐντῳ Μετέλλῳ διεπίστευσε, τὴν δὲ
outside to Quintus Metellus, while he himself kept 

πόλιν εἶχε διὰ χειρὸς καὶ καθ᾽ ἡμέραν προῄει
the city in hand and daily went forth attended 

δορυφορούμενος ὑπ᾽ ἀνδρῶν τοσούτων τὸ πλῆθος ὥστε
by so large a bodyguard that a great part of the forum 

τῆς ἀγορᾶς πολὺ µέρος κατέχειν ἐμβάλλοντος αὐτοῦ
was occupied when he entered it with his escort. 

τοὺς παραπέµποντας, οὐκέτι καρτερῶν τὴν µέλλησιν
Thereupon Catiline, no longer able to endure the

ὁ Κατιλίνας αὐτὸς μὲν ἐκπηδᾶν ἔγνω πρὸς τὸν Μάλλιον
delay, resolved to hasten forth to Manlius 

ἐπὶ τὸ στράτευμα, Μάρκιον δὲ καὶ Κέθηγον ἐκέλευσε
and his army, and ordered Marcius and Cethegus to take 

ξίφη λαβόντας ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας ἕωθεν ὡς
their swords and go early in the morning to the house of Cicero on pretence 

ἀσπασομένους τὸν Κικέρωνα καὶ διαχρήσασθαι προσπεσόντας.
of paying him their respects, and there to fall upon him and dispatch him.

τοῦτο Φουλβία, γυνὴ τῶν ἐπιφανῶν, ἐξαγγέλλει τῷ
This scheme Fulvia, a woman of high rank, made known to Cicero, 

Κικέρωνι, νυκτὸς ἐλθοῦσα καὶ διακελευσαµένη
coming to him by night and urging him to be on his guard against 

Φυλάττεσθαι τοὺς περὶ τὸν Κέθηγον.
Cethegus and his companion.

οἱ δ ἦκον ἅμ᾽ ἡμέρα, καὶ κωλυθέντες εἰσελθεῖν ἠγανάκτουν 
The men came at break of day, and when they were prevented from entering, they were

καὶ κατεβόων ἐπὶ θύραις, ὥστε ὑποπτότεροι γενέσθαι.
incensed and made an outcry at the door, which made them the more suspected.

προελθὼν δ᾽ ὁ Κικέρων ἐκάλει τὴν σύγκλητον εἰς τὸ τοῦ Στησίου Διὸς ἱερόν,
Then Cicero went forth and summoned the senate to the temple of Jupiter Stesius 

ὃν Στάτορα Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσιν, ἱδρυμένον ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς ἱερᾶς ὁδοῦ, 
(or Stator, as the Romans say), which was situated at the beginning of the Via Sacra,

πρὸς τὸ Παλάτιον ἀνιόντων.
as you go up to the Palatine hill.

ἐνταῦθα καὶ τοῦ Κατιλίνα μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἐλθόντος 
Ηither Catiline also came with the rest in order 

ὡς ἀπολογησοµένου, συγκαθίσαι μὲν οὐδεὶς 
to make his defence; no senator, 

ὑπέμεινε τῶν συγκλητικῶν, ἀλλὰ πάντες ἀπὸ
however, would sit with him, but all moved away  

τοῦ βάθρου μετῆλθον.
from the bench where he was.

ἀρξάμενος δὲ λέγειν ἐθορυβεῖτο, καὶ τέλος ἀναστὰς
And when he began to speak he was interrupted by outcries, and at 

ὁ Κικέρων προσέταξεν αὐτῷ τῆς πόλεως
last Cicero rose and ordered him to depart from the city, 

ἁπαλλάττεσθαι˙ δεῖν γὰρ αὐτοῦ μὲν λόγοις, ἐκείνου
saying that, since one of them did his work with words and the 

δ᾽ ὅπλοις πολιτευοµένου µέσον εἶναι τὸ τεῖχος.
other with arms, the city-wall needs to lie between them.

ὁ μὲν οὖν Κατιλίνας εἰθὺς ἐξελθὼν μετὰ τριακοσίων
Catiline, accordingly, left the city at once with three hundred 

ὁπλοφόρων καὶ περιστησάµενος αὑτῷ ῥαβδουχίας ὡς
armed followers, assumed the fasces and axes as though he were 

ἄρχοντι καὶ πελέκεις καὶ σημαίας ἐπαράμενος, πρὸς
a magistrate, raised standards, and marched to join 

τὸν Μάλλιον ἐχώρει˙ καὶ δισµυρίων ὁμοῦ τι
Manlius; and since about twenty thousand men altogether had  

συνηθροισµένων ἐπῄει τὰς πόλεις ἀναπείθων καὶ
been collected, he marched round to the various cities endeavouring to persuade

ἀφιστάς, ὥστε τοῦ πολέµου φανεροῦ γεγονότος τὸν
them to revolt, so that there was now open war, 

Ἀντώνιον ἀποσταλῆναι διαμαχούμενον.
and Antonius was sent off to fight it out. 

					XVII

Τοὺς δ᾽ ὑπολειφθέντας ἐν τῇ πόλει τῶν διεφθαρµένων
The creatures of Catiline who had been left behind in the city were 

ὑπὸ τοῦ Κατιλίνα συνῆγε καὶ παρεθάρρυνε Κορνήλιος
brought together and encouraged by Cornelius 

Λέντλος Σούρας ἐπίκλησιν, ἀνὴρ γένους μὲν
Lentulus, surnamed Sura, a man of illustrious 

ἐνδόξου, βεβιωκὼς δὲ φαύλως καὶ δι᾽ ἀσέλγειαν
birth, but one who had led a low  life and for his licentiousness 

ἐξεληλαμένος τῆς βουλῆς πρότερον, τότε δὲ
had formerly been ex- pelled from the senate, though 

στρατηγῶν τὸ δεύτερον, ὡς ἔθος ἐστὶ τοῖς ἐξ
now he was serving as praetor for the second time, as is 

ὑπαρχῆς ἀνακτωμένοις τὸ βουλευτικὸν ἀξίωμα.
the custom with those who have recovered their senatorial dignity.

λέγεται δὲ καὶ τὴν ἐπίκλησιν αὐτῷ γενέσθαι τὸν ἐξ αἰτίας τοιαύτης.
It is said too that he got his surname of Sura for the following reason.

ἐν τοῖς κατὰ Σύλλαν χρόνοι ταμιεύων συχνὰ τῶν
In Sulla’s time he was quaestor and lost and 

δηµοσίων χρημάτων ἀπώλεσε καὶ διέφθειρεν.
wasted large amounts of the public moneys.

ἀγανακτοῦντος δὲ τοῦ Σύλλα καὶ λόγον ἀπαιτοῦντος
Sulla was angry at this and demanded an accounting from him in 

ἐν τῇ συγκλήτῳ, προελθὼν ὀλιγώρως πάνυ καὶ
the senate, whereupon Lentulus came forward with a very 

καταφρονητικῶς λόγον μὲν οὖκ ἔφη διδόναι, παρέχειν
careless and contemptuous air and said that he would not give 

δὲ τὴν κνήµην, ὥσπερ εἰώθεισαν οἱ παῖδες ὅταν ἐν
an account, but would offer his leg, as boys were accustomed to do when

τῷ σφαιρίζειν ἁμάρτωσιν.
they were playing ball and made a miss.

ἐκ τούτου Σούρας παρωνοµάσθη˙ σούραν 
On this account he was surnamed Sura, for “sura” is 

γὰρ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὴν κνήµην λέγουσι.
the Roman word for leg. 

πάλιν δὲ δίκην ἔχων καὶ διαφθείρας ἐνίους τῶν
At another time, too, he was under prosecution and had bribed some of

δικαστῶν, ἐπεὶ δυσὶ µόναις ἀπέφυγε ψήφοις, ἔφη
the jurors, and when he was acquitted by only two votes, he said that

παρανάλωµα γεγονέναι τὸ θατέρῳ κριτῇ δοθέν˙ ἀρκεῖν 
what he had given to the second juror was wasted money, since it would have

γὰρ εἰ καὶ μιᾷ ψήφῳ µόνον ἀπελύθη.
sufficed if he had been acquitted by one vote only.

Τοῦτον ὄντα τῇ φύσει τοιοῦτον κεκινηµένον ὑπὸ τοῦ
Such was the nature of this man who had been stirred up by  

Κατιλίνα προσδιέφθειραν ἐλπίσι κεναῖς ψευδοµάντεις
Catiline, and he was further corrupted by vain hopes held  

καὶ γόητες ἔπη πεπλασμένα καὶ χρησμοὺς ἄδοντες,
out to him by false prophets and jugglers,

ὡς ἐκ τῶν Σιβυλλείων, προδηλοῦντας εἱμαρμένους εἶναι 
These recited forged oracles in verse purporting to come from the Sibylline books,

τῇ Ῥώμῃ Κορνηλίους τρεῖς µονάρχους, ὧν δύο μὲν ἤδη
which set forth that three Cornelii were fated to be monarchs in Rome, two of whom

πεπληρωκέναι τὸ χρεών, Κίνναν τε καὶ Σύλλαν, τρίτῳ δὲ
had already fulfilled their destiny, namely, Cinna and Sulla, and that now to 

λοιπῷ Κορνηλίῳ ἐκείνῳ φέροντα τὴν µοναρχίαν ἥκειν
him, the third and remaining Cornelius, the heavenly powers were 

τὸν δαίμονα, καὶ δεῖν πάντως δέχεσθαι καὶ μὴ
come with a proffer of the monarchy, which he must by all means accept,

διαφθείρειν μέλλοντα τοὺς καιρούς, ὥσπερ Κατιλίνας.
and not ruin his opportunities by delay, like Catiline.

						XVIII

Οὐδὲν οὖν ἐπενόει μικρὸν ὁ Λέντλος ἢ ἄσημον,
Accordingly, it was no trifling or insignificant plan which 

ἀλλ᾽ ἐδεδοκτο τὴν βουλὴν ἅπασαν ἀναιρεῖν τῶν 
Lentulus was cherishing, nay, it was decided to kill all the 

τ᾽ ἄλλων πολιτῶν ὅσους δύναιτο, τὴν πόλιν δ᾽ 
senators and as many of the other citizens as they could, 

αὐτὴν καταπιµπράναι, φείδεσθαί τε μηδενὸς 
to burn down the city itself, and to spare no one except 

ἢ τῶν Πομπηΐου τέκνων’ ταῦτα δ᾽ 
the children of Pompey; these they were to seize 

ἐξαρπασαμµένους ἔχειν ὑφ᾽ αὑτοῖς καὶ φυλάττειν 
and hold in their own custody and keep as hostages for their 

ὅμηρα τῶν πρὸς Πομπήϊον διαλύσεων˙ ἤδη γὰρ 
reconciliation with Pompey; for already there was current 

ἐφοίτα πολὺς λόγος καὶ βέβαιος ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ 
a wide-spread and sure report of his coming 

κατιόντος ἀπὸ τῆς μεγάλης στρατείας.
back from his  great expedition.

καὶ νὺξ μὲν ὥριστο πρὸς τὴν ἐπίθεσιν µία τῶν
A night had also been fixed for the attempt, a night of the 

Κρονιάδων, ξίφη δὲ καὶ στυππεῖα καὶ θεῖον εἰς τὴν
Saturnalia, and swords, stilettos and brimstone had been carried to 

Κεθήγου φέροντες οἰκίαν ἀπέκρυψαν.
the house of Cethegus and hidden there.

ἄνδρας δὲ τάξαντες ἑκατὸν καὶ µέρη τοσαῦτα τῆς
Moreover, they had appointed a hundred men and assigned by lot as many quarters

Ρώμης ἕκαστον ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστῳ διεκλήρωσαν, ὡς δι᾽
of Rome to each one severally, in order that within a short time

ὀλίγου πολλῶν ἀψάντων φλέγοιτο πανταχόθεν ἡ πόλι.
many might play the incendiary and the city be everywhere in a blaze.

ἄλλοι δὲ τοὺς ὀχετοὺς ἔμελλον ἐμφράξαντες
Others, too, were to stop up the aqueducts and kill those 

ἀποσφάττειν τοὺς ὑδρευομένους.
who tried to bring water. 

Πραττομένων δὲ τούτων ἔτυχον ἐπιδημοῦντες
But while this was going on, there chanced to be staying at Rome

Ἀλλοβρίγων δύο πρέσβεις, ἔθνους μάλιστα δὴ τότε
two ambassadors of the Allobroges, a nation which at that time was in a

πονηρὰ πράττοντος καὶ βαρυνοµένου τὴν ἠγεμονίαν.
particularly evil plight and felt oppressed by the Roman sway.

τούτους οἱ περὶ Λέντλον ὠφελίμους ἡγούμενοι 
These men Lentulus and his partisans thought would be useful 

πρὸς τὸ κινῆσαι καὶ μεταβαλεῖν τὴν Γαλατίαν 
in stirring up Gaul to revolt, and therefore took them into 

ἐποιήσαντο συνωµότας.
the conspiracy.

καὶ γράµµατα μὲν αὐτοῖς πρὸς τὴν ἐκεῖ βουλήν, 
They also gave them letters to their senate, 

γράµµατα δὲ πρὸς Κατιλίναν ἔδοσαν, τῇ μὲν ὑπισχνούμενοι
and letters to Catiline, making 

τὴν ἐλευθερίαν, τὸν δὲ Κατιλίναν παρακαλοῦντες
the senate promises of freedom and urging Catiline 

ἐλευθερώσαντα τοὺς δούλους ἐπὶ τὴν “Ῥώμην ἐλαύνειν.
to set the slaves free and march upon Rome. 

συναπέστελλον, δὲ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν πρὸς τὸν Κατιλίναν
They also sent with them to Catiline a certain 

Τίτον τινὰ Κροτωνιάτην, κομίζοντα τὰς ἐπιστολάς.
Titus of Croton, who was to carry the letters. 

οἷα δ᾽ ἀνθρώπων ἀσταθµήτων καὶ μετ᾽ οἴνου τὰ
But the conspirators were unbalanced men who seldom met 

πολλὰ καὶ γυναικῶν ἀλλήλοις ἐντυγχανόντων
together without wine and women, while Cicero was following 

βουλεύματα πόνῳ καὶ λογισμῷ νήφοντι καὶ συνέσει
their schemes industriously, with sober judgement and surpassing 

περιττῇ διώκων ὁ Κικέρων, καὶ πολλοὺς μὲν ἔχων
sagacity; he also had many men outside of their conspiracy 

ἔξωθεν ἐπισκοποῦντας τὰ πραττόµενα καὶ
who kept watch upon their doings and helped him track 

συνεξιχνεύοντας αὐτῷ, πολλοῖς δὲ τῶν µετέχειν
them down, and he conferred secretly and confidentially 

δοκούντων τῆς συνωμοσίας διαλεγόµενος κρύφα καὶ
with many who were supposed to belong to the conspiracy; he 

πιστεύων, ἔγνω τὴν πρὸς τοὺς ξένους κοινολογίαν˙
therefore came to know of their conference with the strangers, 

καὶ νυκτὸς ἐνεδρεύσας ἔλαβε τὸν Κροτωνιάτην καὶ τὰ
and, laying an ambush by night, he seized the man of Croton and 

γράμματα, συνεργούντων ἀδήλως τῶν Ἀλλοβρίγων.
his letters with the secret cooperation of the Allobroges.

						XIX

Ἅμα δ᾽ ἡμέρα βουλὴν ἀθροίσας εἰς τὸ τῆς Ὀμονοίας
At break of day, then, he assembled the senate in the temple 

ἱερὸν ἐξανέγνω τὰ γράµµατα καὶ τῶν μηνυτῶν διήκουσεν.
of Concord, read the letters aloud, and examined the informers.

ἔφη δὲ καὶ Σιλανὸς Ἰούνιος ἀκηκοέναι τινὰς Κεθήγου
Silanus Junius also said that certain ones had heard Cethegus 

λέγοντος ὡς ὕπατοί τε τρεῖς καὶ στρατηηοὶ τέτταρες
declare that three consuls and four praetors were going to 

ἀναιρεῖσθαι µέλλουσι.
be taken off.

τοιαῦτα δ᾽ ἕτερα καὶ Πείσων, ἀνὴρ ὑπατικός, εἰσήγγειλε.
Piso, too, a man of consular dignity, brought in other reports of a like nature.

Γάϊος δὲ Σουλπίκιος, εἷς τῶν στρατηηγῶν, ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκίαν
Moreover, Caius Sulpicius, one of the praetors, on being sent to 

πεμφθεὶς τοῦ Κεθήγου πολλὰ μὲν ἐν αὐτῇ βέλη καὶ ὅπλα, 
the house of Cethegus, found in it many missiles and weapons, and 

πλεῖστα δὲ ξίφη καὶ µαχαίρας εὗρε νεοθήκτους ἁπάσας.
a huge quantity of swords and knives, all newly sharpened.

τέλος δὲ τῷ Κροτωνιάτῃ ψηφισαμένης ἄδειαν ἐπὶ μηνύσει 
And finally, after the senate had voted immunity to the man of Croton 

τῆς βουλῆς ἐξελεγχθεὶς ὁ Λέντλος ἀπωμόσατο τὴν ἀρχήν 
on condition that he gave information, Lentulus was convicted, resigned 

(στρατηγῶν γὰρ ἐτύγχανε), καὶ τὴν περιπόρφυρον ἐν τῇ 
his office (he was then praetor), and laying aside his purple-bordered 

βουλῆ καταθέµενος διήλλαξεν ἐσθῆτα τῇ συμφορῷ πρέπουσαν.
toga in the senate, assumed in its place a garment suitable to his predicament.

οὗτος μὲν οὖν καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ παρεδόθησαν εἰς
He and his assuciates, therefore, were handed over 

ἄδεσμον φυλακὴν τοῖς στρατηγοῖς.
to the practors for custody without fetters.

Ἔδη δ᾽ ἐσπέρας οὔσης καὶ τοῦ δήμου περιμένοντος 
It was now evening, and the people were waiting about the 

ἀθρύου, προελθὼν ὁ Κικέρων, καὶ φράσας τὸ 
temple in throngs, when Cicero come forth and told 

πρᾶγμα τοῖς πολίταις καὶ προπεµφθείς, παρἦλθεν 
his fellow-citizens what had been done. They then escorted 

εἰς οἰκίαν φίλου γειτνιῶντος, ἐπεὶ τὴν ἐκείνου 
him to the house of a friend and neighbour, since his own 

γυναῖκες κατεῖχον, ἱεροῖς ἀπορρήτοις ὀργιάζουσαι 
was occupied by the women, who were celebrating mysterious 

θεὸν ἣν Ῥωμαῖοι μὲν Ἀγαθήν, Ἕλληνες δὲ 
rites to a goddess whom the Romans call Bona Dea, 

Γυναικείαν ὀνομάζουσι.
and the Greeks, Gynaeceia.

θύεται δ᾽ αὐτῇ κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ τοῦ ὑπάτου διὰ γυναικὸς
Sacrifice is offered to her annually in the house of the consul by his wife 

ἢ μητρὸς αὐτοῦ, τῶν Ἑστιάδων παρθένων παρουσῶν.
or his mother, in the presence of the Vestal Virgins.

εἰσελθὼν οὖν ὁ Κικέρων, καθ᾽ αὑτόν, ὀλύγων παντάπασιν
Cicero, then, having gone into his friend’s house, began to deliberate with himself—and 

αὐτῷ παρόντων, ἐφρόντιζεν ὅπως χρήσαιτο τοῖς ἀνδράσι.
he had only very few companions —what he should do with the men. 

τήν τε γὰρ ἄκραν καὶ προσήκουσαν ἀδικήμασι
For he shrank from inflicting the extreme penalty, and the one 

τηλικούτοις τιµωρίαν ἐξευλαβεῖτο καὶ κατώκνει δι
befitting such great crimes, and he hesitated to do it because of the 

ἐπιείκειαν ἤθους ἅμα καὶ ὡς μὴ δοκοίη τῆς ἐξουσίας
kindliness of his nature, and at the same time that he might not appear 

ἄγαν ἐμφορεῖσθαι καὶ πικρῶς ἐπεμβαίνειν ἀνδράσι
to make an excessive use of his power and to trample ruthlessly upon 

γένει τε πρώτοις καὶ φίλους δυνατοὺς ἐν τῇ πόλει
men who were of the highest birth and had powerful friends in the city; 

κεκτηµένοις˙ µαλακώτερόν τε χρησάµενος ὠρρώδει
and if he treated them with less severity, he was afraid of the peril 

τὸν ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν κίνδυνον.
into which they would bring the state.

οὐ γὰρ ἀγαπήσειν µετριώτερόν τι θανάτου
For if they suffered any milder penalty than death, he was sure 

παθόντας, ἀλλ᾽ εἰς ἅπαν ἀναρραγήσεσθαι τὀλμης, τῇ
they would not be satisfied, but would break out into every extreme of boldness, 

παλαιᾷ κακία νέαν ὀργὴν προσλαβόντας˙ αὐτός τε
having added fresh rage to their old villainy: and he himself would be 

δόξειν ἄνανδρος καὶ µαλακός, οὐδ ἄλλως δοκῶν
thought unmanly and weak, especially as the multitude already thought 

εὐτολμότατος εἶναι τοῖς πολλοῖς.
him very far from courageous. 

Ταῦτα τοῦ Κικέρωνος διαποροῦντος γίνεταί τι ταῖς γυναιξὶ
While Cicero was in this perplexity, a sign was given to the women

σημεῖον θυούσαις.
who were sacrificing.

ὁ γὰρ βωμός, ἤδη τοῦ πυρὸς κατακεκοιμῆσθαι δοκοῦντος, 
The altar, it seems, although the fire was already thought to have 

ἐκ τῆς τέφρας καὶ τῶν κεκαυµένων φλοιῶν φλόγα
gone out, sent forth from the ashes and burnt bark 

πολλὴν ἀνῆκε καὶ λαμπράν.
upon it a great bright blaze.

ὑφ᾽ ἧς αἱ μὲν ἄλλαι διεπτοήθησαν, αἱ δ' ἱεραὶ παρθένοι
The rest of the women were terrified at this, but the sacred 

τὴν τοῦ Κικέρωνος γυναῖκα Τερεντίαν ἐκέλευσαν ᾗ 
virgins bade Terentia the wife of Cicero go with all 

τάχος χωρεῖν πρὸς τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ κελεύειν οἷς ἔγνωκεν 
speed to her husband and tell him to carry out his resolutions 

ἐγχειρεῖν ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος, ὡς µέγα πρός τε 
in behalf of the country, since the goddess was giving 

σωτηρίαν καὶ δόξαν αὐτῷ τῆς θεοῦ φῶς διδούσης.
him a great light on this path to safety and glory.

ἡ δὲ Τερεντία (καὶ γὰρ οὐδ᾽ ἄλλως ἦν πραεῖά τις οὐδ᾽
So Terentia, who was generally of no mild spirit nor without 

ἄτολμος τὴν φύσιν, ἀλλὰ φιλότιµος γυνὴ καὶ μᾶλλον, 
natural courage, but an ambitious woman, and, as Cicero 

ὡς αὐτός φησιν ὁ Κικέῥρων, τῶν πολιτικῶν
himself tells us, more inclined to make herself 

µεταλαμβάνουσα παρ᾽ ἐκείνου φροντίδων ἢ
a partner in his political perplexities than 

μεταδιδοῦσα τῶν οἰκιακῶν ἐκείνῳ) ταῦτά τε πρὸς
to share with him her domestic concerns, gave him this 

αὐτὸν ἔφρασε καὶ παρώξυνεν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας˙
message and incited him against the conspirators;

ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Κόϊντος ὁ ἀδελφὸς καὶ τῶν ἀπὸ
so likewise did Quintus, his brother, and Publius 

Φιλοσοφίας ἑταίρων Πόπλιος Νιγίδιος, ᾧ τὰ πλεῖστα 
Nigidius, one of his philosophical companions, to whom he 

καὶ μέγιστα παρὰ τὰς πολιτικὰς ἐχρῆτο πράξεις.
made the most and greatest use in his political undertakings. 

Τῇ δ᾽ ὑστεραίᾳ γενοµένων ἐν συγκλήτῳ λόγων περὶ
On the following day the senate discussed the punishment of the 

τιμωρίας τῶν ἀνδρῶν, ὁ πρῶτος ἐρωτηθεὶς γνώμην
conspirators, and Silanus, who was the first to be asked to give 

Σιλανὸς εἶπε τὴν ἐσχάτην δίκην δοῦναι προσήκειν
his opinion, said that they ought to be taken to prison and there 

ἀχθέντας εἰς τὸ δεσµωτήριον.
suffer extremest punishment. 

καὶ προσετίθεντο τούτῳ πάντες ἐφεξῆς µέχρι Γαΐου
All the senators acceded to his opinion one after the other, until 

Καίσαρος τοῦ μετὰ ταῦτα δικτάτορος γενοµένου.
it came to Caius Caesar, who afterwards became dictator.

τότε δὲ νέος ὢν ἔτι καὶ τὰς πρώτας ἔχων τῆς αὐξήσεως
At this time, however, he was a young man still and at the very 

ἀρχάς, ἤδη δὲ τῇ πολιτείᾳ καὶ ταῖς ἐλπίσιν εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν 
beginning of his rise to power, but in his public policy and his hopes he had already upon 

ὁδὸν ἐμβεβηκὼς ᾗ τὰ Ῥωμαίων εἰς µοναρχίαν µετέστησε πράγματα,
that road by which he changed the Roman state into a monarchy, 

τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους ἐλάνθανε, τῷ δὲ Κικέρωνι πολλὰς
his designs were still unnoticed by the rest, but to Cicero he had given 

μὲν ὑποψίας, λαβὴν δ᾽ οὐδεμίαν εἲς ἔλεγχον
many grounds for suspicion, and yet no hold which could lead 

παρέδωκεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ λεγόντων ἣν ἐνίων ἀκούειν ὡς
to his conviction, although many were heard to say that he had 

ἐγγὺς ἐλθὼν ἁλῶναι διεκφύγοι τὸν ἄνδρα.  
come near being caught by Cicero, but had eluded him.

τινὲς δέ φασι παριδεῖν ἑκύντα καὶ παραλιπεῖν τὴν
Some, however, say that Cicero purposely overlooked and neglected 

κατ᾽ ἐκείνου µήνυσιν φόβῳ τῶν φίλων αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς
the information against him through fear of his friends and his 

δυνάµεως˙ παντὶ γὰρ εἶναι πρόδηλον ὅτι μᾶλλον ἂν
power, since it was clear to every one that the other conspirators 

ἐκεῖνοι γένοιντο προσθήκη Καίσαρι σωτηρίας ἢ
would be included in Caesar’s acquittal, rather than 

Καῖσαρ ἐκείνοις κολάσεως.
Caesar in their punishment.

						XXI

Ἐπεὶ δ᾽ οὖν ἡ γνώµη περιῆλθεν εἰς αὐτόν, ἀναστὰς
When, then, it was Caesar’s turn to give his opinion, he rose and 

ἀπεφήνατο μὴ θανατοῦν τοὺς ἄνδρας, ἀλλὰ τὰς οὐσίας
declared it to be against putting the conspirators to death, but in 

εἶναι δηµοσίας, αὐτοὺς δ᾽ ἀπαχθέντας εἰς πóλεις
favour of confiscating their property and removing them to whatever 

τῆς Ἰταλίας ἃς ἂν δοκῇ Κικέρωνι, τηρεῖσθαι
cities of Italy Cicero might deem best, there to be put in 

δεδεµένους ἄχρι ἂν οὗ κατα- πολεμηθῇ Κατιλίνας.
fetters and closely guarded until Catiline should be defeated.

οὔσης δὲ τῆς γνώμης ἐπιεικοῦς καὶ τοῦ λέγοντος
The proposal of Caesar was merciful and its author 

εἰπεῖν δυνατωτάτου, ῥοπὴν ὁ Κικέρων προσέθηκεν οὐ µικράν.
a very able speaker, and Cicero added no little weight to it.

αὐτός τε γὰρ ἀναστὰς ἐνεχείρησεν εἰς ἑκάτερον, τὰ
For when he rose to speak himself, he handled the subject in both 

μὲν τῇ προτέρᾳ, τὰ δὲ τῇ γνώμῃ Καίσαρος συνειπών,
ways, now favouring the first proposal and now that of Caesar.

οἵ τε φίλοι πάντες οἰόμενοι τῷ Κικέρωνι συµφέρειν 
All his friends, too, thinking that Caesar’s proposal was an 

τὴν Καίσαρος γνώµην (ἧττον γὰρ ἐν αἰτίαις ἔσεσθαι 
advantageous one for Cicero, who would be less subject to censure 

μὴ θανατώσαντα τοὺς ἄνδρας) ἠροῦντο τὴν δεντέραν 
if he did not put the conspirators to death, chose the second 

μᾶλλον ηγνώµην, ὥστε καὶ τὸν Σιλανὸν αὖθις 
proposal rather, so that Silanus also changed his position 

μεταβαλλόμενον παραιτεῖσθαι καὶ λέγειν ὡς οὐδ᾽ 
and excused himself by saying that even his proposal had 

αὐτὸς εἴποι θανατικὴν γνώµην˙ ἐσχάτην γὰρ ἀνδρὶ 
not meant death: for “extremest punishment, ” in the case 

βουλευτῇ “Ῥωμαίων εἶναι δίκην τὸ δεσµωτήριον.
of a Roman senator, meant the prison.

εἰρημένης δὲ τῆς γνώμης πρῶτος ἀντέκρουσεν αὐτῇ
Lutatius Catulus was the first to oppose the opinion 

Κάτλος Λουτάτιος˙ εἶτα δεξάµενος Κάτων, καὶ τῷ λόγῳ σφοδρῶς
which Caesar had given; then Cato followed him, helping

συνεπερείσας ἐπὶ τὸν Καίσαρα τὴν ὑπόνοιαν, 
by the vehemence of his speech to fix suspicion upon Caesar, 

ἐνέπλησε θυμοῦ καὶ φρονήµατος τὴν σύγκλητον, 
and filled the senate with angry resolution, so that a decree 

ὥστε θάνατον καταψηφίσασθαι τῶν ἀνδρῶν.
of death was passed upon the conspirators.

περὶ δὲ δημεύσεως χρημάτων ἐνίστατο Καῖσαρ, οὐκ
As regarded the confiscation of their property, however, Caesar made 

ἀξιῶν τὰ φιλάνθρωπα τῆς ἑαυτοῦ γνώμης ἐκβαλόντας
opposition, deeming it wrong that the merciful part of his own proposal 

ἑνὶ χρήσασθαι τῷ σκυθρωποτάτῳ.
should be rejected and the one part that was most severe adopted.

βιαζοµένων δὲ πολλῶν ἐπεκαλεῖτο τοὺς δηµάρχους,
As many were being coerced, he (Cicero) called upon the magistrates,

οἱ δ᾽ οὐχ ὑπήκουον, ἀλλὰ Κικέρων αὐτὸς ἐνδοὺς
but they would not listen; Instead, Cicero, himself going inside, 

ἀνῆκε τὴν περὶ δημεύσεως γνώµην.
proposed the motion concerning confiscation.

					XXII

Ἐχώρει δὲ μετὰ τῆς βουλῆς ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας.
Then he went with the senate to fetch the conspirators.

οὐκ ἐν ταὐτῷ δὲ πάντες ἦσαν, ἄλλος δ᾽ ἄλλον
These were not all in the same place, but different practors had 

ἐφύλαττε τῶν στρατηγῶν.
different ones under guard.

καὶ πρῶτον ἐκ Παλατίου παραλαβὼν τὸν Λέντλον ἦγε
And first he took Lentulus from the Palatine hill and led him 

διὰ τῆς ἱερᾶς ὁδοῦ καὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς µέσης, τῶν μὲν
along the Via Sacra and through the middle of the forum, the 

ἡγεμονικωτάτων ἀνδρῶν κύκλῳ περιεσπειραµένων καὶ
men of highest authority surrounding him as a body-guard, and 

δορυφορούντων, τοῦ δὲ δήµου φρίττοντος τὰ δρώμενα
the people shuddering at what was being done and passing along 

καὶ παριόντος σιωπῇ, μάλιστα δὲ τῶν νέων, ὥσπερ
in silence, and especially the young men, as though they 

ἱεροῖς τισι πατρίοις ἀριστοκρατικῆς τινος ἐξουσίας
thought they were being initiated with fear and trembling into 

τελεῖσθαι μετὰ φόβου καὶ θάµβους Σοκούντων.
some ancient mysteries of an aristocratic regime. 

διελθὼν δὲ τὴν ἀγορὰν καὶ γενόμενος πρὸς τῷ
When Cicero had passed through the forum and reached the prison, 

δεσμωτηρίῳω παρέδωκε τὸν Λέντλον τῷ δηµίω καὶ
he delivered Lentulus to the public executioner with the order 

προσέταξεν ἀνελεῖν˙ εἶθ᾽ ἑξῆς τὸν Κέθηγον, καὶ οὕτω
to put him to death. Then Cethegus in his turn, and so each one of the 

τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστον καταγαγὼν ἀπέκτεινεν.
others, he brought down to the prison and had him executed.

ὁρῶν δὲ πολλοὺς ἔτι τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς συνωμοσίας ἐν
And seeing that many members of the conspiracy were 

ἀγορᾷ συνεστῶτας ἀθρόους καὶ τὴν μὲν πρᾶξιν
still assembled in the forum in ignorance of what 

ἀγνοοῦντας, τὴν δὲ νύκτα προσµένοντας, ὡς ἔτι
had been done and waiting for night to come, with the 

ζώντων τῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ δυναµένων ἐξαρπασθῆναι, 
idea that the men were still living and might be rescued, 

φθεγξάµενος µέγα πρὸς αὐτούς,“Ἓζησαν,”, εἶπεν,  
he cried out to them with a loud voice: “They have lived.”, he said,

οὕτω δὲ Ῥωμαίων οἱ δυσφημεῖν μὴ βουλόμενοι τὸ 
For thus the Romans who wish to avoid words of ill

τεθνάναι σηµαίνουσιν.
omen indicate death.

Ἠδη δ᾽ ἦν ἑσπέρα, καὶ δι ἀγορᾶς ἀνέβαινεν εἰς τὴν
It was now evening, and Cicero went up through the forum to 

οἰκίαν, οὐκέτι σιωπῇ τῶν πολιτῶν οὐδὲ τάξει
his house, the citizens no longer escorting him on his 

προπεµπόντων αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ φωναῖς καὶ κρότοις
way with silent decorum, but receiving him with cries 

δεγοµένων καθ᾽ οὓς γένοιτο, σωτῆρα καὶ κτίστην
and clapping of hands as he passed along, calling him the 

ἀνακαλούντων τῆς πατρίδος.
saviour and founder of his country. 

τὰ δὲ φῶτα πολλὰ κατέλαμπε τοὺς στενωπούς, λαμπάδια
And many lights illuminated the streets, since people placed 

καὶ δᾷδας ἱστώντων ἐπὶ ταῖς θύραις.
lamps and torches at their doors.

αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες ἐκ τῶν τεγῶν προὔφαινον, ἐπὶ τιμῇ
The women, too, displayed lights upon the house-tops in honour of the man, 

καὶ θέᾳ τοῦ ἀνδρός, ὗ ὑπὸ πομπῇ τῶν ἀρίστων μάλα
and that they might see him going up to his home in great state under escort 

σεμνῶς ἀνιόντος˙ 
of the noblest citizens.

ὧν οἱ πλεῖστοι πολέμους τε κατειργασµένοι μεγάλους 
Most of these had brought to an end great wars and entered the city 

καὶ διὰ θριάµβων εἰσεληλακότες καὶ προσκεκτηµένοι 
in triumph, and had added to the Roman dominion no small extent of 

γῆν καὶ θάλατταν οὐκ ὀλίγην ἐβάδιζον ἀνομολογούμενοι
land and sea; but they now walked along confessing to 

πρὸς ἀλλήλους πολλοῖς μὲν τῶν τότε ἡγεμόνων καὶ στρατηγῶν 
one another that to many of the commanders and generals  

πλούτου καὶ λαφύρων καὶ δυνάµεως χάριν
of the time the Roman people were indebted 

ὀφείλειν τὸν ΄Ῥωμαίων δῆμον, ἀσφαλείας δὲ καὶ
for wealth and spoils and power, but for preservation and 

σωτηρίας ἑνὶ μόνῳ Κικέρωνι, τηλικοῦτον ἀφελόντι
safety to Cicero alone, who had freed them from so 

καὶ τοσοῦτον αὐτοῦ κίνδυνον.
peculiar and so great a peril.

οὐ γὰρ τὸ κωλῦσαι τὰ πραττόµενα καὶ κολάσαι τοὺς
For it was not his preventing their schemes and punishing 

πράττοντας ἐδόκει θαυμαστόν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι μέγιστον τῶν
the schemers which seemed so wonderful, but his quenching 

πώποτε νεωτερισμῶν οὗτος ἐλαχίστοις κακοῖς ἄνευ
the greatest of all revolutions with the fewest possible 

στάσεως καὶ ταραχῆς κατέσβεσε.
evils, without sedition and commotion. 

καὶ γὰρ τὸν Κατιλίναν οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν᾿ συνερρυηκότων
For most of those who had flocked to the standard of Catiline, 

πρὸς αὐτὸν ἅμα τῷ πυθέσθαι τὰ περὶ Λέντλον καὶ 
as soon as they learned the fate of Lentulus and Cethegus, 

Κέθηγον ἐγκαταλιπόντες ὤχοντο˙ καὶ μετὰ τῶν 
deserted him and went away; and Catiline, after a 

συμμεμενηκότων αὐτῷ διαγωνισάµενος πρὸς
conflict with his remaining forces against Antonius, 

Ἀντώνιον αὐτός τε διεφθάρη καὶ τὸ στρατόπεδον.
perished himself and his army with him. 

οὐ μὴν ἀλλ᾽ σαν οἱ τὸν Κικέρωνα παρεσκευασµένοι
However, there were those who were ready to abuse Cicero 

καὶ λέγειν ἐπὶ τούτοις καὶ ποιεῖν κακῶς, ἔχοντες ἡγεμόνας
for what he had done, and to work him harm, and they had as leaders,

τῶν εἰς τὸ µέλλον ἀρχόντων Καίσαρα μὲν στρατηγοῦντα,
among the magistrates-elect, Caesar as praetor,

Μέτελλον δὲ καὶ Βηστίαν δημαρχοῦντας.
and Metellus and Bestia as tribunes.

οἳ τὴν ἀρχὴν παραλαβόντες, ἔτι τοῦ Κικέρωνος
When these assumed office, Cicero having still 

ἡμέρας ὀλίγας ἄρχοντος, οὐκ εἴων δημηγορεῖν αὐτόν,
a few days of consular authority, they would not permit him to harangue

ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐμβόλων βάθρα θέντες οὐ παρίεσαν οὐδ᾽
the people, but placing their benches so as to command the rostra, would not suffer or

ἐπέτρεπον λέγειν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκέλευον, εἰ βούλοιτο,
allow him to speak; instead, they ordered him, if he wished,

µόνον περὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἀπομόσαντα καταβαίνειν.
merely to pronounce the oath usual on giving up office, and then come down. 

κἀκεῖνος ἐπὶ τούτοις ὡς ὀμόσων προῆλθε καὶ
Cicero accepted these terms and came forward to pronounce his oath; 

γενομένης αὐτῷ σιωπῆς ὤμνυεν, οὐ τὸν πάτριον, ἀλλ’
and when he had obtained silence, he pronounced, not the usual oath, but 

ἴδιόν τινα καὶ καινὸν ὅρκον, ἡ μὴν σεσωκέναι τὴν
one of his own and a new one, swearing that in very truth he had saved 

πατρίδα καὶ διατετηρηκέναι τὴν ἡγεμονίαν.
his country and maintained her supremacy.

ἐπώμνυε δὲ τὸν ὄρκον αὐτῷ σύμπας ὁ δῆμος.
And all the people confirmed his oath for him.

ἐφ᾽ οἷς ἔτι μᾶλλον ὅ τε Καῖσαρ οἵ τε δήμαρχοι
At this Caesar and the tribunes were still more vexed and 

χαλεπαίνοντες ἄλλας τε τῷ Κικέρωνι ταραχὰς
contrived fresh troubles for Cicero, among other things, 

ἐμηχανῶντο, καὶ νόμος ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν εἰσήγετο καλεῖν
a law was introduced by them for calling Pompey home with 

Πομπήϊον μετὰ τῆς στρατιᾶς, ὡς δὴ καταλύσοντα τὴν
his army, in order, forsooth, that he might put down the arbitrary 

Κικέρωνος δυναστείαν.
power of Cicero. 

ἀλλ᾽ ἦν ὄφελος µέγα τῷ Κικέρωνι καὶ πάσῃ τῇ πόλει
But Cato, who was tribune at this time, was a great help to 

δημαρχῶν τότε Κάτων καὶ τοῖς ἐκείνων 
Cicero and to the whole state, and opposed the measures 

πολιτεύµασιν ἀπ᾿ ἴσης μὲν ἐξουσίας, μείζονος δὲ δόξης
of the other tribunes with an authority equal to theirs and 

ἀντιτασσόμενος.
a greater good repute. 

τά τε γὰρ ἄλλα ῥᾳδίως ἔλυσε, καὶ τὴν Κικέρωνος
For he easily put a stop to their other projects, and so highly 

ὑπατείαν οὕτως ἦρε τῷ λόγῳ μεγάλην δηµηγορήσας
extolled the “arbitrary power” of Cicero in a speech to the 

ὥστε τιμὰς αὐτῷ τῶν πώποτε µεγίστας ψηφίσασθαι
people, that they voted him the greatest honours ever conferred 

καὶ προσαγορεῦσαι πατέρα πατρίδο.
and called him the father of his country. 

πρώτῳ γὰρ ἐκείνῳ δοκεῖ τοῦτο καθυπάρξαι, Κάτωνος
For he was the first, as it seems, to receive this title, after Cato

αὐτὸν οὕτως ἐν τῷ δήµῳ προσαγορεύσαντος.
had given it to him before the people.

					XXIV

Καὶ µέγιστον μὲν ἴσχυσεν ἐν τῇ πόλει τότε, πολλοῖς
So at this time Cicero had the greatest power in the state, 

δ᾽ ἐπίφθονον ἑαυτὸν ἐποίησεν ἀπ᾽ οὐδενὸς ἔργου 
but he made himself generally odious, not by any base 

πονηροῦ, τῷ δ᾽ ἐπαινεῖν ἀεὶ καὶ μεγαλύνειν
action, but by continually praising and magnifying 

αὐτὸς ἑαυτὸν ὑπὸ πολλῶν δυσχεραινόµενος.
himself, which made him hateful to many.

οὔτε γὰρ βουλὴν οὔτε δῆμον οὔτε δικαστήριον ἦν
For there could be no session either of senate or assembly or court 

συνελθεῖν ἐν ᾦ μὴ Κατιλίναν ἔδει θρυλούμενον
of justice in which one was not obliged to hear Catiline and Lentulus

ἀκοῦσαι καὶ Λέντλον.
endlessly talked about. 

ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ βιβλία τελευτῶν κατέπλησε καὶ τὰ
Nay, he even went so far as to fill his books and writings 

συγγράµματα τῶν ἐγκωμίων˙ καὶ τὸν λόγον ἤδιστον
with these praises of himself; and he made his oratory, 

ὄντα καὶ χάριν ἔχοντα πλείστην ἐπαχθῆ καὶ φορτικὸν 
which was naturally very pleasant and had the greatest charm, 

ἐποίησε τοῖς ἀκροωμένοις, ὥσπερ τινὸς ἀθὶ κηρὸς 
irksome and tedious to his hearers, since this unpleasant 

αὐτῷ τῆς ἀηδίας ταύτης προσούσης.
practice clung to him like a fatality.

ὅμως δέ, καίπερ οὕτως ἀκράτῳ φιλοτιμίᾳ
But nevertheless, although he cherished so strong 

συνών, ἀπήλλακτο τοῦ ιφθονεῖν ἑτέροις, 
an ambition, he was free from envying others, 

ἀφθονώτατος ὢν ἐν τῷ τοὺς πρὸ αὑτοῦ καὶ
since he was most ungrudging in his encomiums 

τοὺς καθ᾽ αὐτὸν ἄνδρας ἐγκωμιάζειν, ὡς ἐκ τῶν
upon his predecessors and contemporaries, as may 

συγγραμμάτων λαβεῖν ἔστι.
be gathered from his writings.

πολλὰ δ᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπομνημονεύουσιν˙  οἷον περὶ
There are also many sayings of his on record which prove this; 

Ἀριστοτέλους, ὅτι χρυσίου ποταμὸς εἴη ῥέοντος, καὶ
for instance, he said of Aristotle that he was a river of liquid gold, 

περὶ τῶν Πλάτωνος διαλόγων, ὡς τοῦ Διός, εἰ λόγῳ
and of the dialogues of Plato that Jupiter, were it his nature to 

χρῆσθαι πέφυκεν, οὕτω διαλεγοµένου.
use human speech, would thus discourse.

τὸν δὲ Θεόφραστον εἰώθει τρυφὴν ἰδίαν ἀποκαλεῖν.
Theophrastus, too, he used to call his own special delight.

περὶ δὲ τῶν Δημοσθένους λόγων ἐρωτηθεὶς τίνα
And when he was asked which of the speeches of Demosthenes 

δοκοίη κάλλιστον εἶναι, τὸν µέγιστον εἶπε.
he thought the best, he replied, “the longest.”

καíτοι τινὲς τῶν προσποιουμένων δημοσθενίζειν
And yet some of those who pretend to be imitators 

ἐπiφύονται φωνῇ τοῦ Κικέρωνος, ἣν πρός τινα τῶν
of Demosthenes dwell much upon an expression which Cicero 

ἑταίρων ἔθηκεν ἐν ἐπιστολῇ γράψας, ἐνιαχοῦ τῶν
used in a letter to one of his friends, to the effect 

λόγων ἀπονυστάζειν τὸν Δημοσθένη˙ τῶν δὲ μεγάλων
that in some parts of his speeches Demosthenes nods; but of the great

καὶ θαυμαστῶν ἐπαίνων οἷς πολλαχοῦ χρῆται περὶ τοῦ ἀνδρός,
and admirable praises which he often bestows upon him,

καὶ ὅτι περὶ οὓς μάλιστα τῶν ἰδίων ἐσπούδασε
and of the fact that those speeches of his own to which he devoted most labour, 

λόγων, τοὺς κατ᾿ Ἀντωνίου, Φιλιππικοὺς ἐπέγραψεν,
namely, the speeches against Antony, were entitled by him Philippics,

ἀμνημονοῦσι.
they say nothing.

Τῶν δὲ κατ αὐτὸν ἐνδόξων ἀπὸ λόγου καὶ σοφίας οὐκ
Moreover, of the men of his own time who were famous for eloquence 

ἔστιν οὐδεὶς ὃν οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐνδοξότερον ἢ λέγων
or learning, there is not one whom he did not make more famous by 

ἢ γράφων εὐμενῶς περὶ ἑκάστου.
what he said or wrote in favour of him.

Κρατίππῳ δὲ τῷ Περιπατητικῷ διεπράξατο μὲν Ῥωμαίῳ
For Cratippus the Peripatetic he obtained the Roman citizenship 

γενέσθαι παρὰ Καΐσαρος ἄρχοντος ἤδη, διεπράξατο δὲ
from Caesar, now in power, and he also induced the council 

καὶ τὴν ἐξ ᾿Αρείου πάγου βουλὴν ψηφίσασθαι
of the Areiopagus to pass a decree requesting him 

δεηθῆναι µένειν αὐτὸν ἐν Ἀθήναις καὶ διαλέγεσθαι
to remain at Athens and discourse with the young men, and 

τοῖς νέοι ὧς κοσμοῦντα τὴν πόλιν.
thus be an ornament to the city.

ἐπιστολαὶ δὲ παρὰ τοῦ Ἐικέρωνος εἰσὶ πρὺς
Furthermore, there are letters from Cicero to Herodes, 

᾿Ηρώδην, ἕτεραι δὲ πρὸς τὸν υἱόν, ἐγκελενο- µένου
and others to his son, in which he urges them to study 

συμφιλοσοφεῖν Κρατίππῳ.
philosophy with Cratippus.

Γοργίαν δὲ τὸν ῥήτορα αἰτιώμενος εἰς ἡδονὰς καὶ
But Gorgias the rhetorician he censured for leading the young man 

πότους προάγειν τὸ µειράκιον ἀπελαύνει τῆς
into pleasures and drinking parties, and banished him from 

συνουσίας αὐτοῦ.
his son’s society.

καὶ σχεδὸν αὕτη τε τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν µία καὶ δευτέρα
This is almost the only one of his Greek letters (there is 

πρὸς Πέλοπα τὸν Βυζάντιον ἐν ὀργῇ τινι
also a second, addressed to Pelops of Byzantium) 

γέγραπται, τὸν μὲν Τοργίαν αὐτοῦ προσηκόντως
which was written in a spirit of anger; and Gorgias he 

ἐπικόπτοντος, εἴπερ ἦν φαῦλος καὶ ἀκόλαστος, ἧπερ
properly rebukes, if, as he was thought to be, he was worthless 

ἐδόκει, πρὸς δὲ τὸν Πέλοπα µικρολογουμένου καὶ
and intemperate ; but towards Pelops he shows a mean and 

μεμψιμοιροῦντος ὥσπερ ἀμελήσαντα τιµάς τινας
querulous spirit for having neglected to obtain for him 

αὐτῷ καὶ ψηφίσματα παρὰ Βυζαντίων γενέσθαι.
certain honorary decrees from the Byzantians.

						XXV

Ταῦτά τε δὴ φιλότιμα, καὶ τὸ πολλάκις ἐπαιρόμενον
These complaints were characteristic of ambition, as well as the fact that he

τοῦ λόγου τῇ δεινότητι τὸ πρέπον προἴεσθαι.
was often led on by the cleverness of his speech to disregard propriety

Μουνατίῳ μὲν γάρ ποτε συνηγορήσας, ὡς ἀποφυγὼν
For instance, he once served as advocate for Munatius, who was 

τὴν δίκην ἐκεῖνος ἐδίωκεν ἑταῖρον αὐτοῦ
no sooner acquitted than he prosecuted a friend of Cicero’s, 

Σαβϊνον, οὕτω λέγεται προπεσεῖν ὑπ᾽ ὀργῆς ὁ
Sabinus, whereupon, it is said, Cicero was so transported 

Κικέρων ὥστ᾽ εἰπεῖν.
with anger as to say;

“Σὺ γὰρ ἐκείγην, ὦ Μουνάτιε, τὴν δίκην
“Was it, pray, on your own merits, Munatius, that you were 

ἀπέφυγες διὰ σαυτόν, οὐκ ἐμοῦ πολὺ σκότος ἐν φωτὶ
acquitted, and not because I spread much darkness about the court 

τῷ δικαστηρίῳ περιχέαντος;
when before there was light?

Μάρκον δὲ Κράσσον ἐγκωμιάζων ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος
And again, he gained great applause by an encomium on Marcus Crassus 

εὐημέρησε, καὶ μεθ᾽ ἡμέρας αὖθις ὀλίγας λοιδορῶν
from the rostra, and then a few days afterwards as publicly reviled him, 

αὐτόν, ὡς ἐκεῖνος εἶπεν “Οὐ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα πρώην
whereupon Crassus said: “What, did you not stand there yourself a day or 

αὐτὸς ἡμᾶς ἐπήνεις;”
two ago and praise me?

“Ναί,” φησι, “μελέτης ἕνεκεν γυµνάζων τὸν λόγον εἰς
“Yea, ” said Cicero, “exercising my eloquence by way of practice 

φαύλην ὑπόθεσιν.”
on a bad subject.

εἰπόντος δέ ποτε, τοῦ Κράσσου µηδένα Κράσσον ἐν
Again, Crassus once said that no Crassus had lived 

Ῥώμῃ βεβιωκέναι µακρότερον ἑξηκονταετίας, εἶθ᾽
in Rome to be older than sixty years, and then 

ὕστερον ἀρνουμένου καὶ λέγοντος,
tried to deny it, exclaiming, 

“Τί δ᾽ ἂν ἐγὼ παθὼν τοῦτ' εἶπον;” 
“What could have led me to say this?

“Ἠιδεις” ἔφη, “Ῥωμαίους ἡδέως ἀκουσομένους 
You knew,” said Cicero, “that the Romans would be delighted to hear it, and by that

καὶ διὰ τοῦτ ἐδημαγώγεις.”
means you tried to court their favour.

ἀρέσκεσθαι δὲ τοῦ Κράσσου τοῖς τωϊκοῖς φήσαντος, 
And when Crassus expressed his satisfaction with the Stoics because they 

ὅτι πλούσιον εἶναι τὸν ἀγαθὸν ἀποφαίνουσιν, 
represented the good man as rich,  

“Ὅρα μὴ μᾶλλον,” εἶπεν, “ὅτι πάντα τοῦ σοφοῦ 
“Consider,” said Cicero, “whether your satisfaction is not rather due to their  

λέγουσιν εἶναι.”
declaration that all things belong to the wise.

διεβάλλετο δ᾽ εἰς φιλαργυρίαν ὁ Κράσσος.
Now, Crassus was accused of covetousness.

ἐπεὶ δὲ τοῦ Κράσσου τῶν παίδων ὁ ἕτερος Ἀξίῳ τινὶ
Again, one of the sons of Crassus who was thought to resemble a certain 

δοκῶν ὅμοιος εἶναι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τῇ μητρὶ
Axius, and on this account had brought his mother’s name into 

προστριβόµενος αἰσχρὰν ἐπὶ τῷ Ἀξίῳ διαβολὴν
scandalous connection with that of Axius, once made a successful 

εὐδοκίμησε λόγον ἐν Βουλῇ διελθών, ἐρωτηθεὶς ὁ
speech in the senate, and when Cicero was asked what he thought of 

Κικέρων τί φαίνεται αὐτῷ,“Ἄξιος,” εἶπε, “Κράσσου.”
him, with the Greek words “Axios” he answered, “Krassou.” [In Greek, “worthy of Crassus”]

							XXVI

Μέλλων δὲ Κράσσος εἷς Συρίαν ἁπαίρειν ἐβούλετο
When Crassus was about to set out for Syria, wishing that Cicero 

τὸν Κικέρωνα μᾶλλον αὐτῷ φίλον ἢ ἐχθρὸν εἶναι˙ καὶ
should be a friend rather than an enemy, he said to him in a 

Φιλοφρονούμενος ἔφη βούλεσθαι δειπνῆσαι παρ᾽ αὐτῷ˙
friendly manner that he wished to dine with him; and Cicero readily 

κἀκεῖνος ὑπεδέξατο προθύμως.
received him into his house.

ὀλίγαις δ᾽ ὕστερον ἡμέραις περὶ Βατινίου φίλων
But a few days afterwards, when some friends interceded with him 

τινῶν ἐντυγχανόντων ὡς µνωμένου διαλύσεις καὶ
for Vatinius, saying that the man sought reconciliation and friendship 

φιλίαν (ἦν γὰρ ἐχθρός), “Οὐ δήπου καὶ Βατίνιος,” εἶπε,
(for he was an enemy), “It surely cannot be,” said Cicero, 

“δειπνῆσαι παρ᾽ ἐμοὶ βούλεται;”
“that Vatinius also wishes to dine with me.”

πρὸς μὲν οὖν Κράσσον τοιοῦτος.
Such, then, was his treatment of Crassus.

αὐτὸν δὲ τὸν Βατίνιον ἔχοντα χοιράδας ἐν τῷ τραχήλῳ
Now, Vatinius himself had swellings on his neck, and once when he was 

καὶ λέγοντα δίκην οἰδοῦντα ῥήτορα προσεῖπεν.
pleading a case Cicero called him a tumid orator.

ἀκούσας δ᾽ ὅτι τέθνηκεν, εἶτα μετὰ μικρὸν πυθόµενος
Again, after hearing Vatinius was dead, and then after a little, learning for 

σαφῶς ὅτι ζῇ, “Κακὸς τοίνυν ἀπόλοιτο κακῶς ὁ ψευσάµενος.”
a surety he was alive, “ Wretchedly perish, then, the wretch who lied!”

ἐπεὶ δὲ Καίσαρι ψηφισαµένῳ τὴν ἐν Καμπανίᾳ χώραν
And again, Caesar once got a decree passed that the land in Campania 

κατανεμηθῆναι τοῖς στρατιώταις πολλοὶ μὲν
should be divided among his soldiers, and many of the 

ἐδυσχέραινον ἐν τῇ βουλῇ, Λεύκιος δὲ Γέλλιος ὁμοῦ
senators were dissatisfied, and Lucius Gellius, who was about 

τι πρεσβύτατος ὢν εἶπεν ὡς οὐ γενήσεται τοῦτο
the oldest of them, declared that it should never be done 

ζῶντος αὐτοῦ, “Περιμείνωμεν,” εἶπεν ὁ Κικέρων,
while he was alive; whereupon “Let us wait,” Cicero said:  

“μακρὰν γὰρ οὐκ αἰτεῖται Γέλλιος ὑπέρθεσιν.”
“since Gellius does not ask for a long postponement.”

ἣν δέ τις ᾿Οκταούϊος αἰτίαν ἔχων ἐκ Λιβύης γεγονέναι˙
There was a certain Octavius, too, who was reputed to be of African descent; 

πρὸς τοῦτον ἔν τινι δίκῃ λέγοντα τοῦ Κικέρωνος μὴ 
this man, who said at a certain trial that he could not hear Cicero, the 

ἐξακούειν, “Καὶ μὴν οὐκ ἔχεις,” εἶπε,“τὸ οὓς ἀτρύπητον.”
orator replied : “And yet your ear is not without a perforation.

Μετέλλου δὲ Νέπωτος εἰπόντος ὅτι πλείονας
And when Metellus Nepos declared that Cicero had brought more men 

καταμαρτυρῶν ἀνήρηκεν ἢ συνηγορῶν
to death as a hostile witness than he had saved from it 

σέσωκεν, “Ὁμολογῶ γάρ,” ἔφη, “πίστεως ἐν ἐμοὶ
as an advocate, “ Yes,” said Cicero, “I admit that my credibility 

πλέον ἢ δεινότητος εἶναι.”
is greater than my eloquence.”

νεανίσκου δέ τινος αἰτίαν ἔχοντος ἐν πλακοῦντι
Again, when a certain young man who was accused of 

φάρμακον τῷ πατρὶ δεδωκέναι θρασυνοµένου
having given his father poison in a cake put on bold airs

καὶ λέγοντος ὅτι λοιδορήσει τὸν Κικέρωνα, “Τοῦτο,”
and threatened to cover Cicero with abuse, “That,”

ἔφη, “παρὰ, σοῦ βούλομαι μᾶλλον ἢ πλακοῦντα.”
said Cicero, “I would rather have from you than a cake.”

Ποπλίου δὲ Σηστίου συνήγορον μὲν αὐτὸν ἔν τινι
There was Publius Sextius, too, who retained Cicero as an advocate 

δίκη παραλαβόντος μεθ᾽ ἑτέρων, αὐτοῦ δὲ πάντα
in a case, along with others, and then wanted to do all the speaking 

βουλομένου λέγειν καὶ μηδενὶ παριέντος εἰπεῖν, ὡς
himself, and would allow no one else a word ; when it was clear that 

δῆλος ἦν ἀφιέµενος ὑπὸ τῶν δικαστῶν ἤδη τῆς ψήφου
he was going to be acquitted by the jurors and the vote was already 

φερομένης, “Χρῶ σήμερον,” ἔφη, “τῷ καιρῷ, Σήστιε˙
being given, “Use your opportunity to-day, Sextius, ” said Cicero,  

“µέλλεις γὰρ αὔριον ἰδιώτης εἶναι.”
“for tomorrow you are going to be a nobody.”

Πόπλιον δὲ Κώνσταν νομικὸν εἶναι βουλόμενον, ὄντα δ᾽
Publius Consta, too, who wanted to be a lawyer, but was ignorant and stupid, 

ἆμαθῆ καὶ ἀφυῆ, πρός τινα δίκην ἐκάλεσε μάρτυρα˙
was once summoned by Cicero as witness in a case; and when he kept 

τοῦ δὲ μηδὲν εἰδέναι φάσκοντος, “ Ίσως,” ἔφη, “δοκεῖς
saying that he knew nothing, “ Perhaps,” said Cicero, “you think you 

περὶ τῶν νομικῶν ἐρωτᾶσθαι.”
are being questioned on points of law.

Μετέλλου δὲ Νάπωτος ἐν διαφορᾷ τινι πολλάκις λέγοντος
Again, in a dispute with Cicero, Metellus Nepos asked repeatedly 

“Τίς σοῦ πατήρ ἐστιν,” ὁ Κικέρων “Σο ταύτηνἔφη” ἔφη “τὴν 
“ Who is your father?”  “In your case,” said Cicero, “your mother 

ἀπόκρισιν ἡ µήτηρ χαλεπωτέραν ἐποίησεν.”
has made the answer to this question rather difficult.”

ἐδόκει δ᾽ ἀκόλαστος ἡ µήτηρ εἶναι τοῦ Κέπωτος, 
Now, the mother of Nepos was thought to be unchaste, and 

αὐτὸς δέ τις εὐμετάβολος.
he himself a fickle sort of man.

καί ποτε τὴν δηµαρχίαν ἀπολιπὼν ἄφνω πρὸς Πομπήϊον
He once suddenly deserted his office of tribune and sailed off to join Pompey 

ἐξέπλιευσεν εἰς Συρίαν, εἶτ ἐκεῖθεν ἐπανῆλθεν ἁλογώτερον.
in Syria, and then came back from there with even less reason.

θάψας δὲ Φίλαγρον τὸν καθηγητὴν ἐπιμελέστερον
Moreover, after burying his teacher Philagrus with more than usual 

ἐπέστησεν αὐτοῦ τῷ τάφῳ κόρακα λίθινον˙ καὶ ὁ
ceremony, he set upon his tomb a raven in stone; whereupon Cicero 

Κικέρων “Τοῦτ᾽” ἔφη “σοφώτερον ἐποίησας˙
remarked: “In this you have acted more wisely than is your wont, 

πέτεσθαι γάρ σε μᾶλλον λέγειν ἐδίδαξεν.”
for he taught you to fly rather than to speak.”

ἐπεὶ δὲ Μάρκος  Ἄππιος ἔν τινι δίκῃ προοιμιαζόµενος 
And again, when Marcus Appius prefaced his speech in a case by 

εἶπε φίλον αὐτοῦ δεδεῆσθαι παρασχεῖν ἐπιμέλειαν καὶ 
saying that his friend had begged him to exhibit diligence, 

λογιότητα καὶ πίστιν, “Εἶθ᾽ οὕτως,” ἔφη, “σιδηροῦς 
eloquence, and fidelity, “And then, ’’ said Cicero, “are you 

γέγονας ἄνθρωπος ὥστε μηδὲν ἐκ τοσούτων ὧν 
so hard-hearted as to exhibit none of those great qualities 

ἠτήσαθ᾽ ὁ φίλος παρασχεῖν;”
which your friend demanded?”

						XXVII

Τὸ μὲν οὖν πρὸς ἐχθροὺς ἢ ἀντιδίκους σκώμµασι
Now, this use of very biting jests against enemies or legal 

χρῆσθαι πικροτέροις δοκεῖ ῥητορικὸν εἶναι˙  τὸ δ᾽ 
opponents seems to be part of the orator’s business; but his 

οἷς ἔτυχε προσκρούειν ἕνεκα τοῦ γελοίου πολὺ
indiscriminate attacks for the sake of raising a laugh made 

συνῆγε μῖσος αὐτῷ.  γράψω δὲ καὶ τούτων ὀλίγα.
many people hate Cicero.   And I will give a few instances of this also.

Μάρκον Ἀκυΐνιον ἔχοντα δύο γαμβροὺς φυγάδας
Marcus Aquinius, who had two sons-in-law in exile, 

Ἄδραστον ἐκάλει.
he called Adrastus.

Λευκίου δὲ Κόττα τιμητικὴν ἔχοντος ἀρχήν, 
Again, Lucius Cotta, who held the office of censor, was very 

φιλοινοτάτου δ᾽ ὄντος, ὑπατείαν μετιὼν ὁ
fond of wine, and Cicero, when canvassing for the consulship, 

Κικέρων ἐδίψησε, καὶ τῶν φίλων κύκλω περιστάντων
was a-thirst, and as his friends stood about him while he drank, 

ὡς ἔπινεν, “Ὀρθῶς φοβεῖσθε, εἶπε, “µή µοι
said: “You have good reason to fear that the censor will deal 

γένοιτο χαλεπὸς ὁ τιμητὴς ὅτι ὕδωρ πίνω.”
harshly with me—for drinking water.”

Βωκωνίῳ δ᾽ ἀπαντήσας ἄγοντι μεθ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ τρεῖς
And when he met Voconius escorting three  

ἀμορφοτάτας θυγατέρας ἀνεφθέγξατο˙ 
very ugly daughters, he cried out :— 

“Φοίβου ποτ᾽ οὐκ ἐῶντος ἔσπειρεν τέκνα.
“It was against the will of Phoebus that he begat children.

Μάρκου δὲ Γελλίου δοκοῦντος οὐκ ἐξ ἐλευθέρων
Again, when Marcus Gellius, who was thought to be of 

γεγονέναι, λαμπρᾷ δὲ τῇ φωνῇ καὶ µεγάλῃ γράµµατα
servile birth, had read letters 

πρὸς τὴν σύγκλητον ἐξαναηνόντος, 
to the senate in a loud and clear voice:

“Μη θαυμάζετει” εἶπε, “καὶ αὐτὸς εἷς ἐστι τῶν ἀναπεφωνηκότων.”
“Do not marvel,” said Cicero, “he too is one of those who have cried aloud for their freedom.”

ἐπεὶ δὲ Φαῦστος ὁ Σύλλα τοῦ μοναρχήσαντος ἐν
And when Faustus, the son of the Sulla who was 

Ῥώμῃ καὶ πολλοὺς ἐπὶ θανάτῳ προγράψαντος ἐν
dictator at Rome and placarded many people for death, 

δανείοις γενόμενος καὶ πολλὰ τῆς οὐσίας
got into debt, squandered much of his substance, 

διασπαθήσας ἆ ἀπάρτιον προέγραψε, ταύτην ἔφη
and placarded his household goods for sale, Cicero 

μᾶλλον αὐτῷ τὴν προγραφὴν ἀρέσκειν ἢ τὴν πατρῴαν.
said he liked this placarding better than his father’s.

						XXVIII

Ἐκ τούτων ἐγίνετο πολλοῖς έπαχθής˙ καὶ οἱ μετὰ
Asa consequence of this he became odious to many; and besides, 

Κλωδίου συνέστησαν ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν ἀρχὴν, τοιαύτην λαβόντες.
the partisans of Clodius com- bined against him on the following ground. 

ἦν Κλώδιος ἀνὴρ εὐγενής, τῇ μὲν ἡλικίᾳ νέος, τῷ δὲ φρονήµατι
Clodius was a man of noble birth, young in years, but bold
θρασὺς καὶ αὐθάδης.
and presumptuous in spirit.

οὗτος ἐρῶν Πομπηΐας τῆς Καíσαρος γυναικὸς εἰς τὴν
This man, being in love with Pompeia, Caesar’s wife, got 

οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ παρεισἦλθε κρύφα, λαβὼν ἐσθῆτα καὶ 
into his house secretly, by assuming the dress and guise 

σκευὴν ψαλτρίας" ἔθνον γὰρ αἱ γυναῖκες τὴν ἀπόρρητον
of a lute-player; for the women of Rome were celebrating 

ἐκείνην καὶ ἀθέατον ἀνδράσι θυσίαν ἐν τῇ τοῦ Καΐσαρος 
in Caesar's house that mysterious rite which men were not allowed 

οἰκίᾳ, καὶ παρῆν ἀνὴρ οὐδείς: ἀλλὰ μειράκιον ὢν ἔτι καὶ 
to witness, and no man was there; but being still a beardless 

µήπω γενειῶν ὁ Ἰλώδιος ἤλπιζε ᾿λήσεσθαι διαδὺς πρὸς 
youth Clodius hoped without being noticed to slip through 

τὴν Πομπηΐαν μετὰ τῶν γυναικῶν.
to Pompeia along with the women.

ὡς δ᾽ εἰσῆλθε νυκτὸς εἰς οἰκίαν μεγάλην, ἠπορεῖτο
But since he got in at night and the house was large, he lost his way

τῶν διόδων˙
in the passages;

καὶ πλανώμενον αὐτὸν ἰδοῦσα Αὐρηλίας θεραπαινὶς
and as he was wandering about, a maid of Aurelia, Caesar's mother, 

τῆς Καΐσαρος μητρός, ἤτησεν ὄνομα.
caught sight of him and asked him his name. 

φθέγξασθαι δ᾽ ἀναγκασθέντος ἐκείνου καὶ φήσαντος
Being thus compelled to speak, he said that he was looking for 

ἀκόλουθον Πομπηΐας ζητεῖν "λβραν τοὔνομα,συνεῖσα
an attendant of Pompeia named Abra, whereupon the maid, perceiving 

τὴν φωνὴν οὐ γυναικείαν οὖσαν ἀνέκραγε καὶ
that his voice was not that of a woman, raised a cry and 

συνεκάλει τὰς γυναῖκας.
called the women together.

ἑ δ᾽ἀποκλείσασαι τὰς θύρας καὶ πάντα
These shut the doors, searched carefully all about, 

μυς, λαμβάνουσι τὸν Κλώδιον εἰς οἴκημα παιδίσκης,ᾗ
and found Clodius, who had taken refuge in the chamber of the girl 

συνεισῆλθε,καταπεφευγότα.
with whom he came into the house.

τοῦ δὲ πράγματος περιβοήτου γενομένου Καΐσάρ τε τὴν 
The affair having become noised abroad, Caesar divorced 

Πομπηΐαν ἀφῆκε καὶ δίκην ἀσεβείας ἀπεγράψατο τῷ Κλωδίῳ.
Pompeia and had an action for sacrilege brought against Clodius.

						XXIX

Κικέρων δ ἦν μὲν αὐτοῦ φίλος καὶ τῶν περὶ Κατιλίναν 
Now, Cicero was a friend of Clodius, and in the affair of Catiline 

πραττοµένων ἐχρῆτο προθυµοτάτῳ συνεργῷ καὶ 
had found him a most eager co-worker and guardian of his person; 

φύλακι τοῦ σώματος, ἐσχυριζομένου δὲ πρὸς τὸ
but when Clodius replied to the charge against him by insisting

ἔγκλημα τῷ μηδὲ γεγονέναι κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνον ἐν Ῥώμῃ 
that he had not even been in Rome at the time, but had been 

τὸν χρόνον, ἀλλ) ἐν τοῖς πορρωτάτω χωρίοις 
staying in places at the farthest remove from there, Cicero 

διατρίβειν, κατεµαρτύρησεν ὡς ἀφιγμένου πρὸς αὐτὸν 
testified against him, declaring that Clodius had come to his 

οἴκαδε καὶ διειλεγμένου περί τινων˙ ὅπερ ἦν ἀληθές.
house and consulted him on certain matters; which was true.

οὐ μὴν ἐδόκει μαρτυρεῖν ὁ Κικέρων διὰ τὴν
However, it was thought that Cicero did not give his testimony for 

ἀλήθειαν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὴν αὑτοῦ γυναῖκα Τερεντίαν
the truth’s sake, but by way of defence against the charges of his own 

ἆπολογούµενος.  ἦν γὰρ αὐτῇ πρὸς τὸν Κλώδιον ἀπέχθεια διὰ τὴν
wife Terentia.  For there was enmity between her and Clodius on account 

ἀδελφὴν τὴν ἐκείνου Κλωδίαν, ὦ ὡς τῷ Κικέρωνι
of his sister Clodia, whom Terentia thought to be desirous 

βουλομένην γαμηθῆναι καὶ τοῦτο διὰ Τύλλου τινὸς
of marrying Cicero and to be contriving this with the 

πράττουσαι, ὃς ἑταῖρος μὲν ἣν καὶ συνήθης ἐν τοῖς
aid of a certain Tullus; now, Tullus was a companion and 

µάλιστα Κικέρωνος, ἀεὶ δὲ πρὸς τὴν Κλωδίαν φοιτῶν
an especial intimate of Cicero, and his constant visits 

καὶ θεραπεύων ἐγγὺς οἰκοῦσαν ὑποψίαν τῇ Tερεντία
and attentions to Clodia, who lived near by, made Terentia 

παρέσχε.
suspicious.
 
χαλεπὴ δὲ τὸν τρόπον οὖσα καὶ τοῦ Κικέρωνος
So, being a woman of harsh nature, and having sway over Cicero, 

ἄρχουσα παρώξυνε τῷ Κλωδίῳ συνεπιθέσθαι καὶ
she incited him to join in the attack upon Clodius and give 

καταμαρτυρῆσαι.
testimony against him.

κατεμαρτύρουν δὲ τοῦ Kλωδίου πολλοὶ τῶν καλῶν
Moreover, many men of the better class bore witness against 

κἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐπιορκίας, ῥᾳδιουργίας, ὄχλων
Clodius for perjury, recklessness, bribery of the multitude, 

δεκασμούς, φθορὰς γυναικῶν.
and debauching of women.

Λεύκουλλος δὲ καὶ θεραπαινίδας παρεῖχεν ὡς
And Lucullus actually produced female slaves who testified 

συγγένοιτο τῇ νεωτάτῃ τῶν ἀδελφῶν ὁ Kλώδιος, ὅτε
that Clodius had commerce with his youngest sister when she was living 

Δευκούλλῳ συνῴκει.
with Lucullus as his wife.

πολλὴ δ᾽ ἦν δόξα καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις δυσὶν ἀδελφαῖς 
There was also a general belief that Clodius had intercourse 

πλησιάζειν τὸν Κλώδιον, ὧν Tερτίαν μὲν Μάρκιος 
with his other two sisters, of whom Tertia was the 

ὁ Ῥήξ, Κλωδίαν δὲ Μέτελλος ὁ Κέλερ εἶχεν, ἣν 
wife of Marcius Rex, and Clodia of Metellus Celer; 

Κουαδραντίαν ἐκάλουν, ὅτι τῶν ἐραστῶν τις 
the latter was called Quadrantia, because one 

αὐτῇ χαλκοῦς ἐμβαλὼν εἰς βαλάντιον ὡς ἀργύριον
of her lovers had put copper coins into a purse and 

εἰσέπεμψε˙ τὸ δὲ λεπτότατον τοῦ χαλκοῦ 
sent them to her for silver, and the smallest 

νομίσματος κουαδράντην ἐκάλουν.
copper coin was called “quadrans.

ἐπὶ ταύτῃ μάλιστα τῶν ἀδελφῶν κακῶς ἤκουσεν ὁ
it was with regard to this sister in particular that Clodius was in 

Κλώδιος.  οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ τότε τοῦ δήμου πρὸς τοὺς
evil repute. However, since the people at this time set themselves 

καταµαρτυροῦντας αὐτοῦ καὶ συνεστῶτας
against those who combined and testified against him, 

ἀντιταττομένου φοβιθέντες οἱ δικασταὶ φυλακὴν περιεστήσαντο, 
the jurors were frightened and surrounded themselves with a guard,

καὶ τὰς δέλτους οἱ πλεῖστοι συγκεχυµένοις τοῖς
and most of them cast their voting-tablets with the writing 

γράµµασιν ἤνεγκαν.
on them confused.

ὅμως δὲ πλείονες ἔδοξαν οἱ ἀπολύοντες γενέσθαι˙
But nevertheless those who were for acquittal appeared to be in the majority; 

καί τις ἐλέχθη καὶ δεκασμὸς διελθεῖν.
and some bribery also was said to have been used.

ὅθεν ὁ μὲν Κάτλος ἀπαντήσας τοῖς κριταῖς,
This led Catulus to say, when he met the jurors, “It 

“Ὑμεῖς,” εἶπεν, “ὡς ἀληθῶς ὑπὲρ ἄσφαλείας 
was indeed as a measure of safety that you asked 

ᾐτήσασθε τὴν φυλακήν, οβούµενοι μή τις 
for your guard; you were afraid that someone would 

ὑμῶν ἀφέληται τὸ ἀργύριον.”
take your money away from you.”

Κικέρων δὲ τοῦ Κλωδίου πρὸς αὐτὸν λέγοντος ὅτι
And Cicero, when Clodius told him that as a witness 

μαρτυρῶν οὐκ ἔσχε πίστιν παρὰ τοῖς δικασταῖς,“Ἀλλ᾽ ἐμοὶ μέν,”
he had found no credit with the jurors, said: “ Nay, 

εἶπεν, “οἱ πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι τῶν δικαστῶν
twenty-five of the jurors gave me credit, for so 

ἐπίστευσαν˙ τοσοῦτοι γάρ σου κατεψηφίσαντο˙
many voted against you; and thirty of them gave you 

σοὶ δὲ τριάκοντα οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν˙ οὐ γὰρ πρότερον
no credit, for they did not vote to acquit you until 

ἀπέλυσαν ἢ ἔλαβον τὸ ἀργύριον.”
they had got your money.”

ὁ µέντοι Καῖσαρ οὐ κατεμαρτύρησε κληθεὶς ἐπὶ
Caesar, however, when summoned as a witness, gave no testimony 

τὸν Κλώδιον, οὐδ᾽ ἔφη µοιχείαν κατεγνωκέναι τῆς
against Clodius, and denied that he had condemned his wife 

γυναικός, ἀφεικέναι δ᾽ αὐτὴν ὅτι τὸν Καίσαρος ἔδει
for adultery, but said that he had put her away because Caesar’s 

γάµον οὐ πράξεως αἰσχρᾶς µόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ φήμης
wife must be free not only from shameful conduct, but even 

καθαρὸν εἶναι.
from shameful report.

						XXX

Διαφυγὼν δὲ τὸν κίνδυνον ὁ Κλώδιος καὶ δήμαρχος
But Clodius, having escaped his peril, and having 

αἱρεθεὶς εὐθὺς εἴχετο τοῦ Κικέρωνος, πάνθ’ ὁμοῦ πράγματα
been chosen tribune, at once began to attack Cicero, arraying

καὶ πάντας ἀνθρώπους συνάγων καὶ ταράττων ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν.
and stirring up against him all things and all men alike.

τόν τε γὰρ δῆμον ᾠκειώσατο νόµοις φιλανθρώποις,᾿ καὶ
He won the favour of the people by benevolent laws, 

τῶν ὑπάτων ἑκατέρῳ µεγάλας ἐπαρχίας
got large provinces voted to each of 

ἐψηφίσατο, Πείσωνι μὲν Μακεδονίαν, Γαβινίῳ δὲ
the consuls (Macedonia to Piso, and Syria to Gabinius), 

Συρίαν, πολλοὺς δὲ τῶν ἀπόρων συνέτασσεν εἰς τὸ
brought many of the poorer class into organized 

πολίτευµα, καὶ δούλους ὡπλισμένους περὶ αὑτὸν εἶχε.
political activity, and kept armed slaves about his person.

τῶν δὲ πλεῖστον δυναµένων τότε τριῶν ἀνδρῶν,
Now, of the three men who at that time had most power,

Κράσσου μὲν ἄντικρυς Κικέρωνι πολεμοῦντος, 
Crassus was an out-and-out foe of Cicero, Pompey was 

Πομπηΐου δὲ θρυπτοµένου πρὸς ἀμφοτέρους, 
dallying with both, and Caesar was about to set out 

Καΐσαρος δὲ μέλλοντος εἰς Γαλατίαν ἐξιέναι 
for Gaul with an army; into Caesar's favour, therefore, 

μετὰ στρατεύματος, ὑπὸ τοῦτον ὑποδὺς ὁ Κικέρων, 
Cicero insinuated himself (although Caesar was not a friend, 

καίπερ οὔκ ὄντα φίλον, ἀλλ᾽ ὕποπτον ἐκ τῶν περὶ 
but an object of suspicion owing to the affair of Catiline), 

Κατιλίναν, ἠξίωσε πρεσβευτὴς αὐτῷ συστρατεύειν.
and asked to accompany him on his campaign as legate.

δεξαµένου δὲ τοῦ Καίσαρος ὁ Κλώδιος ὁρῶν
But no sooner had Caesar granted the request than Clodius, 

ἐκφεύγοντα τὴν δηµαρχίαν αὐτοῦ τὸν Κικέρωνα
seeing that Cicero was thus escaping his tribunicial power, 

προσεποιεῖτο συμβατικῶς ἔχειν, καὶ τῇ Τερεντίᾳ
pretended to be desirous of a reconciliation, and by laying the 

τὴν πλείστην ἀνατιθεὶς αἰτίαν, ἐκείνου δὲ
chief blame upon Terentia, and always speaking of Cicero 

µεμνηµένος ἐπιεικῶς ἀεὶ καὶ λόγους εὐγνώµονας
in friendly terms and using kindly expressions about him, as 

ἐνδιδούς, ὡς ἄν τις οὐ μισῶν οὐδὲ χαλεπαίνων,ἀλλ᾽
one who bore him no hatred or even ill-will, but had moderate complaints 

ἐγκαλῶν μέτρια καὶ φιλικά, παντάπασιν αὐτοῦ τὸν
to make of him in a friendly way, he altogether took away his 

φόβον ἀνῆκεν, ὥστ᾽ ἀπειπεῖν τῷ Καίσαρι τὴν
fear, so that he declined the office of legate under Caesar 

πρεσβείαν καὶ πάλιν ἔχεσθαι τῆς πολιτείας.
and again applied himself to public matters.

ἐφ᾽ ᾧ παροξυνθεὶς ὁ Καίσαρ τόν τε Κλώδιον ἐπέρρωσε
But at this conduct Caesar was exasperated, and encouraged Clodius against 

καὶ Πομπήϊον ἀπέστρεψε κομιδῆ τοῦ Κικέρωνος, αὐτός
Cicero, and completely alienated Pompey from him, while he himself testified 

τε κατεμαρτύρησεν ἐν τῷ δήµῳ μὴ δοκεῖν αὐτῷ καλῶς
before the people that he did not think it right or lawful that men should 

μηδὲ νομίμως ἄνδρας ἀκρίτους ἀνῃρῆσθαι τοὺς περὶ
be put to death without a trial, as in the case of Lentulus, Cethegus, 

Λέντλον καὶ Κέθηγον.
and their accomplices.

αὕτη γὰρ ἦν ἡ κατηγορία, καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦθ᾽ ὁ Κικέρων
Τhis was the denunciation made against Cicero, and he was summoned 

ἐκαλεῖτο.
to make answer.

κινδυνεύων οὖν καὶ διωκόµενος ἐσθῆτα µετήλλαξε καὶ
And so, being in peril of prosecution, he changed his attire, and with his 

κόμης ἀνάπλεως περιϊὼν ἱκέτευε τὸν δῆμον.
hair untrimmed went about supplicating the people.

πανταχοῦ δ᾽ ὁ Κλώδιος ἀπήντα κατὰ τοὺς 
Everywhere, Clodius met people along the 

στενωπούς, ἀνθρώπους ἔχων ὑβριστὰς περὶ 
narrow passages, having abusive and arrogant 

αὑτὸν καὶ θρασεῖς, οἳ πολλὰ μὲν χλευάζοντες 
men around him who, by mocking without restraint, 

ἀκολάστως εἰς τὴν µεταβολὴν καὶ τὸ σχῆμα 
ridiculed the transformation and appearance 

τοῦ Κικέρωνος, πολλαχοῦ
of Cicero in many ways and often pelted him with

δὲ πηλῴ καὶ λίθοις βάλλοντες ἐνίσταντο ταῖς ἱκεσίαις.
mud and stones, and so interfered with his supplications to the people.

					XXXI

Οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ τῷ Κικέρωνι πρῶτον μὲν ὀλίγου δεῖν
Not only that, but Cicero himself, at first with very few, changed 

σύμπαν τὸ τῶν ἱππικῶν πλῆθος συµµετέβαλε τὴν
the entire appearance of the equestrian order, and not fewer 

ἐσθῆτα, καὶ δισµυρίων οὐκ ἐλάττους νέων
than twenty thousand young men followed him, wearing their 

παρηκολούθουν κομῶντες καὶ συνικετεύοντες˙
hair long and participating in the same pursuits.

ἔπειτα τῆς βουλῆς συνελθούσης ὅπως ψηφίσαιτο τὸν
Afterwards, when the Senate had convened to vote on the proposal 

δῆμον ὡς ἐπὶ πένθεσι μεταβαλεῖν τὰ ἱμάτια, καὶ τῶν
that the people should change their garments in mourning, and 

ὑπάτων ἐναντιωθέντων, Kλωδίου δὲ
when the consuls resisted, and Clodius, 

σιδηροφορουµένου περὶ τὸ βουλευτήριον, ἐξέδραµον
bearing an iron weapon, was making a disturbance around 

οὐκ ὀλίγοι τῶν βουλευτικῶν καταρρηγνύμενοι τοὺς
the council-house, not a few of the senators rushed out, tearing 

χιτῶνας καὶ βοῶντε.
their tunics and shouting.

ὡς δ᾽ ἦν οὔτ᾽ οἶκτος οὔτε τις αἰδὼς πρὸς τὴν
But since this sight awakened neither pity nor any mercy, 

ὄψιν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔδει τὸν Κικέρωνα φεύγειν ἢ βίᾳ καὶ
but Cicero was obliged either to go into exile or to appeal 

σιδήρῳ κριοῆναι πρὸς τὸν Κλώδιον, ἐδεῖτο Pομπηΐου
to force and the sword against Clodius, he begged for aid from 

βοηθεῖν ἐπίτηδες ἐκποδὼν γεγονότος καὶ διατρίβοντος 
Pompey, who had purposely got out of the way and was staying 

ἐν ἀγροῖς περὶ τὸν Ἀλβανόν.
at his country seat in the Alban hills. 

καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἔπεμψε Πείσωνα τὸν γαμβρὸν
First Cicero sent Piso, his son-in-law, to entreat for 

δεησόμενον˙ ἔπειτα καὶ αὐτὸς ἀνέβη.
him; then he went up thither himself also.

πυθόμενος δ᾽ ὁ Πομπήϊος οὐχ ὑπέμεινεν ες ὄψιν
Pompey, however, on learning of his coming, could not endure 

ἐλθεῖν, δεινὴ γὰρ αὐτὸν αἰδὼς εἶχε πρὸς τὸν ἄνδρα
to see him, for he felt a strong sense of shame towards the 

μεγάλους ἠγωνισµένον ἀγῶνας ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ καὶ πολλὰ
man who had made great struggles in his behalf and had often 

πρὸς χάριν ἐκείνῳ πεπολιτευµένον, ἀλλὰ Καíσαρι
adopted a political course to please him; but since he was 

γαμβρὸς ὢν δεοµένῳ προὔδωκε τὰς παλαιὰς χάριτας
Caesar’s son-in-law, at his request he proved false to his 

καὶ κατὰ θύρας ἄλλας ὑπεξελθὼν ἀπεδίδρασκε τὴν
old obligations, slipped out by another door, and so ran away 

ἔντευξιν.
from the interview.

οὕτω δὴ προδοθεὶς ὁ Κικέρων ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ γεγονὼς
Thus betrayed by him and left desolate, Cicero fled 

ἔρημος ἐπὶ τοὺς ὑπάτους κατέφυγε.
for refuge to the consuls.

καὶ Γαβίνιος μὲν ἦν χαλεπὸς ἀεί, Πείσων δὲ διελέχθη πραότερον αὐτῷ,
Gabinius was always severe with him, but Piso dealt

παραινῶν ἐκστῆναι καὶ ὑποχωρῆσαι τῇ τοῦ Κλωδίου
with him more gently, advising [him] to step aside and yield to the force of Clodius, 

ῥύμῃ καὶ τὴν μεταβολὴν τῶν καιρῶν ἐνεγκεῖν καὶ
and to endure the change of circumstances, and to become again 

γενέσθαι πάλιν σωτῆρα τῆς πατρίδος ἐν στάσεσι καὶ
a savior of the country in times of turmoil and trouble, which were, 

κακοῖς δι᾽ ἐκεῖνον οὔσης.
through him, imminent. 

Τοιαύτης τυχὼν ἀποκρίσεως ὁ Κικέρων ἐβουλεύετο σὺν
After getting such answer to his appeal, Cicero took counsel with his 

τοῖς φίλοις˙  καὶ Λεύκουλλος μὲν ἐκέλευε µένειν, ὡς
friends: Lucullus urged him to remain in the city, believing that he 

περιεσόµενον, ἄλλοι δὲ φεύγειν, ὡς ταχὺ τοῦ δήµου
would prevail; but others advised him to go into exile, believing that 

ποθήσοντος αὐτόν, ὅταν ἐμπλησθῇ τῆς Κλωδίου μανίας
the people would quickly long for him when they were sated with the folly 

καὶ ἀπονοίας.
and madness of Clodius.

ταῦτ᾽ ἔδοξε Κικέρωνι˙ καὶ τὸ μὲν ἄγαλμα τῆς
This Cicero decided to do; so he took the statue of 

Ἀθηνᾶς, ὃ πολὺν χρόνον ἔχων ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας
Minerva which had long stood in his house, and which 

ἱδρυμένον ἐτίμα διαφερόντως, εἰς Καπιτώλιον
he honoured exceedingly, carried it to the capitol, 

κοµίσας ἀνέθηκεν ἐπιγράψας “Ἀθηνᾷ Ῥώμης
and dedicated it there with the inscription “To Minerva, 

φύλακι,” πομποὺς δὲ παρὰ τῶν φίλων λαβὼν περὶ µέσας
Guardian of Rome”; then, accepting an escort from his friends, 

νύκτας ὑπεξῆλθε τῆς πόλεως καὶ πεζῇ διὰ Λευκανίας
about midnight he slipped out of the city, and set out on 

ἐπορεύετο, λαβέσθαι Σικελίας βουλόμενος.
foot through Lucania, desiring to reach Sicily.

					XXXII

Ὡς δ᾽ ἦν φανερὸς ἤδη πεφευγώς, ἐπήγαγεν αὐτῷ φυγῆς
But as soon as it was known that he had fled, Clodius caused a vote 

ψῆφον ὁ Κλώδιος, καὶ διάγραµµα προὔθηκεν εἴργειν
of banishment to be passed upon him, and issued an edict that all men 

πυρὸς καὶ ὕδατος τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ μὴ παρέχειν στέγην
should refuse him fire and water and that no man should give him shelter 

ἐντὸς μιλίων πεντακοσίων Ἰταλίας.
within five hundred miles of Italy.

τοῖς μὲν οὖν ἄλλοις ἐλάχιστος ἦν τοῦ διαγράµµατος
Now, most men paid not the slightest heed to this 

τούτου λόγος αἰδουμένοις τὸν Κικέρωνα, καὶ πᾶσαν
edict out of respect for Cicero, and escorted him 

ἐνδεικνύµενοι φιλοφροσύνην παρέπεµπον αὐτόν.
on his way with every mark of kindness

ἐν δ᾽ Ἱππωνίῳ, πόλει τῆς Λευκανίας, ἣν Οὐιβῶνα νῦν
but at Hipponium, a city of Lucania, which is now called Vibo, Vibius, 

καλοῦσιν, Οὐΐβιος, Σικελὸς ἀνήρ, ἄλλα τε πολλὰ τῆς
a Sicilian, who had profited much from Cicero’s friendship and particularly 

Κικέρωνος φιλίας ἀπολελαυκὼς καὶ γεγονὼς
by being made prefect of engineers during

ὑπατεύοντος αὐτοῦ τεκτόνων ἔπαρχος, οἰκίᾳ μὲν οὐκ
his consulship, would not receive him in his house, but sent 

ἐδέξατο, τὸ χωρίον δὲ καταγράψειν ἐπηγγέλλετο,
him word that he would assign him his country-place 

καὶ Γάϊος Οὐεργίλιος, ὁ τῆς Σικελίας στρατηγός,
for residence; and Caius Vergilius, the praetor of Sicily, 

ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα Κικέρωνι κεχρηµένος, ἔγραψεν
who had been on most intimate terms with Cicero, wrote him 

ἀπέχεσθαι τῆς Σικελίας.
to keep away from Sicily.

ἐφ᾽ οἷς ἀθυμήσας ὥρμησεν ἐπὶ Βρεντέσιον, κἀκεῖθεν
Disheartened at this treatment, he set out for Brundisium, and from 

εἰς Δυρράχιον ἀνέμφ φορῷ περαιούµενος, 
there tried to cross to Dyrrhachium with a fair breeze, 

ἀντιπνεύσαντος πελαγίου µεθ᾽ ἡμέραν 
but since he met a counter-wind at sea he came back 

ἐπαλινδρόμησεν, εἶτ᾽ αὖθις ἀνήχθη ἀνήχθη.
the next day, and then set sail again.

λέγεται δὲ καὶ καταπλεύσαντος εἰς Δυρράχιον αὐτοῦ
It is said, too, that after he had put in at Dyrrhachium 

καὶ μέλλοντος ἀποβαίνειν σεισµόν τε τῆς γῆς καὶ
and was about to land, there was an earthquake accompanied 

σπασμὸν ἅμα γενέσθαι τῆς θαλάττης.
by a violent convulsion of the sea.

ἀφ᾿ ὧν συνέβαλον οἱ μαντικοὶ μὴ µόνιμον αὐτῷ τὴν
From these things the soothsayers concluded that his exile would not be 

φυγὴν ἔσεσθαι˙   μεταβολῆς γὰρ εἶναι ταῦτα σημεῖα.
permanent for him.  For these are signs of a change.

πολλῶν δὲ φοιτώντων ἂνδρῶν ὑπ᾽ εὐνοίας καὶ τῶν
But although many people visited him out of goodwill, and the 

Ἑλληνίδων πόλεων διαμιλλωμένων πρὸς αὑτὰς ταῖς
Greek cities vied with one another in sending him deputations, 

πρεσβείαις, ὅμως ἀθυμῶν καὶ περίλυπος διῆγε τὰ πολλά, 
still, he passed his time for the most part in dejection and great 

πρὸς τὴν Ἰπαλίαν, ὥσπερ οἱ δυσέρωτες, ἀφορῶν, καὶ τῷ 
grief looking off towards Italy like a disconsolate lover, while in 

φρονήματι μικρὸς ἄγαν καὶ ταπεινὸς ὑπὸ τῆς συμφορᾶς 
his spirit he became very petty and mean by reason of his misfortune, 

γεγονὼς καὶ συνεσταλµέγος, ὡς οὐκ ἄν τις ἄνδρα παιδείᾳ
and was more humbled than one would have expected in a man who had 

συμβεβιωκότα τοσαύτῃ προσεδόκησε.
enjoyed so lofty a discipline as his.

καίτοι πολλάκις αὐτὸς ἠξίου τοὺς φίλους μὴ ῥήτορα
And yet he often asked his friends not to call him an orator, but a 

καλεῖν αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ φιλόσοφον˙  φιλοσοφίαν γὰρ ὡς
philosopher, because he had chosen philosophy as an occupation, 

ἔργον ἠρῆσθαι, ῥητορικῇ ὃ ὀργάνῳ χρῆσθαι
but used oratory merely as an instrument for attaining the 

πολιτευόµενος ἐπὶ τὰς χρείας.
needful ends of a political career.

ἀλλ᾽ ἡ δόξα δεινὴ τὸν λόγον, ὥσπερ βαφήν,
But public opinion has great power to wash away reason, 

ἄποκλύσαι τῆς ψυχῆς, καὶ τὰ τῶν πολλῶν 
like a dye, from the soul of man, and by force of familiar 

ἐνομόρξασθαι πάθη δι ὁμιλίαν καὶ 
association to impress the feelings of the vulgar 

συνήθειαν τοῖς πολιτευοµένοις, ἄν µή τις εὖ µάλα
on those who engage in political life, unless one is right well on his

φυλαττόμενος οὕτω συµφέρηται τοῖς ἐκτὸς ὡς τῶν πραγμάτων
guard when he engages himself in things external, and is resolved to participate 

αὐτῶν, οὐ τῶν ἐπὶ τοῖς πράγµασι παθῶν συµµεθέξων.
only in the things themselves, and not in the feelings attendant upon them.

					XXXIII

Ὁ δὲ Κλώδιος ἐξελάσας τὸν Κικέρωνα κατέπρησε μὲν
As for Clodius, after driving Cicero away he burned down 

αὐτοῦ τὰς ἐπαύλεις, κατέπρησε δὲ τὴν οἰκίαν καὶ
his villas, and burned down his house, and erected on its 

τῷ τόπῳ ναὸν Ἐλευθερίας ἐπῳκοδόμησε˙ τὴν δ᾽ ἄλλην
site a temple to Liberty; the rest of his property he offered 

οὐσίαν ἐπώλει καὶ διεκήρυττε καθ’ ἡμέραν, μηδὲν
for sale and had it proclaimed daily, but nobody would 

ὠνουμένου µηδενός.
buy anything.

ἐκ δὲ τούτου φοβερὸς ὢν τοῖς ἀριστοκρατικοῖς, καὶ
Being therefore formidable to the patricians, and dragging 

τὸν δῆμον ἀνειμένον εἰς ὕβριν πολλὴν καὶ θρασύτητα
along with him the people, who indulged in great boldness 

συνεφελκόμενος, ἐπεχείρει τῷ Πομπηΐῳ, τῶν
and effrontery, he assailed Pompey, attacking 

διῳκημένων ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ κατὰ τὴν στρατείαν ἔνια
fiercely some of the arrangements made by him on 

σπαράττων.
his expedition.

ἐφ᾽ οἷς ὁ Πομπήϊος ἀδοξῶν ἐκάκιζεν αὐτὸς αὑτὸν
The disgrace which this brought upon Pompey led him to reproach 

προέµενος τὸν Κικέρωνα˙ καὶ πάλιν ἐκ μεταβολῆς
himself for his abandonment of Cicero; and changing front he 

παντοῖος ἐγίνετο πράττων κάθοδον αὐτῷ μετὰ τῶν φίλων.
used every effort to effect Cicero’s return, and so did his friends.

ἐνισταµένου δὲ τοῦ Κλωδίου συνέδοξε τῇ βουλῇ
But since Clodius opposed himself to this, the senate decided to ratify 

μηδὲν διὰ µέσου πρᾶγμα κυροῦν μηδὲ πράττειν 
no measure that came up in the mean time and to do no public business, 

δηµόσιον, εἰ μὴ Κικέρωνι κάθοδος γένοιτο.
unless Cicero should be permitted to return.

τῶν δὲ περὶ Λέντλον ὑπατευόντων καὶ τῆς στάσεως
During the consulship of Lentulus, however,  

πρόσω βαδιζούσης, ὥστε τρωθῆναι μὲν ἐν ἀγορᾷ
when the disorder went on increasing, so that tribunes 

δημάρχους, Κόϊντον δὲ τὸν Κικέρωνος ἀδελφὸν ἐν
were wounded in the forum and Quintus the brother of Cicero

τοῖς νεκροῖς ὡς τεθνηκότα κείµενον διαλαθεῖν, ὅ τε
lay unnoticed for dead among the slain,  

δῆμος ἤρχετο τρέπεσθαι τῇ γνώµῃ, καὶ τῶν δηµάρχων
the people began to change their minds, and 

Αννιος Μίλων πρῶτος ἐτόλμησε τὸν Κλώδιον εἰς
Annius Milo, one of the tribunes, first ventured to prosecute Clodius

δίκην ἀπάγειν βιαίων, καὶ Πομπηΐῳ πολλοὶ συνῆλθον
for violence, and many joined themselves to Pompey both from the 

ἔκ τε τοῦ δήµου καὶ τῶν πέριξ πόλεων.
people and from the surrounding cities.

μεθ᾽ ὧν προελθὼν καὶ τὸν Κλώδιον ἀναστήσας ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς
With these Pompey came forth, drove Clodius from the forum,

ἐπὶ τὴν ψῆφον ἐκάλει τοὺς πολίτας.
and summoned the citizens to the vote. 

καὶ λέγεται µηδέποτε μηδὲν ἐκ τοσαύτης ὁμοφροσύνης
And it is said that the people never passed any vote 

ἐπιψηφίσασθαι τὸν δῆμον.
with such unanimity.

ἡ δὲ σύγκλητος ἁμιλλωμένη πρὸς τὸν δῆμον ἔγραψεν
The senate, too, vying with the people, wrote letters 

ἐπαινεθῆναι τὰς πόλεις ὅσαι τὸν Κικέρωνα παρὰ
of thanks to all the cities which had ministered to Cicero 

τὴν φυγὴν ἐθεράπευσαν, καὶ τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτῷ καὶ τὰς
during his exile, and decreed that his house and his villas, 

ἐπαύλεις, ἃς Κλώδιος διεφθάρκει, τέλεσι δηµοσίοις
which Clodius had destroyed, should be restored at the 

ἀνασταθῆναι.
public cost.

Κατῄει δὲ Κικέρων ἐκκαιδεκάτῳ μηνὶ μετὰ τὴν φυγήν˙
Thus Cicero came home in the sixteenth month after his exile;

καὶ τοσαύτη τὰς πόλεις χαρὰ καὶ σπουδὴ τοὺς
and so great was the joy of the cities and the eagerness

ἀνθρώπους περὶ τὴν ἀπάντησιν εἶχεν ὥστε τὸ ῥηθὲν
of men to meet him that what was said

ὑπὸ Κικέρωνος ὕστερον ἐνδεέστερον εἶναι τῆς ἀληθείας.
by Cicero afterwards fell short of the truth. 

ἔφη γὰρ αὑτὸν ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων τὴν Ἰπαλίαν φέρουσαν
He said, namely, that Italy had taken him on her shoulders 

εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην εἰσενεγκεῖν.
and carried him into Rome.

ὅπου καὶ Κράσσος, ἐχθρὸς ὢν αὐτῷ πρὸ τῆς
And there Crassus also, who was his enemy before his 

φυγῆς, τότε προθύµως ἀπήντα καὶ διελύετο, τῷ παιδὶ
exile, now readily met him and was reconciled with him, to gratify 

Ποπλίῳ χαριζόµενος, ὡς ἔλεγε, ζηλωτῇ τοῦ Κικέρωνος ὄντι.
his son Publius, as he said, who was an ardent admirer of Cicero. 

					XXXIV

Xρόνον δ᾽ οὐ πολὺν διαλιπὼν καὶ παραφυλάξας
After allowing only a short time to pass and watching for an 

ἀποδημοῦντα τὸν Κλώδιον ἐπῆλθε μετὰ πολλῶν τῷ
opportunity when Clodius was absent from the city, Cicero went 

Καπιτωλίῳ, καὶ τὰς δημαρχικὰς δέλτους, ἐν αἷς
up with a great company to the capitol, and there tore away and 

ἀναγραφαὶ τῶν διωκηµένων ἦσαν, ἀπέσπασε καὶ
destroyed the tablets of the tribunes, in which were the records 

διέφθειρεν.
of their administration.

ἐγκαλοῦντος δὲ περὶ τούτου τοῦ Κλωδίου, τοῦ δὲ
When Clodius brought charges against him for this and  

Kικέρωνος λέγοντος ὡς παρανόμως ἐκ πατρικίων εἰς
Cicero argued that it was illegal for Clodius to pass from 

δημαρχίαν παρέλθοι, καὶ κύριον οὐδὲν εἶναι τῶν
the ranks of the patricians into the tribunate, and that therefore none of his

πεπραγμένων ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ, Κάτων ἠγανάκτησε καὶ
acts was valid, Cato was indignant and 

ἀντεῖπε, τὸν μὲν Κλώδιον οὐκ ἐπαινῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ
spoke against Cicero; not that he approved of Clodius, nay, he 

δυσχεραίνων τοῖς πεπολιτευµένοις, δεινὸν δὲ καὶ
was actually displeased at his political course, but he set forth that it

βίαιον ἀποφαίνων ἀναίρεσιν ψηφίσασθαι δογμάτων καὶ
was a strange and violent measure for the senate to vote the abrogation 

πράξεων τοσούτων τὴν σύγκλητον, ἐν αἷς εἶναι καὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ τῶν
of so many acts and decrees, among which were those for his own

περὶ Κύπρον καὶ Βυζάντιον διοίκησιν.
administration in Cyprus and Byzantium.

ἐκ τούτου προσέκρουσεν ὁ Κικέρων αὐτῷ 
This led to an antagonism between him and Cicero 

πρόσκρουσιν εἰς οὐδὲν ἐμφανὲς προελθοῦσαν, ἀλλ᾽ ὥστε
which came to no open manifestation, but made their 

τῇ φιλοφροσύνῃ χρῆσθαι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἁμαυρότερον.
friendly treatment of one another less marked.

					XXXV

Μετὰ ταῦτα Κλώδιον μὲν ἀποκτίννυσι Μίλων˙ 
After this Clodius was killed by Milo; and Milo, 

καὶ διωκόµενος φόνου Κικέρωνα παρεστήσατο συνήγορον.
being prosecuted for murder, engaged Cicero as his advocate.

ἡ δὲ βουλὴ φοβηθεῖσα μὴ κινδυνεύοντος ἀνδρὸς
But the senate was afraid that at the trial of Milo, who 

ἐνδόξου καὶ θυμοειδοῦς τοῦ Μίλωνος ταραχὴ γένηται
was a man of repute and high spirit, there might be a disturbance 

περὶ τὴν πόλιν, ἐπέτρεψε Πομπηΐῳ ταύτην τε καὶ
in the city, and therefore intrusted the superintendence of this 

τὰς ἄλλας κρίσεις βραβεῦσαι, παρέχοντα τῇ πόλει
and the other trials to Pompey, who was to furnish security 

καὶ τοῖς δικαστηρίοις ἀσφάλειαν.
for the city and the courts of justice.

ἐκείνου δὲ τὴν ἀγορὰν ἔτι νυκτὸς ἀπὸ τῶν ἄκρων
So Pompey, while it was still night, posted his soldiers on 

περιλαβόντος τοῖς στρατιώταις, ὁ Μίλων τὸν
the heights so as to command the forum, and Milo, fearing 

Κικέρωνα δείσας μὴ πρὸς τὴν ὄψιν ἀηθείᾳ
that Cicero might be disturbed at the unusual sight 

διαταραχθεὶς χεῖρον διαγωνίσηται, συνέπεισεν ἐν
and conduct his case less successfully, persuaded him to be 

φορείῳ κοµισθέντα πρὸς τὴν ἀγορὰν ἡσυχάζειν, ἄχρι
brought in a litter to the forum and to wait there quietly until 

οὗ συνίασιν οἱ κριταὶ καὶ πληροῦται τὸ δικαστήριον.
the jurors assembled and the court-room was filled.

ὁ δ᾽ οὐ µόνον ἦν, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἐν ὅπλοις ἀθαρσής, ἀλλὰ
Now Cicero, as it would seem, was not only without courage 

καὶ τῷ λέγειν μετὰ φόβου προσῄει, καὶ μόλις ἂν
under arms, but also felt fear when he began to speak, 

ἐπαύσατο παλλόµενος καὶ τρέµων ἐπὶ πολλῶν ἀγώνων
and in many trials he hardly ceased quivering and trembling 

ἀκμὴν τοῦ λόγου καὶ κατάστασιν λαβόντος.
after his eloquence had become high and sustained.

Λικωνίῳ δὲ Μουρήνα φεύγοντι δίκην ὑπὸ Κάτωνος
When he was to plead for Licinius Murena in a case brought against 

βοήθῶν, καὶ φιλοτιμούμενος Ὀρτήσιον ὑπερβαλεῖν
him by Cato, and was ambitious to surpass Hortensius, who had made a 

εὐημερήσαντα, μέρος οὐδὲν ἀνεπαύσατο τῆς νυκτός,
successful plea, he took no rest at all during the night before,

ὡς ὑπὸ τοῦ σφόδρα φροντίσαι καὶ διαγρυπνῆσαι
so that his lack of sleep and his great anxiety did him harm, and he was 

κακωθεὶ ἐνδεέστερος αὑτοῦ φανῆναι.
thought inferior to himself in his plea.

τότε δ᾽ οὖν ἐπὶ τὴν τοῦ Μίλωνος δίκην ἐκ τοῦ
And so at this time, when he came out of his litter to plead 

φορείου προελθὼν καὶ θεασάµενος τὸν Πομπήϊον ἄνω
Milo’s cause and saw Pompey stationed  

καθεζόµενον ὥσπερ ἐν στρατοπέδῳ, καὶ κύκλω τὰ ὅπλα
on the heights as in a camp, and arms  

περιλάμποντα τὴν ἀγοράν, συνεχύθη καὶ μόλις
flashing all around the forum, he was confounded and could scarcely 

ἐνήρξατο τοῦ λόγου, κραδαινόµενος τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν
begin his speech, for his body quivered and  his 

φωνὴν ἐνισχόμενος, αὐτοῦ τοῦ Μίλωνος εὐθαρσῶς καὶ
voice faltered; whereas Milo showed the good courage of 

ἀνδρείως παρισταµένου τῷ ἀγῶνι καὶ κόµην θρέψαι
a brave man at the trial and had not deigned to let his hair go 

καὶ μεταβαλεῖν ἐσθῆτα φαιὰν ἀπαξιώσαντος˙
untrimmed or to change his attire to a dark one;

ὅπερ οὐχ ἥκιστα δοκεῖ συναίτιον αὐτῷ γενέσθαι τῆς καταδίκης.
Which seems to be not the least cause of his condemnation.

ἀλλ ὅ γε Κικέρων διὰ ταῦτα φιλέταιρος μᾶλλον ἢ δειλὸς
However, Cicero’s behaviour led men to think him devoted to his friends rather

than cowardly.
ἔδοξεν εἶναι.

					XXXVI

Γίνεται δὲ καὶ τῶν ἱερέων οὓς Αὔγουρας Ῥωμαῖοι
He became also one of the priests whom the Romans call 

καλοῦσιν, ἀντὶ Κράσσου τοῦ νέου μετὰ τὴν ἐν
Augurs, in place of the younger Crassus, who had died 

Πάρθοις αὐτοῦ τελευτήν.
among the Parthians.

εἶτα κλήρῳ λαχὼν τῶν ἐπαρχιῶν Κιλικίαν καὶ στρατὸν
Then the lot gave him Cilicia as his province, with 

ὁπλιτῶν µυρίων καὶ δισχιλίων, ἱππέων δὲ δισχιλίων 
an army of twelve thousand men-at-arms and twenty-six 

ἑξακοσίων, ἔπλευσε, προσταχθὲν αὐτῷ καὶ τὰ περὶ 
hundred horsemen, and he set sail, with instructions 

Καππαδοκίαν Ἀριοβαρζάνῃ τῷ βασιλεῖ φίλα καὶ 
to keep Cappadocia friendly and obedient to King 

πειθήνια παρασχεῖν.
Ariobarzanes.

ταῦτά τε δὴ παρεστήσατο καὶ συνήρµοσεν ἀμέμπτως
This he accomplished and arranged satisfactorily without war, 

ἅτερ πολέµου, τούς τε Κίλικας ὁρῶν πρὸς τὸ
and seeing that the Cilicians, in view of the Parthian 

Παρθικὸν πταῖσμα Ῥωμαίων καὶ τὸν ἐν Συρίᾳ
disaster to the Romans and the uprising in Syria, were 

νεωτερισμὸν ἐπηρμένους κατεπράϋνεν ἡμέρως ἄρχων.
in an agitated state, he pacified them by his mild government. 

καὶ δῶρα μὲν οὐδὲ τῶν βασιλέων διδόντων
Gifts he would not receive, not even when the kings offered them, 

ἔλαβε, δείπνων δὲ τοὺς ἐπαρχικοὺς ἀνῆκεν˙ αὐτὸς δὲ
and he relieved the provincials from the expense of entertainments; but he 

καθ’ ἡμέραν τοὺς χαρίεντας ἀνελάμβανεν ἑστιάσεσιν
himself daily received men of pleasing accomplishments at banquets which 

οὗ πολυτελῶς, ἀλλ᾽ ἐλευθερίως.
were not expensive, although generous.

ἡ ὃ οἰκία θυρωρὸν οὐκ εἶχεν, οὐδ᾽ αὐτὸς ὤφθη
His house, too, had no door-keeper, nor did anyone ever see him 

κατακείµενος ὑπ᾽ οὐδενός, ἀλλ᾽ ἕωθεν ἑστὼς ἢ
lying a-bed, but early in the morning he would stand or walk in 

περιπατῶν πρὸ τοῦ δωματίου τοὺς ἀσπαζομένους ἐδεξιοῦτο.
front of his chamber and receive those who came to pay him their respects.

λέγεται δὲ µήτε ῥάβδοις αἰκίσασθαί τινα μήτ᾽ ἐσθῆτα 
It is said, moreover, that he never ordered any man to be chastised with rods  

περισχίσαι μήτε βλασφημίαν ὑπ᾽ ὀργῆς ἢ ζημίας 
or to have his raiment torn from him, and that he never inflicted angry abuse 

προσβαλεῖν μεθ᾽ ὕβρεων.
or contumelious punishments.

ἀνευρὼν δὲ πολλὰ τῶν δηµοσίων κεκλεμμένα τάς τε
He discovered that much of the public property had been embezzled, and by 

πόλεις εὐπόρους ἐποίησε, καὶ τοὺς ἀποτίνοντας οὐδὲν
restoring it he made the cities well-to-do, and men who made restitution he 

τούτου πλεῖον παθόντας ἐπιτίμους διεφύλαξεν.
maintained in their civil rights without further penalties.

ἥψατο δὲ καὶ πολέμου, λῃστὰς τῶν περὶ τὸν Ἀμανὸν
He engaged in war, too, and routed the robbers who made their 

οἰκούντων τρεψάµενος˙ ἐφ᾽ ᾧ καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ ὑπὸ τῶν
homes on Mount Amanus; and for this he was actually saluted by 

στρατιωτῶν ἀνηγορεύθη.
his soldiers as Imperator.

Καιλίου δὲ τοῦ ῥήτορος δεοµένου παρδάλεις αὐτῷ
When Caelius the orator asked Cicero to send him panthers 

πρός τινα θέαν εἰς Ῥώμην ἐκ Κιλικίας
from Cilicia for a certain spectacle at Rome, Cicero,

ἀποστεῖλαι, καλλωπιζόµενος ἐπὶ τοῖς πεπραγµένοις
pluming himself upon his exploits,  

γράφει πρὸς αὐτὸν οὐκ εἶναι παρδάλεις ἐν Κιλικίᾳ˙
wrote to him that there were no panthers in Cilicia;  

πεφευγέναι γὰρ εἰς Καρίαν ἀγανακτούσας ὅτι µόναι
for they had fled to Caria in indignation because they alone were warred 

πολεμοῦνται, πάντων εἰρήνην ἐχόντων.
upon, while everything else enjoyed peace.

πλέων δ᾽ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπαρχίας τοῦτο μὲν Ῥόδῳ
On his voyage back from his province he first touched 

προσέσχε, τοῦτο δ᾽ Ἀθήναις ἐνδιέτριψεν ἄσμενος
at Rhodes, and then gladly spent some time at Athens in fond remembrance 

πόθῳ τῶν πάλαι διατριβῶν.
of his old pursuits in that place.

ἀνδράσι δὲ τοῖς πρώτοις ἀπὸ παιδείας συγγενόµενος
Then, after associating with men who were foremost for their learning, 

καὶ τοὺς τότε φίλους καὶ συνήθεις ἀσπασάµενος καὶ
and after greeting his old-time friends and intimates, and after 

τὰ πρέποντα θαυμασθεὶς ὑπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος εἰς τὴν
receiving from Greece the tokens of admiration that were his due, 

πόλιν ἐπανῆλθεν, ἤδη τῶν πραγµάτων ὥσπερ ὑπὸ
he returned to Rome, where a violent inflammation, as it were, 

φλεγμονῆς ἀφισταμένων ἐπὶ τὸν ἐμφύλιον πόλεμον.
was already forcing matters on towards the civil war.

					XXXVII

Ἐν μὲν οὖν τῇ βουλῇ ψηφιζοµένων αὐτῷ θρίαµβον
Accordingly, when the senators were voting him a triumph, 

ἥδιον ἂν ἔφη παρακολουθῆσαι Καίσαρι θριαμβεύοντι
he said he would more gladly follow in Caesar’s triumphal 

συµβάσεων γενοµένων˙  ἰδίᾳ δὲ συνεβούλευε πολλὰ μὲν
procession if matters could be settled; and privately he 

Καίσαρι γράφων, πολλὰ δ᾽ αὐτοῦ Πομπηΐου δεόµενος,
gave much advice to Caesar by letter, and much to Pompey in person by way 

πραύνων ἑκάτερον καὶ παραμυθούµενος.
of personal entreaty, trying to mollify and pacify each of them.

ὡς δ᾽ ἦν ἀνήκεστα καὶ Καίσαρος ἐπερχομένου Πομπήϊος
But when things were past healing, and Caesar was advancing upon the 

οὐκ ἔμεινεν, ἀλλὰ μετὰ πολλῶν καὶ ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν
city, and Pompey did not stay there, but abandoned the city in the 

τὴν πόλιν ἐξέλιπε, ταύτης μὲν ἀπελείφθη τῆς φυγῆς
company of many good men, Cicero did not take part in this flight, 

ὁ Κικέρων, ἔδοξε δὲ Καίσαρι προστίθεσθαι.
and was thought to be attaching himself to Caesar.

καὶ δῆλός ἐστι τῇ γνώµῃ πολλὰ ῥιπτασθεὶς ἐπ
And it is clear that his judgement drew him strengly in both directions 

ἀμφότερα καὶ δυσπαθήσας.
and that he was in distress.

γράφει γὰρ ἐν ταῖς ἐπιστολαῖς διαπορεῖν ποτέρωσε
For he writes in his letters that he knew not which way 

χρὴ τρέπεσθαι, Πομπηΐου μὲν ἔνδοξον καὶ καλὴν
he ought to turn, since Pompey had honourable and had

ὑπόθεσιν πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ἔχοντος, Καίσαρος δ᾽
good grounds for going to war, while Caesar managed 

ἄμεινον τοῖς πράγµασι χρωµένου καὶ μᾶλλον ἑαυτὸν
matters better and had more ability to save himself and 

καὶ τοὺς φίλους σώξοντος, ὥστ᾽ ἔχειν μὲν ὃν
his friends; he therefore knew from whom he should 

φύγῃ, μὴ ἔχειν δὲ πρὸς ὃν φύγῃ.
flee, but not to whom he should flee.

Τρεβατίου δέ, τινὸς τῶν Καίσαρος ἑταίρων, γράψαντος
And when Trebatius, one of the companions of Caesar, wrote 

ἐπιστολὴν ὅτι Καῖσαρ οἴεται δεῖν µάλιστα μὲν
him a letter stating that Caesar thought he ought above 

αὐτὸν ἐξετάζεσθαι μεθ᾽ αὑτοῦ καὶ τῶν ἐλπίδων
all things to range himself on his side and share his 

µετέχειν, εἰ δ᾽ ἀναδύεται διὰ γῆρας, εἰς τὴν Ἑλλλάδα βαδίζειν
hopes, but that if he declined to do this by reason of his age, 

κἀκεῖ καθήµενον ἡσυχίαν ἄγειν ἐκποδὼν ἀμφοτέροις 
he ought to go to Greece and take up a quiet life there 

γενόμενον, θαυμάσας ὁ Κικέρων ὅτι Καῖσαρ αὐτὸς 
out of the way of both, Cicero was amazed that Caesar 

οὐκ ἔγραψεν, ἀπεκρίνατο πρὸς ὀργὴν ὡς οὐδὲν 
himself did not write, and replied in a passion that 

ἀνάξιον πράξει τῶν πεπολιτευµένων.  τὰ μὲν οὖν 
he would do nothing unworthy of his political career, 

ἐν ταῖς ἐπιστολαῖς γεγραµµένα τοιαῦτά ἐστι.
such, then, is the purport of his letters.

					XXXVIII

Τοῦ δὲ Καίσαρος εἰς Ἰβηρίαν ἀπάραντος, εὐθὺς ὡς
But when Caesar set out for Spain, Cicero at once  

Πομπήϊον ἔπλευσε˙  καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις ἀσμένοις ὤφθη,
sailed to Pompey.  The rest of Pompey’s followers were glad to see him, 

Κάτων δ᾽ αὐτὸν ἰδὼν ἰδίᾳ πολλὰ κατεµέμφετο
but when Cato saw him, he privately blamed him much

Πομπηΐῳ προσθέµενον˙ 
for attaching himself to Pompey.

αὑτῷ μὲν γὰρ οὐχὶ καλῶς ἔχειν ἐγκαταλιπεῖν ἣν
In his own case, Cato said, it was not honourable to abandon the 

ἀπ᾿ ἀρχῆς εἴλετο τῆς πολιτείας τάξιν, ἐκεῖνον δὲ
line of public policy which he had chosen from the beginning; but Cicero, 

χρησιμώτερον ὄντα τῇ πατρίδι καὶ τοῖς φίλοις εἰ
though he was of more service to his country and his friends if he 

µένων ἴσος ἐκεῖ πρὸς τὸ ἀποβαῖνον ἡρμόζετο, κατ᾽
remained at home without taking sides and accommodated himself to 

οὐδένα λοηγισμὸν οὐδ᾽ ἐξ ἀνάγκης πολέμιον γεγονέναι
the issue of events, without any reason and under no compulsion had made 

Καίσαρι καὶ τοσούτου µεθέξοντα κινδύνου δεῦρ᾽ ἥκειν.
himself an enemy of Caesar, and had come thither to share in their great danger.

Οὗτοί τε δὴ τοῦ Κικέρωνος ἀνέστρεφον οἱ λόγοι τὴν
By these words the purpose of Cicero was upset, as well 

γνώµην, καὶ τὸ µέγα μηδὲν αὐτῷ χρῆσθαι Πομπήϊον.
as by the fact that Pompey made no great use of him.

αἴτιος δ᾽ ἦν αὐτὸς οὐκ ἀρνούμενος µεταμέλεσθαι, 
But he was himself to blame for this, since he made no 

φλαυρίζων δὲ τοῦ Πομπηΐου τὴν παρασκευὴν καὶ 
denial that he was sorry he had come, made light of 

πρὸς τὰ βουλεύματα δυσκολαίνων ὑπούλως, καὶ 
Pompey’s preparations and showed a lurking displeasure 

τοῦ παρασκώπτειν τι καὶ λέγειν χαρίεν εἰς τοὺς 
at his plans, and did not refrain from jests and witty 

συμμάχους οὐκ ἀπεχόμενος, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὸς μὲν
remarks about his comrades in arms; nay, although 

ἀγέλαστος ἀεὶ περιϊὼν ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ καὶ
he himself always went about in the camp without 

σκυθρωπός, ἑτέροις δὲ παρέχων γέλωτα μηδὲν 
a smile and scowling, still he made others laugh in spite

δεοµένοι.
of themselves.

βέλτιον δὲ καὶ τούτων ὀλίγα παραθέσθαι.
And it will be well to give a few instances of this also.

Δομιτίου τοίνυν ἄνθρωπον εἰς τάξιν ἡγεμονικὴν
When Domitius, then, was advancing to a post of command a man 

ἄγοντος οὐ πολεμικὸν καὶ λέγοντος ὡς ἐπιεικὴς τὸν
who was no soldier, with the remark that he was gentle in his disposition 

τρόπον ἐστὶ καὶ σώφρων, ''Τί οὖν,” εἶπεν,“οὐκ
and prudent, “Why, then,” said Cicero, “do you not keep 

ἐπίτροπον αὐτὸν τοῖς τέκνοις φυλάσσεις;”
him as a guardian of your children?

ἐπαινούντων δέ τινων Θεοφάνην τὸν Λέσβιον, ὃς ἣν
And when certain ones were praising Theophanes the Lesbian, who 

ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ τεκτόνων ἔπαρχος, ὡς εὖ
was prefect of engineers in the camp, because he had given 

παραμυθήσαιτο Ῥοδίους τὸν στύλον ἀποβαλόντας,
excellent consolation to the Rhodians on the loss of their fleet, 

“Ἠλίκον,” εἶπεν, “ἀγαθόν ἐστι τὸ Γραικὸν ἔχειν
“What a great blessing it is, ’ said Cicero, “to have a Greek 

ἔπαρχον.”
as prefect!”

Καίσαρος δὲ κατορθοῦντος τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ τρόπον
Again, when Caesar was successful for the most part and 

τινὰ πολιορκοῦντος αὐτούς, Λέντλῳ μὲν εἰπόντι
in a way was laying siege to them, Lentulus said he 

πυνθάνεσθαι στυγνοὺς εἶναι τοὺς Καίσαρος φίλους,
had heard that Caesar's friends were gloomy, to which Cicero 

ἀπεκρίνατο˙  “Λέγεις αὐτοὺς δυσνοεῖν Καίσαρι.”
replied: “You mean that they are ill-disposed to Caesar.”

Μαρκίου δέ τινος ἥκοντος ἐξ Ἰταλίας νεωστὶ καὶ
And when a certain Marcius, who had recently come from Italy, 

λόγοντος ἐν Ῥώμῃ φήμην ἐπικρατεῖν ὡς πολιορκοῖτο
spoke of a report which prevailed in Rome that Pompey was besieged, 

Πομπήϊος, “Εἶτ᾽ ἐξέπλευσας,” εἶπεν, “ἵνα τοῦτο
“And then, ” said Cicero, “did you sail off that you might see with 

πιστεύσης αὐτὸς θεασάµενος;”
your own eyes and believe?”

μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἧτταν Νοννίου μὲν εἰπόντος ὅτι δεῖ
Again, after the defeat, when Nonnius said they ought 

χρηστὰς ἐλπίδας ἔχειν, ἑπτὰ γὰρ ἀετοὺς ἐν τῷ
to have good hopes, since seven eagles were left in the 

στρατοπέδῳ τοῦ Πομπηΐου λελεῖφθαι,“Καλῶς
camp of Pompey, “Your advice would be good, ” said 

ἄν,” ἔφη, “παρήνεις, εἰ κολοιοῖς ἐπολεμοῦμεν.
Cicero, “if we were at war with jackdaws.”

Λαβιηνοῦ δὲ µαντείαις τισὶν ἰσχυριζομένου καὶ
And when Labienus, insisting on certain 

λέγοντος ὡς δεῖ περιγενέσθαι Πομπήϊον, “Οὐκοῦν,” 
oracles, said that Pompey must prevail, “Yes,” 

ἔφη, “στρατηγήµατι τούτῳ χρώµενοι νῦν 
said Cicero, “this is the generalship that 

ἄποβεβλήκαμεν τὸ στρατόπεδον.”
has now cost us our camp.”

				XXXIX

Ἀλλὰ γὰρ γενομένης τῆς κατὰ Φάρσαλον μάχης, 
However, after the battle at Pharsalus, in which Cicero 

ἧς οὐ µετέσχε δι᾽ ἀρρωστίαν, καὶ Πομπηΐου φυγόντος, 
took no part because of illness, had been fought, and Pompey was 

ὁ μὲν Κάτων καὶ στράτευμα συχνὸν ἐν Δυρραχίῳ καὶ 
in flight, Cato, who had a considerable army and a large fleet 

στόλον ἔχων µέγαν ἐκεῖνον ἠξίου στρατηγεῖν κατὰ 
at Dyrrhachium, asked Cicero to take the command in accordance 

νόµον καὶ τὸ τῆς ὑπατείας ἀξίωμα προὔχοντα.
with custom and because of his superior consular rank.

διωθούµενος δὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁ Κικέρων καὶ ὅλως φεύγων
But Cicero rejected the command and was altogether averse to sharing 

τὸ συστρατεύεσθαι παρ᾽ οὐδὲν ἦλθεν ἀναιρεθῆναι, 
in the campaign, whereupon he came near being killed; for the young 

Πομπηΐου τοῦ νέου καὶ τῶν φίλων προδότην 
Pompey and his friends called him a traitor and drew their 

ἀποκαλούντων καὶ τὰ ξίφη σπασαµένων, εἰ μὴ
swords upon him, and that would have been the end of him had 

Κάτων ἐνστὰς μόλις ἀφείλετο καὶ διῆκεν αὐτὸν ἐκ
not Cato interposed and with difficulty rescued him and sent him 

τοῦ στρατοπέδου.
away from the camp.

κατασχὼν δ᾽ εἲς Βρεντέσιον ἐνταῦθα διέτριβε, 
So Cicero put in at Brundisium and tarried 

Καίσαρα περιµένων βραδύνοντα διὰ τὰς ἐν
there, waiting for Caesar, who was delayed 

Ασίᾳ καὶ περὶ Αἴγυπτον ἀσχολίας.
by his affairs in Asia and Egypt.

ἐπεὶ δ᾽ εἰς Τάραντα καθωρµισµένος
But when word was brought that Caesar had landed at 

ἀπηγγέλλετο καὶ πεξῇ περιϊὼν ἐκεῖθεν εἰς Βρεντέσιον,
Tarentum and was coming round by land from there to Brundisium, 

ὥρμησε πρὸς αὐτόν, οὐ πάνυ μὲν ὢν δύσελπις,
Cicero hastened to meet him, being not altogether despondent, 

αἰδούμενος δὲ πολλῶν παρόντων ἀνδρὸς
but feeling shame to test in the presence of many witnesses the 

ἐχθροῦ καὶ κρατοῦντος λαμβάνειν πεῖραν.
temper of a man who was an enemy and victorious.

οὐ μην ἐδέησεν αὐτῷ πρᾶξαί τι παρ' ἀξίαν ἢ εἰπεῖν.
Indeed, it was not necessary for him to do anything unworthy or say anything unbecoming.

ὁ γὰρ Καîσαρ, ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὸν πολὺ, πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων
For Caesar, when he saw him approaching far in advance of the 

ἀπαντῶντα, κατέβη καὶ ἠσπάσατο καὶ διαλεγόµενος
rest, got down and embraced him and journeyed on for many 

µόνῳ συχνῶν σταδίων ὁδὸν προῆλθεν.
furlongs conversing with him alone.

ἐκ δὲ τούτου διετέλει τιμῶν καὶ φιλοφρονούµενος, ὥστε 
And after this he continued to show him honour and kindness, so 

καὶ γράψαντι λόγον ἐγκώμιον Κάτωνος ἀντιγράφων τόν 
that in his reply to the encomium upon Cato which Cicero wrote 

τε λόγον αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸν βίον ὡς μάλιστα τῷ Περικλέους 
he praised Cicero’s eloquence and his life, as most resembling 

ἐοικότα καὶ Θηραμένους ἐπαινεῖν.
that of Pericles and Theramenes.

ὁ μὲν οὖν Κικέρωνος λόγος Κάτων, ὁ δὲ Καίσαρος
Now, the discourse of Cicero was entitled “Cato, ” and 

Ἀντικάτων ἐπιγέγρατται.
that of Caesar Anti-Cato.

Λέγεται δὲ καὶ Κοΐντου Λιγαρίου δίκην φεύγοντος
It is said also that when Quintus Ligarius was under prosecution 

ὅτι τῶν Καΐσαρος πολεµίων εἷς ἐγεγόνει, καὶ
because he had been one of the enemies of Caesar, and 

Κικέρωνος αὐτῷ βοηθοῦντος, εἰπεῖν τὸν Καίσαρα πρὸς τοὺς φίλους˙
Cicero was his advocate, Caesar said to his friends: 

“Τί κωλύει διὰ χρόνου Κικέρωνος
“What is to prevent our hearing a speech from Cicero after 

ἀκοῦσαι λέγοντος, ἐπεὶ πάλαι κέκριται πονηρὸς ὁ
all this while, since Ligarius has long been adjudged a 

ἀνὴρ καὶ πολέμιος;”
villain and an enemy?”

ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἀρξάμενος λέγειν ὁ Κικέρων ὑπερφνῶς ἐκίνει
But when Cicero had begun to speak and was moving his hearers 

καὶ προὔβαινεν αὐτῷ πάθει τε ποικίλος καὶ χάριτι
beyond measure, and his speech, as it proceeded, showed 

θαυμαστὸς ὁ λόγος, πολλὰς μὲν ἱέναι χρόας ἐπὶ
varying pathos and amazing grace, Caesar’s face often 

τοῦ προσώπου τὸν Καίσαρα, πάσας δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς
changed colour and it was manifest that all the emotions 

τρεπόµενον τροπὰς κατάδηλον εἶναι, τέλος δὲ τῶν
of his soul were stirred; and at last, when the orator 

κατὰ Φάρσαλον ἀψαμένου τοῦ ῥήτορος ἀγώνων 
touched upon the struggles at Pharsalus, he was 

ἐκπαθῆ γενόµενον τιναχθῆναι τῷ σώµατι καὶ τῆς 
so greatly affected that his body shook and he dropped 

χειρὸς ἐκβαλεῖν ἔνια τῶν γραµµατείων.
from his hand some of his documents.

τὸν γοῦν ἄνθρωπον ἀπέλυσε τῆς αἰτίας βεβιασµένος.
At any rate he acquitted Ligarius under compulsion.

					XL

Ἐκ τούτου Κικέρων, εἰς μοναρχίαν τῆς πολιτείας
After this, when the government had been changed to a monarchy, 

µεθεστώσης, ἀφέμενος τοῦ τὰ κοινὰ πράττειν
Cicero abstained from public affairs and devoted his time 

ἐσχόλαδε τοῖς βουλομένοις φιλοσοφεῖν τῶν νέων, καὶ
to those of the young men who wished to study philosophy, and mainly 

σχεδὸν ἐκ τῆς πρὸς τούτους συνηθείας, εὐγενεστάτους
from his intimacy with these, since they were of the highest birth 

καὶ πρώτους ὄντας, αὖθις ἴσχυεν ἐν τῇ πόλει µέγιστον.
and standing, he was once more very influential in the state.

αὐτῷ δ᾽ ἔργον μὲν ἦν τὸ τοὺς φιλοσόφους 
He made it his business also to compose 

συντελεῖν διαλόγους καὶ µεταφράζειn, καὶ τῶν διαλεκτικῶν 
and translate  philosophical dialogues, and to render 

ἢ φυσικῶν ὀνομάτων ἕκαστον εἰς Ῥωμαϊκὴν μεταβάλλειν διάλεκτον˙
into Latin the several terms of dialectics and natural philosophy; 

ἐκεῖνος γάρ ἐστιν, ὥς φασιν, ὁ καὶ τὴν
For he it was, as they say, who first, or principally, provided Latin names for

φαντασίαν καὶ τὴν συγκατάθεσιν καὶ τὴν ἐποχὴν καὶ τὴν
“phantasia,” “synkatathesis,” “epokhe,” and

κατάληψι», ἔτι δὲ τὸ ἄτομον, τὸ ἀμερές, τὸ κενόν, 
“katalepsis,” as well as for atomon,” “ameres,” “kenon,”

ἄλλα τε πολλὰ τῶν τοιούτων ἐξονομάσας
and many others like these, contriving 

πρῶτος ἢ μάλιστα Ῥωμαίοις, τὰ μὲν μεταφοραῖς, τὰ δ᾽
partly by metaphors and partly by new and fitting terms 

οἰκειότησιν ἄλλαις γνώριµα καὶ προσήγορα μηχανησάµενος.
to make them intelligible and familiar. 

τῇ δὲ πρὸς τὴν ποίησιν εὐκολίᾳ παίζων ἐχρῆτο.
His facility in verse-making, too, he employed to divert himself.

λέγεται γάρ, ὁπηνίκα ῥυείη πρὸς τὸ τοιοῦτον, τῆς
It is said, indeed, that when he applied himself to such work, he would 

νυκτὸς ἔπη ποιεῖν πεντακόσια.
make five hundred verses in a night.

Τὸ µεν οὖν πλεῖστον τοῦ χρόνου τούτου περὶ
During this time, then, he lived for the most part at his country-seat 

Τοῦσκλον ἐν χωρίοις αὑτοῦ διάγων ἔγραφε πρὸς τοὺς
in Tusculum, and he used to write to his friends that he was living the 

φίλους Λαέρτου βίον ζῆν, εἴτε παίζων, ὡς ἔθος
life of Laertes, either jesting, as was his wont, or because his 

εἶχεν, εἴθ᾽ ὑπὸ φιλοτιμίας σπαργῶν πρὸς τὴν
ambition filled him with a desire for public activity and made 

πολιτείαν καὶ ἀδημονῶν τοῖς καθεστῶσι.
him dissatisfied with the turn things had taken.

σπανίως δ᾽ εἰς ἄστυ θεραπείας ἕνεκα τοῦ Καίσαρος
He rarely went down to the city, and then only to pay court 

κατῄει, καὶ πρῶτος ἦν τῶν συναγορευόντων ταῖς
to Caesar, and he was foremost among those who advocated 

τιμαῖς καὶ λέγειν ἀεί τι καινὸν εἷς τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ
Caesar’s honours and were eager to be ever saying something 

τὰ πραττόµενα Φιλοτιμουμένων.
new about him and his measures.

οἷόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ περὶ τῶν Πομπηΐου λεχθὲν εἰκόνων,
Of this sort is what he said about the statues of Pompey,

ἃς ἀνηρημένας καὶ καταβεβληµένας ὁ Καῖσαρ ἐκέλευσεν
These Caesar ordered to be set up again after they had been thrown down  

ἀνασταθῆναι˙  καὶ ἀνεστάθησαν.
and taken away.  Αnd they were set up again.

ἔφη γὰρ ὁ Κικέρων ὅτι ταύτῃ τῇ Φιλανθρωπίᾳ Καῖσαρ
What Cicero said was that by this act of generosity Caesar did 

τοὺς μὲν Πομπηΐου ἵστησι, τοὺς δ᾽ αὑτοῦ πήγνυσιν ἀνδριαντας.
indeed set up the statues of Pompey, but firmly planted his own also.

					XLI

Διανοούμενος δ᾽, ὡς λέγεται, τὴν πάτριον ἱστορίαν
He purposed, as we are told, to write a comprehensive history 

γραφῇ περιλαβεῖν καὶ πολλὰ συμμῖξαι τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν
of his native country, combining with it many Greek details, 

καὶ ὅλως τοὺς συνηγµένους λόγους αὐτῷ καὶ μύθους
and introducing there all the tales and myths which he had 

ἐνταῦθα τρέψαι, πολλοῖς μὲν δηµοσίοις, πολλοῖς δ᾽
collected; but he was prevented by many public affairs which 

ἰδίοις κατελήφθη πράγµασιν ἀβουλήτοις καὶ
were contrary to his wishes, and by many private troubles, 

πάθεσιν, ὧν αὐθαίρετα δοκεῖ πλεῖστα συµβῆναι.
most of which seem to have been of his own choosing.

πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ ἀπεπέµψατο τὴν γυναῖκα Τερεντίαν
For in the first place he divorced his wife Terentia because he 

ἀμεληθεὶς ὑπ᾽ αὐτῆς παρὰ τὸν πόλεμον, ὥστε καὶ τῶν
had been neglected by her during the war, so that he set out in lack 

ἀναγκαίων ἐφοδίων ἐνδεὴς ἀποσταλῆναι καὶ µηδ᾽ ὅτε
of the necessary means for his journey, and even when he came back 

κατῆρεν αὖθις εἰς Ἰταλίαν τυχεῖν εὐγνώμονος.
again to Italy did not find her considerate of him. 

αὐτὴ μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ᾖλθεν, ἐν Βρεντεσίῳ διατρίβοντος
For she did not come to him herself, although he tarried a 

αὐτοῦ πολὺν χρόνον, ἐρχομένῃ δὲ τῇ θυγατρί, 
long time at Brundisium, and when her daughter, a young 

παιδίσκῃ νέα, τοσαύτην ὁδόν, οὐ πομπὴν πρέπουσαν, 
girl, made the long journey thither, she supplied her with 

οὐ χορηγίαν παρέσχεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν οἰκίαν τῷ 
no fitting escort and with no means; nay, she actually 

Κικέρωνι πάντων ἔρημον καὶ κενὴν ἀπέδειξεν
stripped and emptied Cicero's house of all that it contained, 

ἐπὶ πολλοῖς ὀφλήμασι καὶ µεγάλοις.
besides incurring many large debts.

αὗται γάρ εἰσιν αἱ λεγόμεναι τῆς διαστάσεως
These, indeed, are the most plausible reasons 

εὐπρεπέσταται προφάσει.
given for the divorce.

τῇ δὲ Τερεντίᾳ καὶ ταύτας ἀρνουμένῃ λαμπρὰν
Terentia, however, denied that these were the reasons, and 

ἐποίησε τὴν ἀπολογίαν αὐτὸς ἐκεῖνος μετ᾽ οὐ πολὺν
Cicero himself made her defence a telling one by marrying shortly 

χρόνον γήµας παρθένον, ὡς μὲν ἡ Τερεντία
afterwards a maiden. This he did, as Terentia asserted, 

κατεφήµιζεν, ἔρωτι τῆς ὥρας, ὡς δὲ Γέρων ὁ τοῦ
out of love for her youthful beauty; but as Tiro, Cicero’s 

Κικέρωνος ἀπελεύθερος γέγραφεν, εὐπορίας ἕνεκεν πρὸς
freedman, has written, to get means for the

διάλυσιν δανείων.
payment of his debts.

ἣν γὰρ ἡ παῖς σφόδρα πλουσία, καὶ τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτῆς
For the girl was very wealthy, and Cicero had been 

ὁ Κικέρων ἐν πίστει κληρονόμος ἀπολειφθεὶς διεφύλαττεν.
left her trustee and had charge of her property. 

ὀφείλων δὲ πολλὰς µυριάδας ὑπὸ τῶν φίλων καὶ
So since he owed many tens of thousands he was persuaded 

οἰκείων ἐπείσθη τὴν παῖδα γῆμαι παρ᾽ ἡλικίαν καὶ
by his friends and relatives to marry the girl, old as he 

τοὺς δανειστὰς ἁπαλλάξαι τοῖς ἐκείνης χρησάµενον.
was, and to get rid of his creditors by using her money.

Ἀντώνιος δὲ τοῦ γάμου μνησθεὶς ἐν ταῖς πρὸς τοὺς
But Antony, who spoke of the marriage in his replies to Cicero’s 

Φιλιππικοὺς ἀντιγραφαῖς ἐκβαλεῖν αὐτόν φησι γυναῖκα 
Philippics, says that he cast out of doors the wife with whom he had grown old, 

παρ᾽ ᾗ ἐγήρασε' χαριέντως ἅμα τὴν οἰκουρίαν ὡς 
and at the same time makes witty jibes upon the stay-at-home habits 

ἀπράκτου καὶ ἀστρατεύτου, παρασκώπτων τοῦ Κικέρωνος.
of Cicero, who was, he said, unfit for business or military service.

γήµαντι δ᾽ αὐτῷ μετ᾽ οὐ πολὺν χρόνον ἡ θυγάτηρ
Not long after Cicero’s marriage his daughter died in 

ἀπέθανε πίκτουσα παρὰ Λέντλῳ˙  τούτῳ γὰρ ἐγαμήθη
child-birth at the house of Lentulus, to whom she had 

μετὰ τὴν Πείσωνος τοῦ προτέρου ἀνδρὸς τελευτήν.
been married after the death of Piso, her former husband. 

καὶ συνῆλθον μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν παραμυθίαν τῷ Κικέρωνι
His friends came together from all quarters to comfort 

πανταχόθεν οἱ φίλοι˙  βαρέως δ᾽ ἄγαν ἤνεγκε τὸ
Cicero; but his grief at his misfortune was excessive, 

συµβεβηκός, ὥστε καὶ τὴν γαμηθεῖσαν ἀποπέμψασθαι
so that he actually divorced the wife he had wedded, because 

δόξασαν ἡσθῆναι τῇ τελευτῇ τῆς Tυλλίας.
she was thought to be pleased at the death of Tullia.

					XLII

Τὰ μὲν οὖν κατ᾽ οἶκον οὕτως εἶχε, τῷ Κικέρωνι.
Such, then, were Cicero’s domestic affairs.

τῆς δ᾽ ἐπὶ Καiσαρα συνισταµένης πράξεως οὐ
But in the design that was forming against Caesar he took 

µετέσχε, καΐπερ ὢν ἑταῖρος ἐν ποῖς μάλιστα Bρούτου
no part, although he was one of the closest companions of Brutus and 

καὶ Βαρύνεσθαι τὰ παρόντα καὶ τὰ πάλαι ποθεῖν
was thought to be distressed at the present and to long for the 

πράγματα δοκῶν ὡς ἕτερος οὐδείς.
old state of affairs more than anybody else. 

ἀλλ᾽ ἔδεισαν οἱ ἄνδρες αὐτοῦ τήν τε φύσιν ὡς ἐνδεᾶ 
But the conspirators feared his natural disposition as being 

τόλµης, τόν τε χρόνον, ἐν ᾧ καὶ ταῖς ἐρρωμενεστάταις 
deficient in daring, and his time of life, in which courage 

φύσεσιν ἐπιλείπει τὸ θαρρεῖν.
fails the strongest natures.

ὡς δ᾽ οὖν ἐπέπρακτο τοῖς περὶ Bροῦτον καὶ Κάσσιον
And so, when the deed had been accomplished by the partisans 

τὸ ἔργον καὶ τῶν Καíσαρος φίλων συνισταμένων ἐπὶ
of Brutus and Cassius, and the friends of Caesar were combining 

τοὺς ἄνδρας αὖθις ἣν δέος ἐμφυλίοις πολέμοις
against the perpetrators of it, and it was feared that 

περιπετῆ γενέσθαι τὴν πόλιν,᾽Αντώνιος
the city would again be plunged into civil

μὲν ὑπατεύων τὴν βουλὴν συνήγαγε καὶ βραχέα
wars, Antony, as consul, convened the senate and said 

διελέχθη περὶ ὀμονοίας, Κικέρων δὲ πολλὰ πρὸς τὸν
a few words about concord, while Cicero, after a lengthy 

καιρὸν οἰκείως διελθὼν ἔπεισε τὴν σύγκλητον
speech appropriate to the occasion, persuaded the 

Ἀθηναίους µιµησαμένην ἀμνηστίαν τῶν ἐπὶ Καίσαρι
senate to imitate the Athenians and decree an amnesty 

ψηφίσασθαι, νεῖμαι δὲ τοῖς περὶ Κάσσιον καὶ
for the attack upon Caesar, and to assign provinces 

Βροῦτον ἐπαρχίας.
to Cassius and Brutus.

ἔσχε δὲ τούτων τέλος οὐδέν.
But this did not come to pass.

ὁ γὰρ δῆμος αὐτὸς μὲν ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ πρὸς οἶκτον
For when the people, who of themselves were strongly  

ἐξαχθεὶς ὡς εἶδε τὸν νεκρὸν ἐκκομιζόμενον δι᾽
moved to pity, saw Caesar’s body carried through  

ἀγορᾶς, Ἀντωνίου δὲ καὶ τὴν ἐσθῆτα δείξαντος
the forum, and when Antony showed them the garments  

αὐτοῖς αἵματος κατάπλεων καὶ κεκοµµένην πάντη τοῖς
drenched with blood and pierced everywhere with the 

ξίφεσιν, ἐκμανέντες ὑπ᾽ ὀργῆς ἐν ἀγορᾳ ζήτησιν
swords, they went mad with rage and sought for the murderers

ἐποιοῦντο τῶν ἀνδρῶν, καὶ πῦρ ἔχοντες ἐπὶ τὰς
in the forum, and ran to their houses with firebrands 

οἰκίας ἔθεον ὡς ὑφάψοντες.
in order to set them ablaze. 

οἱ δὲ τοῦτον μὲν τῷ προπεφυλάχθαι διέφυγον τὸν
For this danger the conspirators were prepared beforehand 

κίνδυνον, ἑτέρους δὲ πολλοὺς καὶ μεγάλους
and so escaped it, but expecting others many 

προσδοκῶντες ἐξέλιπον τὴν πόλιν.
and great, they forsook the city.

					XLIII

Εὐθὺς οὖν ὁ Ἀντώνιος ἐπῆρτο, καὶ πᾶσι μὲν ἦν
At once, then, Antony was highly elated, and all men were fearful that he

φοβερὸς ὡς µοναρχήσων, τῷ δὲ Κικέρωνι φοβερώτατος.
would make himself sole ruler, and Cicero most fearful of all.

ἀναρρωννυμένην τε γὰρ αὐτῷ πάλιν ὁρῶν τὴν δύναμιν
For Antony saw that Cicero’s power in the state was reviving, and knew 

ἐν τῇ πολιτείᾳ καὶ τοῖς περὶ Βροῦτον ἐπιτήδειον
that he was attached to Brutus and his party, and was therefore disturbed 

εἰδὼς ἤχθετο παρόὀντι.
at his presence in the city.

καί πού τι καὶ προϋπῆρχεν ὑποψίας αὐτοῖς πρὸς
And besides, they had previously been somewhat suspicious 

ἀλλήλους κατὰ τὴν τῶν βίων ἀνοµοιότητα καὶ διαφοράν.
of one another because of the marked difference in their lives.

ταῦτα δείσας ὁ Κικέρων πρῶτον μὲν ὥρμησε
Fearing these things Cicero at first was 

πρεσβευτὴς Δολοβέλλα συνεκπλεῦσαι εἰς Συρίαν˙
inclined to sail to Syria with Dolabella, as his legate; 

ἐπεὶ δ᾽ οἱ µέλλοντες ὑπατεύειν μετ᾿Ἀντώνιον, Ἴρτιος καὶ
but the consuls elect to succeed Antony, Hirtius and 

Πάνσας, ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ καὶ ζηλωταὶ τοῦ Κικέρωνος, 
Pansa, who were good men and admirers of Cicero, begged 

ἐδέοντο μὴ σφᾶς καταλιπεῖν, ὑποδεχόμενοι καταλύσειν
him not to desert them, and undertook to put down

Ἀντώνιον ἐκείνου παρόντος, ὁ δ᾽ οὔτ᾽ ἀπιστῶν
Antony if Cicero would remain at Rome.  So 

παντάπασιν οὔτε πιστεύων Δολοβέλλαν μὲν εἴασε
Cicero, who neither distrusted nor trusted them altogether, 

χαίρειν, ὁμολογήσας δὲ τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἴρτιον τὸ
let Dolabella go without him, and after agreeing with 

θέρος ἐν Ἀθήναις διάξειν, ὅταν δ᾽ ἐκεῖνοι
Hirtius and Pansa to spend the summer at Athens, 

παραλάβωσι τὴν ἀρχήν, ἀφίξεσθαι πτάλιν, αὐτὸς καθ᾽
and to come back again when they had assumed office, set 

ἑαυτὸν ἐξέπλευσε.
off by himself.

γενομένης δὲ περὶ τὸν πλοῦν διατριβῆς, καὶ λόγων
But there was some delay about his voyage, and, as is 

ἀπὸ “Ῥώμης, οἷα φιλεῖ, καινῶν προσπεσόντων, 
often the case, new and unexpected reports came from 

μεταβεβλῆσθαι μὲν Ἀντώνιον θαυμαστὴν 
Rome, to the effect that Antony had undergone 

μεταβολὴν καὶ πάντα πράττειν καὶ πολιτεύεσθαι 
a wonderful change and was doing and administering 

πρὸς τὴν σύγκλητον, ἐνδεῖν δὲ τῆς ἐκείνου 
everything to please the senate, and that matters 

παρουσίας τὰ πράγματα μὴ τὴν ἀρίστην ἔχειν
needed only Cicero's presence to assume the best 

διάθεσιν, καταμεμψάμειος αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ τὴν 
possible complexion; he therefore blamed himself for 

πολλὴν εὐλάβειαν ἀνέστρεφεν αὖθις ες Ῥώμην.
his excessive caution and turned back again to Rome.

καὶ τῶν πρώτων οὐ διηµάρτανεν ἐλπίδων˙ τοσοῦτον
And in his first expectations he was not disappointed ; 

πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων ὑπὸ χαρᾶς καὶ πόθου πρὸς τὴν
for a great crowd of people, moved with joy and longing 

ἀπάντησιν ἐξεχύθη, καὶ σχεδὸν ἡμερήσιον ἀνήλωσαν
for him, poured forth to meet him, and almost a day’s time 

χρόνον αἱ περὶ τὰς πύλας καὶ τὴν εἴσοδον αὐτοῦ
was consumed in the friendly greetings given him at the 

δεξιώσεις καὶ Φιλοφροσύναι.
gates and as he entered the city.

τῇ δ᾽ ὑστεραίᾳ βουλὴν συναγαόντος Ἀντωνίου καὶ
On the following day, however, when Antony convened the senate 

καλοῦντος αὐτὸν οὐκ ἦλθεν, ἀλλὰ κατέκειτο μαλακῶς
and invited him to be present, Cicero did not come, but kept his bed, 

ἔχειν ἐκ τοῦ κόπου σκηπτόµενος.
pretending to be indisposed from fatigue.

ἐδόκει δὲ τἀληθὲς ἐπιβουλῆς εἶναι φόβος ἔκ τινος
The truth, however, seemed to be that he was afraid of a plot against him, in 

ὑποψίας καὶ μηνύσεως καθ’ ὁδὸν αὐτῷ
consequence of some suspicion and of information that had unexpectedly 

προσπεσούσης.
come to him on the road.

Ἀντώνιος δὲ χαλεπῶς μὲν εἶχεν ἐπὶ τῇ διαβολῇ καὶ
But Antony was indignant at the implication and sent soldiers 

στρατιώτας ἔπεμψεν ἄγειν αὐτὸν ἢ καταπρῆσαι τὴν
with orders to bring Cicero or burn down his house ; but since 

οἰκίαν κελεύσας, ἐνστάντων δὲ πολλῶν καὶ δεηθέντων
many opposed this course and entreated him to desist, he did 

ἐνέχυρα λαβὼν µόνον ἐπαύσατο.
so, after merely taking sureties. 

καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν οὕτως ἀντιπαρεξιόντες ἀτρέμα καὶ
And in the meantime, keeping themselves ever ready and 

φυλαττόμενοι διετέλουν, ἄχρι οὗ Καῖσαρ ὁ νέος ἐξ Ἀπολλωνίας
on guard, they continued in this manner until the young Caesar, arriving 

παραγενόµενος τόν τε κλῆρον ἀνεδέξατο τοῦ Καίσαρος
from Apollonia, received from that Caesar his allotted portion, 

ἐκείνου, καὶ περὶ τῶν δισχιλίων πεντακοσίων
and a dispute arose between them regarding the two and 

µυριάδων ἃς Ἀντώνιος ἐκ τῆς οὐσίας κατεῖχεν, εἰς
a half million denarii that Antony held from the estate, 

διαφορὰν κατέστη πρὸς αὐτόν.
leading to a conflict with him.

					XLIV

Ἐκ δὲ τούτου Φίλιππος ὁ τὴν μητέρα τοῦ νέου
After this, Philip, who had married the mother, and Marcellus, 

Καίσαρος ἔχων καὶ Μάρκελλος ὁ τὴν ἀδελφὴν
who had married the sister of the young Caesar, came 

ἀφικόμενοι μετὰ τοῦ νεανίσκου πρὸς τὸν Κικέρωνα
with the young man to Cicero and made a compact that Cicero 

συνέθεντο, Κικέρωνα μὲν ἐκείνω τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ λόγου
should give Caesar the influence derived from his eloquence 

καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς πολιτείας δύναμιν ἔν τε τῇ βουλῇ
and political position, both in the senate and before the people, 

καὶ τῷ δήµω παρέχειν, ἐκεῖνον δὲ Κικέρωνι τὴν ἀπὸ
and that Caesar should give Cicero the security to be derived 

τῶν χρημάτων καὶ τῶν ὅπλων ἀσφάλειαν.
from his wealth and his armed forces.

ἤδη γὰρ οὐκ ὀλίγους τῶν ὑπὸ Καίσαρι στρατευσαµένων
For already the young man had about him many of the soldiers who had 

περὶ αὑτὸν εἶχε τὸ µειράκιον.
served under the elder Caesar.

ἐδόκει δὲ καὶ μείζων τις αἰτία γεγονεναι τοῦ τὸν
It was thought, too, that there was a stronger reason 

Κικέρωνα δέξασθαι προθύµως τὴν Καίσαρος φιλίαν.
why Cicero readily accepted the young man’s friendship.

ἔτι γάρ, ὡς ἔοικε, Πομπηΐου ζῶντος καὶ Καΐσαρος
For it would appear that while Pompey and Caesar were 

ἔδοξε κατὰ τοὺς ὕπνους ὁ Κικέρων καλεῖν τινα τοὺς
still living Cicero dreamed that someone invited the 

τῶν συγκλητικῶν παῖδας εἰς τὸ Καπιτώλιον,ὡς
sons of the senators to the Capitol, on the 

μέλλοντος ἐξ αὐτῶν ἕνα τοῦ Διὸς ἀποδεικνύειν τῆς
ground that Jupiter was going to appoint one of their number 

Ῥώμης ἡγεμόνα˙ τοὺς δὲ πολίτας ὑπὸ σπουδῆς
ruler of Rome; and that the citizens eagerly ran and stationed themselves

θέοντας ἵστασθαι περὶ τὸν νεών, καὶ τοὺς παῖδας ἐν
about the temple, while the youths, in their

ταῖς περιπορφύροις καθέζεσθαι σιωπὴν ἔχοντας.
purple-bordered togas, seated themselves there in silence. 

ἐξαίφνης δὲ τῶν θυρῶν ἀνοιχθεισῶν καθ᾽ ἕνα τῶν
Suddenly the door of the temple opened, and one 

παίδων ἀνισταμένων κύκλῳ παρὰ τὸν θεὸν
by one the youths rose and walked round 

παραπορεύεσθαι, τὸν δὲ πάντας ἐπισκοπεῖν καὶ
past the god, who reviewed them all and sent 

ἆποπέµπειν ἀχθομένους.
them away sorrowing.

ὡς δ᾽ οὗτος ἦν προσιὼν κατ᾽ αὐτόν, ἐκτεῖναι τὴν
But when this young Caesar advanced into his presence the god stretched 

δεξιὰν καὶ εἰπεῖν˙  “Ὠ Ῥωμαῖοι, πέρας ὑμῖν ἐμφυλίων
out his hand and said: “O Romans, ye shall have an end of civil wars 

πολέμων οὗτος ἡγεμὼν γενόμενος.”
when this youth has become your ruler.”

τοιοῦτόν φασιν ἐνύπνιον ἰδόντα τὸν Kικέρωνα τὴν μὲν ἰδέαν
By such a dream as this, they say, Cicero had impressed upon him

τοῦ παιδὸς ἐκμεμάχθαι καὶ κατέχειν ἐναργῶς, αὐτὸν δ᾽ οὐκ
the appearance of the youth, and retained it distinctly, but did not 

ἐπίστασθαι.
know him.

μεθ᾽ ἡμέραν δὲ καταβαίνοντος εἰς τὸ πεδίον τὸ Ἄρειον
The next day, however, as he was going down to the Campus Martius, 

αὐτοῦ, τοὺς παῖδας ἤδη γεγυμνασµένους ἀπέρχεσθαι, 
the youths, who had just finished exercising there, were coming away, 

κἀκεῖνον ὀφθῆναι τῷ ἱικέρωνι πρῶτον οἷος ὤφθη καθ᾽ 
and the youth of his dream was seen by Cicero for the first time, 

ὕπνον, ἐκπλαγέντα δὲ πυνθάνεσθαι τίνων εἴη γονέων.
and Cicero, amazed, inquired who his parents were.

ἦν δὲ πατρὸς Ὀκταουΐου τῶν οὐκ ἄγαν ἐπιφανῶν, 
Now, his father was Octavius, a man of no great prominence, but his 

Ἀττίας δὲ μητρός, ἀδελφιδῆς Καίσαρος.
mother was Attia, a daughter of Caesar's sister.

ὅθεν Καῖσαρ αὐτῷ παῖδας οὐκ ἔχων ἰδίους τὴν οὐσίαν 
For this reason Caesar, who had no children of his own, 

ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὸν οἶκον ἐν ταῖς διαθήκαις ἔδωκεν.
willed his property and his family name to him.

ἐκ τούτου φασὶ τὸν Κικέρωνα τῷ παιδὶ κατὰ τὰς
After this, it is said, Cicero took pains to converse 

ἀπαντήσεις ἐντυγχάνειν ἐπιμελῶς, κἀκεῖνον οἰκείως
with the youth when they met, and the youth welcomed 

δέχεσθαι τὰς φιλοφροσύνας˙  καὶ γὰρ ἐκ τύχης αὐτῷ
his kind attentions; and indeed it happened that 

γεγονέναι συµβεβήκει Κικέρωνος ὑπατεύοντος.
he was born during Cicero’s consulship.

					XLV

Αὗται μὲν οὖν προφάσεις ἦσαν αἱ λεγόμεναι˙  τὸ δὲ
These, then, were the reasons that were mentioned ; but it was Cicero’s 

πρὸς Ἀντώνιον μῖσος Κικέρωνα πρῶτον, εἶτα ἡ φύσις
hatred for Antony in the first place, and then his natural craving for 

ἥττων οὖσα τιμῆς προσεποίησε Καίσαρι νοµίζοντα
honour, that attached him to the young Caesar, since he thought to 

προσλαμβάνειν τῇ πολιτείᾳ τὴν ἐκείνου δύναμιν.
add Caesar’s power to his own political influence.

οὕτω γὰρ ὑπῄει τὸ µειράκιον αὐτὸν ὥστε καὶ πατέρα
And indeed the young man carried his court to him so far as actually 

προσαγορεύειν.
to call him father.

ἐφ᾽ ᾧ σφόδρα Βροῦτος ἀγανακτῶν ἐν ταῖς πρὸς
At this Brutus was very angry, and in his letters 

Ἀττικὸν ἐπιστολαῖς καθήψατο τοῦ Κικέρωνος, ὅτι διὰ
to Atticus attacked Cicero, saying that in paying court 

φόβον Ἀντωνίου θεραπεύων τὸν Καίσαρα δῆλός ἐστιν
to Caesar through fear of Antony he was plainly not 

οὐκ ἐλευθερίαν τῇ πατρίδι πράττων, ἀλλὰ δεσπότην
obtaining liberty for his country, but wooing a kind 

φιλάνθρωπον αὑτῷ µνώµενος.
master for himself.

οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ τόὀν γε παῖδα
However, Brutus took up

Κικέρωνος ὁ Βροῦτος ἐν ᾿Ἀθήναις διατρίβοντα παρὰ
Cicero’s son who was studying philosophy at Athens, 

τοῖς φιλοσόφοις ἀναλαβὼν ἔσχεν ἐφ ἡγεμονίας, καὶ
gave him a command, and achieved many successcs 

πολλὰ χρώμενος αὐτῷ κατώρθου.
through his instrumentality.

Τοῦ δὲ Κικέρωνος ἀκμὴν ἔσχεν ἡ δύναμις ἐν τῇ πόλει
Cicero’s power in the city reached its greatest height at this 

τότε µεγίστην, καὶ κρατῶν ὅσον ἐβούλετο τὸν μὲν
time, and since he could do what he pleased, he raised a successful 

Ἀντώνιον ἐξέκρουσε καὶ κατεστασίασε καὶ
faction against Antony, drove him out of the city, 

πολεμήσοντας αὐτῷ τοὺς δύο ὑπάτους, Ἴρτιον καὶ
and sent out the two consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, to wage 

Πάνσαν, ἐξέπεμψε, Καίσαρι δὲ ῥαβδούχους καὶ
war upon him, while he persuaded the senate to vote Caesar 

στρατηγικὸν κόσμον, ὡς δὴ προπολεμοῦντι τῆς
the lictors and insignia of a praetor, on the ground that 

πατρίδος, ἔπεισε ψηφίσασθαι τὴν σύγκλητον.
he was fighting in defence of the country.

ἐπεὶ δ᾽ Ἀντώνιος μὲν ἥττητο, τῶν δ᾽ ὑπάτων
But after Antony had been defeated, and, both consuls 

ἀμφοτέρων ἀποθανόντων ἐκ τῆς μάχης πρὸς Καίσαρα
having died after the battle, the forces had united under Caesar, 

συνέστησαν αἱ δυνάµεις, δείσασα δ᾽ ἡ βουλὴ νέον
the senate became afraid of a young man who had enjoyed such 

ἄνδρα καὶ τύχῃ λαμπρᾷ κεχρηµένον ἐπειρᾶτο τιμαῖς
brilliant good fortune, and endeavoured by honours and gifts 

καὶ δωρεαῖς ἀποκαλεῖν αὐτοῦ τὰ στρατεύματα καὶ
to call his troops away from him and to circumscribe his 

περισπᾶν τὴν δύναμιν, ὡς μὴ δεοµένη τῶν
power, on the ground that there was no need of defensive 

προπολεμούντων Ἀντωνίου πεφευγότος,
armies now that Antony had taken to flight.

οὕτως ὁ Καῖσαρ φοβηθεὶς ὑπέπεμπε τῷ Κικέρωνι τοὺς
Under these circumstances Caesar took alarm and secretly sent 

δεοµένους καὶ πείθοντας ὑπατείαν μὲν ἀμφοτέροις
messengers to Cicero begging and urging him to obtain the 

ὁμοῦ πράττειν, χρῆσθαι δὲ τοῖς πράγµασιν ὅπως
consulship for them both, but to manage affairs as he himself 

αὐτὸς ἔγνωκε, παραλαμβάνοντα τὴν ἀρχήν, καὶ τὸ
thought best, after assuming the office, and to direct in 

µειράκιον διοικεῖν ὀνόματος καὶ δόξης γλιχόμενον.
all things a youthful colleague who only craved name and fame.

ὠμολόγει δὲ Καῖσαρ αὐτὸς ὡς δεδιὼς κατάλυσιν καὶ
And Caesar himself admitted afterwards that it was the fear of having 

κινδυνεύων ἔρημος γενέσθαι χρήσαιτο τῇ Κικέρωνος
his troops disbanded and the danger of finding himself left alone which 

ἐν δέοντι φιλαρχία, προτρεψάµενος αὐτὸν ὑπατείαν
led him to make use in an emergency of Cicero's love of power, by inducing 

µετιέναι συµπράττοντος αὐτοῦ καὶ
him to sue for the consulship with his cooperation and 

συναρχαιρεσιάζοντος.
assistance in the canvass.

					XLVI

᾿Ενταῦθα µέντοι μάλιστα Κικέρων ἐπαρθεὶς ὑπὸ νέου
Here, indeed, more than at any other time, Cicero was led on and 

γέρων καὶ φενακισθεὶς καὶ συναρχαιρεσιάσας καὶ
cheated, an old man by a young man he assisted Caesar in his 

παρασχὼν αὐτῷ τὴν σύγκλητον εὐθὺς μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν
canvass and induced the senate to favour him, for this he 

φίλων αἰτίαν εἶχεν, ὀλίγῳ δ᾽ ὕστερον αὑτὸν
was blamed by his friends at the time, and shortly afterwards 

ἀπολωλεκὼς ἤσθετο καὶ τοῦ δήμου, προέµενος τὴν
he perceived that he had ruined himself and betrayed the liberty 

ἐλευθερίαν.
of the people.

αὐξηθεὶς γὰρ ὁ νεανίας καὶ τὴν ὑπατείαν λαβὼν
For after the young man had waxed strong and obtained 

Κικέρωνα μὲν εἴασε χαίρειν, Ἀντωνίῳ δὲ καὶ Δεπίδῳ
the consulship, he gave Cicero the go-by, and after making 

φίλος γενόμενος καὶ τὴν δύναμιν εἰς ταὐτὸ
friends with Antony and Lepidus and uniting his forces 

συνενεγκών, ὥσπερ ἄλλο τι κτῆμα, τὴν ἡγεμονίαν
with theirs, he divided the sovereignty with them, like 

ἐνείματο πρὸς αὐτούς.
any other piece of property.

καὶ κατεγράφησαν ἄνδρες οὓς ἔδει θνήσκειν, ὑπὲρ διακοσίους.
And men who were required to die were registered, over two hundred.

πλείστην δὲ τῶν ἀμφισβητημάτων, αὐτοῖς ἔρι ἡ
The proscription of Cicero, however, caused most 

Κικέρωνος προγραφὴ παρέσχεν, Ἀντωνίου μὲν
strife in their debates, Antony consenting to 

ἀσυμβάτως ἔχοντος εἰ μὴ πρῶτος ἐκεῖνος
no terms unless Cicero should be the first 

ἀποθνήσκοι, Δεπίδου δ᾽ Ἀντωνίῳ προστιθεµένου, 
man to be put to death, Lepidus siding with Antony, 

Καίσαρος δὲ πρὸς ἀμφοτέρου ἀντέχοντος.
and Caesar holding out against them both.

ἐγίνοντο δ᾽ αἱ σύνοδοι μύνοις ὠπόρρητοι περὶ πόλιν
They held secret meetings by themselves near the city 

Βονωνίαν ἐφ᾽ ἡμέρας τρεῖς, καὶ συνῄεσαν εἰς τόπον
of Bononia for three days, coming together in a place 

τινὰ πρόσω τῶν στρατοπέδων ποταμῷ περιρρεόµενον.
at some distance from the camps and surrounded by a river.

λέγεται δὲ τὰς πρώτας ἡμέρας διαγωνισάµενος ὑπὲρ
It is said that for the first two days Caesar kept 

τοῦ Κικέρωνος ὁ Καίσαρ ἐνδοῦναι τῷ τρίτῃ καὶ
up his struggle to save Cicero, but yielded on the 

προέσθαι τὸν ἄνδρα.
third and gave him up.

τὸ δὲ τῆς ἀντιδόσεως οὕτως εἶχεν.
The terms of their mutual concessions were as follows.

ἔδει Κικέρωνος ἐκστῆναι Καίσαρα, Παύλου δὲ
Caesar was to abandon Cicero, Lepidus his brother 

τἀδελφοῦ Λέπιδον, Λευκίου δὲ Καίσαρος
Paulus, and Antony Lucius Caesar, who 

Ἀντώνιον, ὃς ἦν θεῖος αὐτῷ πρὸς μητρός.
was his uncle on the mother’s side.

οὕτως ἐξέπεσον ὑπὸ θυμοῦ καὶ λύσσης τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων
So far anger and fury lead them to renounce their human 

λογισμῶν, μᾶλλον δ᾽ ἀπέδειξαν ὡς οὐδὲν ἀνθρώπου
sentiments, or rather, they showed that there is no more savage wild 

θηρίον ἐστὶν ἀγριώτερον ἐξουσίαν πάθει προσλαβόντος.
beast than man when his passion is supplemented by power.

					XLVII

Πραττομένων δὲ τούτων ὁ Κικέρων ἦν μὲν ἐν ἀγροῖς
While this was going on, Cicero was at his own country-seat 

ἰδίοις περὶ Τοῦσκλον, ἔχων τὸν ἀδελφὸν μεθ’ αὑτοῦ˙
in Tusculum, having his brother with him; 

πυθόµενοι δὲ τὰς προγραφὰς 
but when they learned of the proscriptions they 

ἔγνωσαν εἰς Ἀστυρα µεταβῆναι, χωρίον παράλιον
determined to remove to Astura, a place of Cicero’s 

τοῦ Κικέρωνος, ἐκεῖθεν δὲ πλεῖν εἰς Μακεδονίαν
on the sea-coast, and from there to sail to Brutus in Macedonia;

πρὸς Βροῦτον˙  ἤδη γὰρ ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ λόγος ἐφοίτα κρατοῦντος.
for already a report was current that he was in force there.

ἐκομίζοντο δ᾽ ἐν φορείοις ἀπειρηκότες ὑπὸ λύπης˙
So they were carried along in litters, being worn out with 

καὶ κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἐφιστάμενοι καὶ τὰ φορεῖα
grief; and on the way they would halt, and with their litters

παραβάλλοντες ἀλλήλοις προσωλοφύροντο.
placed side by side would lament to one another.

μᾶλλον δ᾽ ὁ Κόϊντο ἠθύμει καὶ λογισμὸς αὐτὸν εἶσῄει
But Quintus was the more dejected and began to reflect upon his destitute 

τῆς ἀπορίας˙᾿  οὐδὲν γὰρ ἔφη λαβεῖν οἴκοθεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ
condition; for he said that he had taken nothing from home, nay, Cicero 

τῷ Κικέρωνι γλίσχρον ἦν ἐφόδιον.
too had scanty provision for the journey;

ἄμεινον οὖν εἶναι τὸν μὲν Κικέρωνα προλαμβάνειν τῇ
it was better, then, he said, that Cicero should press on in his 

φυγῇ, αὐτὸν δὲ µεταθεῖν οἴκοθεν
flight, but that he himself should get what he wanted from home 

συσκευασάµενον.
and then hasten after him.

ταῦτ ἔδοξε˙ καὶ περιλαβόντες ἀλλήλους καὶ
This they decided to do, and after embracing one another and 

ἀνακλαυσάμενοι διελύθησαν.
weeping aloud, they parted.

Ὁ μὲν οὖν Κόϊντος οὐ πολλαῖς ὕστερον ἡμέραις ὑπὸ
So then Quintus, not many days afterwards, was betrayed by his servants 

τῶν οἰκετῶν προδοθεὶς τοῖς ζητοῦσιν ἀνηρέθη μετὰ
to those who were in search of him, and put to death, together 

τοῦ παιδόις.
with his son.

ὁ δὲ Κικέρων εἰς Ἄστυρα κομισθεὶς καὶ πλοῖον
But Cicero was brought to Astura, and finding a vessel there he 

εὑρὼν εὐθὺς ἐνέβη καὶ παρέπλευσεν ἄχρι
embarked at once and coasted along as far as Circaeum, 

Κιρκαίου, πνεύµατι χρώµενος.
with the wind in his favour.

ἐκεῖθεν δὲ βουλομένων εὐθὺς αἴρειν τῶν κυβερνητῶν, 
From there his pilots wished to set sail at once, but Cicero, whether 

εἴτε δείσας τὴν θάλασσαν εἴτ᾽ οὕπω παντάπασι τὴν 
it was that he feared the sea, or had not yet altogether given up 

Καίσαρος ἀπεγνωκὼς πίστιν, ἀπέβη καὶ παρῆλθε 
his trust in Caesar, went ashore and travelled along on 

πεζῇ σταδίους ἑκατὸν ὡς εἰς 'Ῥώμην πορευόµενος.
foot a hundred furlongs in the direction of Rome.

αὖθις δ᾽ ἁλύων καὶ µεταβαλλόμενος κατῄει πρὸς
But again losing resolution and changing his mind, he went down 

θάλασσαν εἰς Ἄστυρα.
to the sea at Astura.

κἀκεῖ διενυκτέρευσεν ἐπὶ δεινῶν καὶ ἀπόρων
And there he spent the night in dreadful and desperate calculations ; he 

λογισμῶν, ὥστε καὶ παρελθεῖν εἰς τὴν Καίσαρος
actually made up his mind to enter Caesar's house by stealth, to slay himself 

οἰκίαν διενοήθη κρύφα καὶ σφάξας ἑαυτὸν ἐπὶ
upon the hearth, and so to fasten upon Caesar an

τῆς ἑστίας ἁλάστορα προσβαλεῖν.  ἀλλὰ καὶ ταύτης 
avenging daemon. But a fear 

αὐτὸν ἀπέκρουσε τῆς ὁδοῦ δέος βασάνων˙
of tortures drove him from this course also;  

καὶ πολλὰ ταραχώδη καὶ παλίντροπα
then, revolving in his mind many confused and contradictory 

βουλεύµατα τῆς γνώμης µεταλαμβάνων παρέδωκε τοῖς
purposes, he put himself in the hands of his servants 

οἰκέταις ἑαυτὸν εἰς Καιήτην κατὰ πλοῦν κομίζειν,
to be taken by sea to Caieta, where he had lands 

ἔχων ἐκεῖ χωρία καὶ καταφυγὴν ὥρᾳ θέρους
and an agrecable retreat in summer time, 

φιλάνθρωπον, ὅταν ἥδιστον οἱ ἐτησίαι καταπνέωσιν.
when the breath of the Etesian winds is most pleasant. 

ῆχει δ᾽ ὁ τόπος καὶ ναὸν Ἀπόλλωνος μικρὸν ὑπὲρ
The place has also a temple of Apollo, a little 

τῆς θαλάττης.   ἐντεῦθεν ἀρθέντες ἀθρόοι κόρακες
above the sea.  From thence a flock of crows flew

ὑπὸ κλαγγῆς προσεφέροντο τῷ πλοίῳ τοῦ Κικέρωνος ἐπὶ γῆν
with loud clamour towards the vessel of Cicero as it was rowed 

ἐρεσσομένῳ˙   καὶ καθίσαντες ἐπὶ τὴν κεραίαν ἑκατέρωθεν
towards land.  And alighting on either end of the sail-yard,

οἱ μὲν ἐβόων, οἱ δ᾽ ἔκοπτον τὰς τῶν μηρυμάτων ἀρχάς,
some cawed, and others pecked at the ends of the ropes,

καὶ πᾶσιν ἐδόκει τὸ σημεῖον εἶναι πονηρόν.
and everybody thought that the omen was bad.

ἀπέβη δ᾽ οὖν ὁ Κικέρων, καὶ παρελθὼν εἰς τὴν
Nevertheless Cicero landed, and  

ἔπαυλιν ὡς ἀναπαυσόμενος κατεκλίθη.
going to his villa lay down to rest.

τῶν δὲ κοράκων οἱ πολλοὶ μὲν ἐπὶ τῆς θυρίδος
Then most of the crows perched themselves about the 

διεκάθηντο φθεγγόμενοι θορυβῶδες, εἷς δὲ καταβὰς
window, cawing tumultuously, but one of them flew down upon 

ἐπὶ τὸ κλινίδιον ἐγκεκαλυμμένου τοῦ Κικέρωνος 
the couch where Cicero lay with muffled head, and with 

ἀπῆγε τῷ στόµατι κατὰ μικρὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου, 
its beak, little by little, tried to remove the garment 

τὸ ἱμάτιον.
from his face.

οἱ δ᾽ οἰκέται ταῦθ᾽ ὁρῶντες, καὶ κακίσαντες
The servants, on seeing this, rebuked themselves for 

ἑαυτοὺς εἰ περιµένουσι τοῦ δεσπότου φονευοµένου
waiting to be spectators of their master’s murder, while 

θεαταὶ γενέσθαι, θηρία δ᾽ αὐτῷ βοηθεῖ καὶ
wild beasts came to his help and cared for him in his 

προκήδεται παρ᾽ ἀξίαν πράττοντος, αὐτοὶ δ᾽ 
undeserved misfortune, but they themselves did nothing 

οὐκ ἀμύνουσι, τὰ μὲν δεόµενοι, τὰ δὲ βίᾳ λαβόντες
in his defence, so partly by entreaty, and partly by force, they took 

ἐκόμιζον ἐν τῷ φορείῳ πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν.
him and carried him in his litter towards the sea.

					XLVIII

Ἐν τούτῳ δ᾽ οἱ σφαγεῖς ἐπῆλθον, ἑκατοντάρχης
But meantime his assassins came to the villa, Herennius a 

Ἑρέννιος καὶ Ποπίλλιος χιλίαρχος, ᾧ πατροκτονίας ποτὲ δίκην
centurion, and Popillius a tribune, who had once been prosecuted

φεύγοντι συνεῖπεν ὁ Κικέρων, ἔχοντες ὑπηρέτας.
for parricide and defended by Cicero; and they had helpers.

ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰς θύρας κεκλεισµένας εὑρόντες
After they had broken in the door, which they found 

ἐξέκοψαν, οὐ φαινομένου τοῦ Κικέρωνος 
closed, Cicero was not to be seen, and the inmates 

οὐδὲ τῶν ἔνδον εἰδέναι φασκόντων, 
said they knew not where he was.

λέγεται νεανίσκον τινὰ τεθραμµένον μὲν ὑπὸ 
Then, we are told, a youth who had 

τοῦ Κικέρωνος ἐν γράµµασιν ἐλευθερίοις καὶ 
been liberally educated by Cicero, and who 

µαθήμασ, ἀπελεύθερον δὲ Κοΐντου τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ, 
was a freedman of Cicero’s brother Quintus, 

Φιλόλογον τοὔνομα, φράσαι τῷ χιλιάρχῳ τὸ 
Philologus by name, told the tribune that  

φορεῖον κομιζόµενον διὰ τῶν καταφύτών καὶ
the litter was being carried through the wooded and 

συσκίων περιπάτων ἐπὶ τὴν θάλατταν.
shady walks towards the sea.

ὁ μὲν οὖν χιλίαρχος ὀλίγους ἀναλαβὼν μεθ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ
The tribune, accordingly, taking a few helpers with him, ran round 

περιέθει πρὸς τὴν ἔξοδον, τοῦ δ᾽ Ἑρεννίου δρόµῳ
towards the exit, but Herennius hastened on the run 

φεροµένου διὰ τῶν περιπάτων ὁ Κικέρων ᾔσθετο, καὶ
through the walks, and Cicero, perceiving him, 

τοὺς οἰκέτας, ἐκέλευσεν ἐνταῦθα καταθέσθαι τὸ φορεῖον.
ordered the servants to set the litter down where they were. 

αὐτὸς δν ὥσπερ εἰώθει, τῇ ἀριστερῷ χειρὶ τῶν
then he himself, clasping his chin with his left hand, 

γενείων ἁπτόμενος ἀτενὲς ἐνεώρα τοῖς σφαγεῦσιν, 
as was his wont, looked steadfastly at his slayers, 

αὐχμοῦ καὶ κόμης ἀνάπλεως καὶ συντετηκὼς ὑπὸ 
his head all squalid and unkempt, and his 

φροντίδων τὸ πρόσωπον, ὥστε τοὺς πλείστους 
face wasted with anxiety, so that most of those that stood by 

ἐγκαλύψασθαι τοῦ ρεννίου σφάξοντος αὐτόν.
covered their faces while Herennius was slaying him.

ἐσφάγη δὲ τὸν τράχηλον ἐκ τοῦ φορείου
For he stretched his neck forth from the 

προτείνας, ἔτος ἐκεῖνο γεγονὼς έξηκοστὸν καὶ τέταρτον.
litter and was slain, being then in his sixty-fourth year.

τὴν δὲ κεφαλὴν ἀπέκοψεν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰς
Herennius cut off his head, by Antony’s 

χεῖραν, Ἀντωνίου κελεύσαντος, αἷς τοὺς Φιλιππικοὺς ἔγραψεν.
command, and his hands—the hands with which he wrote the Philippics.

αὐτός τε γὰρ ὁ Κικέρων τοὺς κατ᾿ Ἀντωνίου λόγους
For Cicero himself entitled his speeches against 

Φιλιππικοὺς ἐπέγραψε καὶ µέχρι νῦν τὰ βιβλία
Antony “Philippics,” and to this day the documents 

Φιλιππικοὶ καλοῦνται.
are called Philippics.

					XLIX

Τῶν δ᾽ ἀκρωτηρίων εἰς Ῥώμην κοµισθέντων ἔτυχε μὲν
When Cicero’s extremities were brought to Rome, it chanced that Antony was 

ἀρχαιρεσίας τελῶν ὁ Ἀντόώνιος, ἀκούσας δὲ καὶ ἰδὼν
conducting an election, but when he heard of their arrival and saw them, he 

ἀνεβόησεν ὡς νῦν αἱ προγραφαὶ τέλος ἔχοιεν.
cried out, “Now let our proscriptions have an end.”

τὴν δὲ κεφαλὴν καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἐκέλευσεν ὑπὲρ τῶν
Then he ordered the head and hands to be placed over the ships’ 

ἐμβόλων ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος θεῖναι, θέαμα Ῥωμαίοις φρικτόν, 
beaks on the rostra, a sight that made the Romans shudder;

οὐ τὸ Κικέρωνος ὁρᾶν πρόσωπον οἰομένοις, ἀλλὰ τῆς
for they thought they saw there, not the face of Cicero, but an image of 

Ἀντωνίου ψυχῆς εἰκόνα.  πλὴν ἕν γέ τι φρονήσας
the soul of Antony. However, he showed at least one sentiment of fair dealing, having considered it reasonable,

µέτριον ἐν τούτοις Πομπωνίᾳ τῇ Κΐντου γυναικὶ τὸν Φιλóλογον παρέδωκεν.
he handed over Philologus to Pomponia, the wife of Quintus, in these matters moderately.

ἡ δὲ κυρία γενοµένη τοῦ σώματος ἄλλαις τε δειναῖς
And she, having got the man into her power, besides other dreadful 

ἐχρήσατο τιµωρίαις, καὶ τὰς σάρκας ἀποτέμνοντα τὰς
punishments which she inflicted upon him, forced him to cut off 

αὑτοῦ κατὰ μικρὸν ὀπτᾶν, εἶτ᾽ ἐσθίειν ἠνάγκασεν.
his own flesh bit by bit and roast it, and then to eat it.

οὕτω γὰρ ἔνιοι τῶν συγγραφέων ἱστορήκασιν˙
This, indeed, is what some of the historians 

ὁ δ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Κικέρωνος ἀπελεύθερος Τίρων τὸ
say; but Cicero’s own freedman, Tiro, makes no 

παράπαν οὐδὲ µέμνηται τῆς τοῦ Φιλολόγου προδοσίας.
mention at all of the treachery of Philologus.

Πυνθάνομαι δὲ Καίσαρα χρόνοις πολλοῖς ὕστερον
I learned that Caesar, a long time after this, 

εἰσελθεῖν πρὸς ἕνα τῶν θυγατριδῶν˙
paid a visit to one of his daughter’s sons;

τὸν δὲ βιβλίον ἔχοντα Κικέρωνος ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν
and the boy, since he had in his hands a book of Cicero’s, was 

ἐκπλαγέντα τῷ ἱματίῳ περικαλύπτειν˙
terrified and sought to hide it in his gown;

ἰδόντα δὲ Καίσαρα λαβεῖν καὶ διελθεῖν ἑστῶτα µέρος
but Caesar saw it, and took the book, and read a great part of it as 

πολὺ τοῦ βιβλίου, πάλιν δ᾽ ἀποδιδόντα τῷ µειρακίῳ
he stood, and then gave it back to the youth, saying: “A learned man, 

φάναι˙ “Λόγιος ἀνήρ, ὦ παῖ, λόγιος καὶ φιλόπατρις.”
my child, a learned man and a lover of his country.” 

ἐπεὶ µέντοι τάχιστα κατεπολέμησεν Ἀντώνιον
Moreover, as soon as he had finally defeated Antony, and when he 

ὑπατεύων αὐτὸς εἶλετο συνάρχοντα τοῦ Κικέρωνος τὸν
was himself consul, he chose Cicero’s son as his colleague in the office, 

υἱόν, ἐφ᾽ οὗ τάς τ᾽ εἰκόνας ἡ βουλὴ καθεῖλεν Ἀντωνίου 
and it was in his consulship that the senate took down the statues of Antony, 

καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἠκύρωσε τιμὰς καὶ προσεψηφίσατο 
made void the other honours that had been paid him, and decreed besides 

μηδενὶ τῶν Ἀντωνίων ὄνομα Μάρκον εἶναι.
that no Antony should have the name of Marcus.

οὕτω τὸ δαιµόνιον εἰς τὸν Κικέρωνος οἶκον
Thus the heavenly powers devolved upon the family of Cicero 

ἐπανήνεγκε τὸ τέλος τῆς Ἀντωνίου κολάσεως.
the final steps in the punishment of Antony.